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| 1 | Fluid balance concepts in medicine:Principles and practice显示文摘The regulation of body fluid balance is a key concern in health and disease and comprises three concepts. The first concept pertains to the relationship between total body water(TBW) and total effective solute and is expressed in terms of the tonicity of the body fluids. Disturbances in tonicity are the main factor responsible for changes in cell volume, which can critically affect brain cell function and survival. Solutes distributed almost exclusively in the extracellular compartment(mainly sodium salts) and in the intracellular compartment(mainly potassium salts) contribute to tonicity, while solutes distributed in TBW have no effect on tonicity. The second body fluid balance concept relates to the regulation and measurement of abnormalities of sodium salt balance and extracellular volume. Estimation of extracellular volume is more complex and error prone than measurement of TBW. A key function of extracellular volume, which is defined as the effective arterial blood volume(EABV), is to ensure adequate perfusion of cells and organs. Other factors, including cardiac output, total and regional capacity of both arteries and veins, Starling forces in the capillaries, and gravity also affect the EABV. Collectively, these factors interact closely with extracellular volume and some of them undergo substantial changes in certain acute and chronic severe illnesses. Their changes result not only in extracellular volume expansion, but in the need for a larger extracellular volume compared with that of healthy individuals. Assessing extracellular volume in severe illness is challenging because the estimates of this volume by commonly used methods are prone to large errors in many illnesses. In addition, the optimal extracellular volume may vary from illness to illness, is only partially based on volume measurements by traditional methods, and has not been determined for each illness. Further research is needed to determine optimal extracellular volume levels in several illnesses. For these reasons, extracellular volume in severe illness merits a separate third concept of body fluid balance. | Maria-Eleni Roumelioti Robert H Glew Zeid J Khitan Helbert Rondon-Berrios Christos P Argyropoulos Deepak Malhotra Dominic S Raj Emmanuel I Agaba Mark Rohrscheib Glen H Murata Joseph I Shapiro Antonios H Tzamaloukas | 2018 | World Journal of Nephrology2018，7，1： | 3 |
| 2 | Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts 显示文摘 | Thomson J A Itskovitz Eldor J Shapiro S S | 1998 | Science1998，282，5391： | 2 |
| 3 | Hypertonicity:Clinical entities,manifestations and treatment显示文摘Hypertonicity causes severe clinical manifestations and is associated with mortality and severe short-term and longterm neurological sequelae. The main clinical syndromes of hypertonicity are hypernatremia and hyperglycemia.Hypernatremia results from relative excess of body sodium over body water. Loss of water in excess of intake,gain of sodium salts in excess of losses or a combination of the two are the main mechanisms of hypernatremia.Hypernatremia can be hypervolemic,euvolemic or hypovolemic. The management of hypernatremia addresses both a quantitative replacement of water and,if present,sodium deficit,and correction of the underlying pathophysiologic process that led to hypernatremia.Hypertonicity in hyperglycemia has two components,solute gain secondary to glucose accumulation in the extracellular compartment and water loss through hyperglycemic osmotic diuresis in excess of the losses of sodium and potassium. Differentiating between these two components of hypertonicity has major therapeutic implications because the first component will be reversed simply by normalization of serum glucose concentration while the second component will require hypotonic fluid replacement. An estimate of the magnitude of the relative water deficit secondary to osmotic diuresis is obtained by the corrected sodium concentration,which represents a calculated value of the serum sodium concentration that would result from reduction of the serum glucose concentration to a normal level. | Helbert Rondon-Berrios Christos Argyropoulos Todd S Ing Dominic S Raj Deepak Malhotra Emmanuel I Agaba Mark Rohrscheib Zeid J Khitan Glen H Murata Joseph I Shapiro Antonios H Tzamaloukas | 2017 | World Journal of Nephrology2017，6，1： | 2 |
| 4 | Mass transport of macromolecules within an in vitro model of supragingival plaque显示文摘 | Thurnheer T Gmir R Shapiro S | | 0，，03： | 2 |
| 5 | On Hurwitz numbers and Hodge integrals显示文摘 | Ekedahl T Lando S Shapiro M | 1999 | C R Acad Sci Paris Sér Math1999，328，： | 1 |
| 6 | Investigating a possible cause of mesh migration during totally extraperitoneal (TEP) repair显示文摘 | Choy C Shapiro K Patel S | 2004 | Surg Endosc2004，18，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Aripiprazole,a novel atypical antipsychotie drug with a unique and robust pharmacology显示文摘 | Shapiro Da Renoch S Arrington E | 2005 | Neuropsychopharmacology2005，28，8： | 1 |
| 8 | A ripiprazole,a novel atypical antippsychotie druy with a unique and robust pharmacology 显示文摘 | Shapiro DA Renoch S Arrington E | 2005 | Neuropsyehopharmacology2005，28，8： | 1 |
| 9 | Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts 显示文摘 | THOMSON J A ITSKOVITZ-ELDOR J SHAPIRO S S | 1998 | Science1998，282，： | 1 |
| 10 | Dynamic poroelasticity of thinly layered structures显示文摘 | Gelinsky S Shapiro S A Muller T | 1998 | International Journal Solids and Structures1998，35，34： | 1 |
| 11 | Free DNA in the serum of cancer patients and the effect of therapy显示文摘 | Leon S A Shapiro B Sklaroff D M | 1977 | Cancer Res1977，37，： | 1 |
| 12 | Free DNA in the serum of cancer patients and the effect of therapy显示文摘 | LEON S A SHAPIRO B SKLAROFF D M | 1997 | Cancer Res1997，37，3： | 1 |
| 13 | Feature-based correspondence: an eigenvector approach 显示文摘 | Shapiro L S Brady J M | 1992 | Image and Vision Computing1992，10，5： | 1 |
| 14 | Value-at-risk-based Risk Management: Optimal Policies and Asset Prices显示文摘 | Basak S Shapiro A | 2001 | Review of Financial Studies2001，14，2： | 1 |
| 15 | The effect of section of the medial collateral ligament on force generated in the anterior cruciate ligament 显示文摘 | Shapiro M S Markolf K L Finerman G A M Mitchell P W | 1991 | Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery1991，72，： | 1 |
| 16 | Regulation of fasted blood glucose by resistin显示文摘 | Banerjee R R Rangwala S M Shapiro J S | 2004 | Science2004，303，5661： | 1 |
| 17 | Lactate clearance vs central venous oxygen saturation as goals of early sepsis therapy: A randomized clinical trial 显示文摘 | Jones AE Shapiro NI Trzeciak S | 2010 | JAMA2010，303，8： | 1 |
| 18 | Wrist loading patterns during pommel horse exercises显示文摘 | MARKOLF K L SHAPIRO M S MANDELBAUM B R etal | 1990 | J Bi omeeh1990，23，10： | 1 |
| 19 | Working- capital financing of smallhusinesses显示文摘 | Andrews V L Friedland S Shapiro | 1959 | Law and Contemporary problems1959，24，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Optical response of high-dielectric-constant perovskite-related oxide显示文摘 | HOMES C C VOGT T SHAPIRO S M | | 0，，293： | 1 |
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