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| 1 | Visualization of the complex structure and stress field inside rock by means of 3D printing technology显示文摘Accurate characterization and visualization of the complex inner structure and stress distribution of rocks are of vital significance to solve a variety of underground engineering problems. In this paper, we incorporate several advanced technologies, such as CT scan, three-dimensional(3D) reconstruction, and 3D printing, to produce a physical model representing the natural coal rock that inherently contains complex fractures or joints. We employ 3D frozen stress and photoelastic technologies to characterize and visualize the stress distribution within the fractured rock under uniaxial compression. The 3D printed model presents the fracture structures identical to those of the natural prototype. The mechanical properties of the printed model,including uniaxial compression strength, elastic modulus,and Poisson's ratio, are testified to be similar to those of the prototype coal rock. The frozen stress and photoelastic tests show that the location of stress concentration and the stress gradient around the discontinuous fractures are in good agreement with the numerical predictions of the real coalsample. The proposed method appears to be capable of visually quantifying the influences of discontinuous,irregular fractures on the strength, deformation, and stress concentration of coal rock. The method of incorporating3 D printing and frozen stress technologies shows a promising way to quantify and visualize the complex fracture structures and their influences on 3D stress distribution of underground rocks, which can also be used to verify numerical simulations. | Yang Ju Heping Xie Zemin Zheng Jinbo Lu Lingtao Mao Feng Gao Ruidong Peng | 2014 | Chinese Science Bulletin2014，59，36： | 41 |
| 2 | Energy analysis and criteria for structural failure of rocks显示文摘The intrinsic relationships between energy dissipation,energy release,strength and abrupt structural failure are key to understanding the evolution of deformational processes in rocks.Theoretical and experimental studies confirm that energy plays an important role in rock deformation and failure.Dissipated energy from external forces produces damage and irreversible deformation within rock and decreases rock strength over time.Structural failure of rocks is caused by an abrupt release of strain energy that manifests as a catastrophic breakdown of the rock under certain conditions.The strain energy released in the rock volume plays a pivotal role in generating this abrupt structural failure in the rocks.In this paper,we propose criteria governing(1) the deterioration of rock strength based on energy dissipation and(2) the abrupt structural failure of rocks based on energy release.The critical stresses at the time of abrupt structural failure under various stress states can be determined by these criteria.As an example,the criteria have been used to analyze the failure conditions of surrounding rock of a circular tunnel. | Heping Xie Liyun Li Ruidong Peng Yang Ju | 2009 | Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering2009，1，1： | 39 |
| 3 | The AGL6-like gene OsMADS6 regulates floral organ and meristem identities in rice显示文摘Although AGAMOUS-LIKE6 (AGL6) MADS-box genes are ancient with wide distributions in gymnosperms and angiosperms, their functions remain poorly understood. Here, we show the biological role of the AGL6-1ike gene, OsMADS6, in specifying floral organ and meristem identities in rice (Oryza sativa L.). OsMADS6 was strongly ex- pressed in the floral meristem at early stages. Subsequently, OsMADS6 transcripts were mainly detectable in paleas, lodicules, carpels and the integument of ovule, as well as in the receptacle. Compared to wild type plants, osmads6 mutants displayed altered palea identity, extra glume-like or mosaic organs, abnormal carpel development and loss of floral meristem determinacy. Strikingly, mutation of a SEPALLATA (SEP)-like gene, OsMADS1 (LHS1), enhanced the defect of osmads6 flowers, and no inner floral organs or glume-like structures were observed in whorls 2 and 3 of osmadsl-z osmads6-1 flowers. Furthermore, the osmadsl-z osmads6-1 double mutants developed severely indetermi- nate floral meristems. Our finding, therefore, suggests that the ancient OsMADS6 gene is able to specify 'floral state' by determining floral organ and meristem identities in monocot crop rice together with OsMADS1. | Haifeng Li Wanqi Liang Ruidong Jia Changsong Yin Jie Zong Hongzhi Kong Dabing Zhang | 2010 | Cell Research2010，20，3： | 33 |
| 4 | Energy analysis for damage and catastrophic failure of rocks显示文摘The development history and current state of studies on the characteristics and mechanisms of deformation and failure of rock materials were briefly reviewed from the viewpoint of energy.The main scope and the achievable objectives of the energy-based research system were expatiated.It was validated by experiments that the damage process of rocks can be well described by the rock damage evolution equation established based on energy dissipation.It was found from the uniaxial compression and biaxial compression tests that only a small proportion of the total input energy in hard rocks is dissipated before peak load and a large proportion in soft rocks is dissipated before peak load.For both hard and soft rocks,the energy dissipated after peak load accounts for a greater proportion.More energy would be required for rock failure under equal biaxial compression than under unequal biaxial compression.The total absorbed energy is different for rock failure under high-rate loading and low-rate loading.More fragmented failure pattern usually corresponds to higher energy absorption.The mesoscopic analysis on the damage and failure of bedded salt rocks showed that the energy dissipation is prominent and the total absorbed energy for rock failure is low when cracks propagate in the weak mud interlayer while it is contrary when cracks propagate in the salt rock.The energy accumulation,transfer,dissipation and release during the failure process of tunnel with impending failure under disturbance were analyzed theoretically based on the elastoplastic mechanics theory.Furthermore,the spatial distribution of energy dissipation and energy release of fractured rocks under unloading was simulated numerically.It was demonstrated that energy is likely to be released from the weakest surface under compression,which triggers the global failure of rocks. | XIE HePing 1,2,LI LiYun 2,1,JU Yang 2,PENG RuiDong 2 & YANG YongMing 2 1 Sichuan University,Chengdu 610065,China 2 State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining,Beijing Key Laboratory of Fracture and Damage Mechanics of Rock and Concrete,China University of Mining and Technology,Beijing 100083,China | 2011 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2011，54，S1： | 29 |
| 5 | Computation of fractal dimension of rock pores based on gray CT images显示文摘The characterization of pore structure in rocks is relevant in determining their various mechanical behaviors. Digital image processing methods integrated with fractal theory were applied to analyze images of rock slices obtained from industry CT, elucidating the characteristics of rock pore structure and the relationship between porosity and fractal dimensions. The gray values of pixels in CT images of rocks provide comprehensive results with respect to the attenuation coefficients of various materials in corresponding rock elements, and these values also reflect the effect of rock porosity at various scales. A segmentation threshold can be determined by inverse analysis based on the pore ratios that are measured experimentally, and subsequently binary images of rock pores can be obtained to study their topological structures. The fractal dimension of rock pore structure increases with an increase in rock pore ratio, and fractal dimensions might differ even if pore ratios are the same. The more complex the structure of a rock, the larger the fractal dimension becomes. The experimental studies have validated that fractal dimension calculated directly from gray CT images of rocks can give an effective complementary parameter to use alongside pore ratios and they can suitably represent the fractal characteristics of rock pores. | PENG RuiDong YANG YanCong JU Yang MAO LingTao YANG YongMing | 2011 | Chinese Science Bulletin2011，56，31： | 25 |
| 6 | Progress and significance in research on the early Middle Cambrian Kaili Biota, Guizhou Province, China显示文摘Important progress in research on the Kaili Biota has been made recently. Many interesting components from Chengjiang Biota and Burgess Shale Biota have been discovered, e.g. Microdictyon of lobopodia; Ottoia, Palaeoscolex of worms; Naraoia, Marrella of Trilobitioidea, Mollisonia, anamalocarids and other non-trilobite arthropods; and new sorts of echinoder-mas, macroalage fossils and so on. Recent work on the Kaili Biota has resulted in the following developments: (i) an increase in the number of animal genera, up to more than 100 genera in total, so that the Kaili Biota has become the third most diverse of the Burgess Shale-type Biota after the Burgess Shale and Chengjiang Biotas; and (ii) the most noteworthy fossils in the Kaili Biota are echinoderms, non-trilobite arthropods and soft-bodied medusiform fossils, especially the most diverse echinoderms. The progress provides envidence for the biodiversity of marine organisms presented after the 'Cambrian Explosion' and serves as a link between the earlist Cambrian Chengjiang Biota and late early Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Biota. It is of great significance in the reconstruction of the Cambrian palaeoplate, palaeongeography and in research on taphonomy. | ZHAO Yuanlong, YUAN Jinliang, ZHU Maoyan, YANG Ruidong, GUO Qingjun, PENG Jin and YANG Xinglian(1. Institute of Paleontology and Biomineralization, School of Resource and Environment, Guizhou University of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China: 2. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China 3. Guiyang Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550003, China) | 2002 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2002，12，9： | 20 |
| 7 | Discovery of hydrothermal venting community at the base of Cambrian barite in Guizhou Province,Western China: Implication for the Cambrian biological explosion显示文摘The barite deposit in the Niutitang Formation of Lower Cambrian,in Tianzhu County,Guizhou Province,western China,is a super- large barite deposit with about 2·109tons of reserves.Mineral,petrological and geochemical studies reveal that this barite deposit belongs to a hydrothermal sedimentary deposit.Microscopic observations indicate that a lot of algae,sponge spicules and tube-type fos- sils are well-preserved in this barite section,and moreover,those fossils share most characteristics of the deep-sea hydrothermal venting community in the modern Pacific.We suggest that the hydrothermal venting community was thriving in hydrothermal vent in early Cam- brian,and it is of great significance for elucidating the geological background of the‘‘Cambrian explosion’’.China Press.All rights reserved. | Ruidong Yang Huairui Wei Miao Bao Wei Wang QiangWang Xiaodong Zhang Ling Liu | 2008 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2008，18，1： | 10 |
| 8 | New data regarding acritarch biostratigraphy from the Early-Middle Cambrian Kaili Formation in Chuandong,Guizhou Province,China显示文摘Previous studies had evaluated acritarchs from the Balang and Pingzhai sections of the Early-Middle Cambrian Kaili Formation in east Guizhou,China.The results of these studies suggest that the acritarchs in these sections have potential biostratigraphic significance.More recently,34 samples collected from 83 m lower part of the Lower-Middle Cambrian Kaili Formation in the Jianshan section of Chuandong,Guizhou Province were prepared for palynological analysis.Analysis of these samples revealed a distinct change in the acritarch assemblages at the bed,which was approximately 46 m above the bottom of the Kaili Formation.These findings suggest a boundary represented by an important alteration of the ecological environment.In addition,the position of the acritarch biostratigraphic change is somewhat higher than the boundary between Cambrian Series 2 and Series 3 based on trilobites found in the same section.This indicates that the distinct change in acritarch assemblages is similar to the change in trilobite assemblages that occurs around the boundary between Cambrian Series 2 and Series 3.Therefore,acritarch biostratigraphy can provide data that can be used to define the base of Cambrian Series 3 in this region,and possibly worldwide. | Leiming Yin Ruidong Yang Jin Peng Fanfan Kong | 2009 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2009，19，1： | 9 |
| 9 | New Evidence for Hydrothermal Sedimentary Genesis of the Ni-Mo Deposits in Black Rock Series of the Basal Cambrian, Guizhou Province: Discovery of Coarse-Grained Limestones and its Geochemical Characteristics显示文摘The molybdenum-nickel deposits in Shuidong District of Nayong County (Guizhou Province, Southwest China) are found mainly in black shale series of Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, which is another Mo-Ni-rich region besides Zunyi District (Guizhou province). Our systematic study on the Mo-Ni deposits in Tangjiaba of Nayong reveals that layered coarse-grained limestones, spherical beaded limestones concretions are hosted at the lower seam of the Mo-Ni deposits. Its strong negative carbon isotope anomaly (the carbon isotope value of the coarse-grained limestones varies from -2.148‰ to 8.223‰) is similar to that in the modern submarine black smoker chimney. The carbon in the coarse-grained limestones from black rock series of Nayong County might be deep source inorganic carbon. The seams, coarse-grained limestones, ore-bearing coarse-grained limestones and the roof and floor of the deposits are characterized by co-variation on the trace element spider diagram, showing good homology. The extraordinary enrichment of Ag, As and Sb resembles hydrothermal sedimentation. Pro-Earth's core elements Se is strongly enriched in Ni-Mo ore-bearing coarse-grained limestones. The ore-bearing rock series has an extremely low Th/U value (0.012-0.19); in the logU-logTh Cartesian Coordinates, the samples of the roof and floor of the deposits and ore-bearing coarse-grained limestones are found in the East Pacific tise; and the samples of coarse-grained limestones are found between the paleo-hydrothermal dedimentary area and the East Pacific tise. The chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns of the Ni-Mo deposits show LREE enrichment, Ce negative anomaly, and Eu negative anomaly (which is supposed to be influenced by the deep magmatic processes in an extensional environment) resembles the rare earth element distribution patterns of the fluid and its sediments in modern submarine hydrothermal system. It proves that coarse-grained limestones is characterized by typical hydrothermal limestones, being closely related with the genesis of Mo-Ni deposits in Nayong County, which provides new evidence for hydrothermal sedimentary genesis of Mo-Ni deposit and negative carbon anomaly in the basal Cambrian on a global scale. | WEI Huairui YANG Ruidong GAO Junbo CHEN Jiyan LIU Kun CHENG Wei | 2012 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2012，86，3： | 8 |
| 10 | A new section of Kaili Formation (Cambrian) and a biostratigraphic study of the boundary interval across the undefined Cambrian Series 2 and Series 3 at Jianshan,Jianhe County,China with a discussion of global correlation based on the first appearance dat显示文摘在 Jianshan 的 Kaili 形成的新节的三叶虫 biostratigraphic 研究, Chuandong 村庄, Jianhe 县,贵州被报导。与 Ovatoryctocara granulata Bathynotus holopygus 地区和原来在 Kaili 的 Wuliu-Zengjiayan 节从三叶虫集合被定义的 overlying Oryctocephalus indicus 地区联系的关键种类的另外的出现从这新节被报导。Oryctocephalus indicus 的第一本外观资料(一度时髦的风尚) 在单位的底上面发生在 44.52 m。基于丰富的标本的学习(n = 800 ) 从 Kaili 形成,我们主张那 Oryctocephalus indicus 是普遍的税在上与全球分布。O。reticulatus (Lermontova, 1940 ) 从在西伯利亚和 O 的 Molodo 河区域的 Amganian 阶段的 Kounamkites 地区的中间的部分。americanus (Sundberg 和 McCollum, 2003 ) 从内华达,北美洲类似于 O 的代表。发生在 O 的 indicus。Kaili 形成的 indicus 地区。O。reticulatus 和 O。americanus 这里与 O 被举出。indicus (里德, 1910 ) 。这研究为未命名的寒武纪的系列 3 的底为全球 Stratotype 作为候选人节加强 Kaili 形成的 Wuliu-Zengjiayan 节。 | Yuanlong Zhao Jinliang Yuan Shanchi Peng Loren E. Babcock Jin Peng Qingjun Guo Jihpai Lin Tongshu Tai Ruidong Yang Yuxian Wang | 2008 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2008，18，12： | 8 |
| 11 | Discovery of Corallina fossil from the Middle Cambrian of Taijiang County, Guizhou Province, China显示文摘Abundant and well-preserved macroalgae fossils have been discovered in silty mudstones and shales from the Middle Cambrian of Taijiang County, Guizhou Province, China. Corallina Paraamphiroa siniansis gen. et sp. nov. in the Kaili Fm., is the earliest Corallina fossil, which usually coexists with other carbonaceous macroalgae fossils on the bedding planes of mudstone and shale and is different from the calcareous and phosphatized Precambrian-Cambrian thallus discovered in the Lower Cambrian of Siberia and the Doushantou phosphate rocks of Weng’an County, Guizhou Province, China. The discovery of calcified thallus in the Kaili Fm. bears great importance on the study of phylogeny and evolution of early calcareous macroalgae. | YANG Ruidong & ZHAO Yuanlong Department of Earth Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China Department of Resources, Guizhou University of Technoiogy, Guiyang 550002, China | 2000 | Chinese Science Bulletin2000，45，6： | 7 |
| 12 | EBAA: An efficient broadcast authentication scheme for ADS-B communication based on IBS-MR显示文摘Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast(ADS-B) systems can broadcast satellitebased aircraft position, identification, etc., periodically, and are now on track to replace radar to become the backbone of next-generation air traffic management(ATM) systems. However,ADS-B systems suffer severe cyber-security problems due to the broadcast-type data link and the lack of designed-in security measures. Especially, since ADS-B messages are unauthenticated, it is easy to insert fake aircraft into a system via spoofing or insertion of false messages. Unfortunately, the authentication for ADS-B messages has not yet been well studied. In this paper, based on identity-based signature with message recovery(IBS-MR), an efficient broadcast authentication scheme for ADS-B messages is proposed. The security analysis demonstrates that the scheme can achieve authenticity and integrity of ADS-B broadcast messages, as well as adaptive evolution of broadcasters' private keys. The performance evaluation shows that the scheme is computationally efficient for typical avionics devices with limited resources. Furthermore, the scheme achieves low communication overhead since broadcast messages can be recovered from signatures, and thus it is suitable for low-bandwidth ADS-B data link. | Yang Haomiao Huang Rongshun Wang Xiaofen Deng Jiang Chen Ruidong | 2014 | Chinese Journal of Aeronautics2014，27，3： | 7 |
| 13 | Research on carbon and oxygen isotopes in phosphorus-bearing rock series of the Late Neoproteroic-Early Cambrian Taozichong Formation in Qingzhen City, Guizhou Province, Southwest China显示文摘In the study of the phosphate-bearing stratum at the bottom of the Cambrian system, the authors found that there occurred carbon isotope negative anomalies in the Taozichong section phosphate-bearing stratum in Qingzhen, Guizhou Province; they can be correspondingly compared with other synsedimentary carbon isotope negative anomalies both at home and abroad. The results showed that there occurred three negative anomalies of carbon isotopes in the Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian Taozichong Formation, indicating that the temporal palaeo-oceanographical environment changed significantly, in which there happened two times of intensive carbon isotope variation, corresponding to creature extinction. Meanwhile, it is believed that the carbon isotope negative anomalies in phosphorites were caused by the ascending water mass of ocean current with the negative carbon isotopic composition of deep-ocean hydrothermal deposits. | MAO Tie YANG Ruidong MAO Jiaren YE Chun LIU Kun GAO Junbo | 2014 | Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry2014，33，4： | 6 |
| 14 | Geochemical Characteristics and Tectonic Significance of Triassic Granite from Taer Region, the Northern Margin of West Kunlun显示文摘Late Hercynian-early Indosinian (Triassic) granite is widely distributed around the Taer region of the northern margin of West Kunlun. The rock mass is mainly composed of calc-alkaline porphyroid biotite adamellite and characterized by SiO2-rich, high-Ca, moderate-alkaline, and strongly peraluminous attributes, and relatively low ΣREE with LREE enrichment and a moderate Eu anomaly. As shown in the trace element spider web diagram, distinct peaks appear for Th, La, Nd, and Zr and clearly low values appear for Ba, Nb, Sr, P, and Ti. Further, compared with the primitive mantle, Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba are considerably higher and Nd/Th and Nb/Ta are relative low, all falling into the scope of the crust-origin rocks, indicating the characteristics of the crust-origin S-type granite. The rock mass's zircon U-Pb isotopic age is determined to be 235.7 ± 3.9 Ma. On the basis of the age data, spatio-temporal location, lithology, and geochemistry of the rock mass, we conclude that the formation of the rock mass is closely related to the strong compressional orogenic movement (240 Ma) of the Tianshuihai terrane and the South Kunlun terrane. The rock mass is the product of the collision orogenic movement. However, distinct differences are observed between the studied rock mass and the synorogenic Bulunkou rock mass, which may be caused by the different collision strength and different positions with respect to the collision zone. | HUANG Jianguo YANG Ruidong YANG Jian CUI Chunlong | 2013 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2013，87，2： | 6 |
| 15 | Trace element and REE geochemistry of Sanshenjiang gold deposit, southeastern Guizhou Province, China显示文摘The Sanshenjiang gold deposit in southeastern Guizhou Province, China, is hosted by the Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks which experienced low-grade greenschist facies metamorphism. Gold mineralization occurs mainly in the ribbon chiltern slate of the first member of the Longli Formation and is controlled by both strata and faults. Ore bodies are characterized by abundant quartz-arsenopyrite-gold-pyrite-bedding veins, veinlets and small lenses within the shear zone. In this study, trace element and REE geochemistry was analyzed to constrain the origin and genesis of this deposit. The trace element signatures of wall rocks and veins display a basically similar tendency in the spider diagram, showing the genetic relationship. The values of Co/Ni, Y/Ho, Hf/Sm, Nb/La and Th/La reflect that the hydrothermal fluids of this deposit were derived from the mixture of multiple sources with marked enrichment of Cl and moderate to high temperature. There is a broad similarity in the chondrite-normalized patterns and REE fractionation between wall rocks and ore bodies, possibly reflecting their similar origin. Based on the difference in δCe and δEu, quartz veins and lenses can be subdivided into weakly negative Ce-anomalies (δCe=0.81 to 1.06) with slight Eu anomalies (δEu=0.81 to 1.06) type and the significant positive Ce-anomalies (δCe=1.13 to 1.97) with moderate negative Eu-anomalies type, probably suggesting physical-chemical changes in the evolution process of ore-forming fluids from the early to late stage. It can be concluded that the ore-forming process may have experienced three stages: formation of the original ore source bed, regional metamorphism and gold mineralization, on the basis of trace element and REE analysis and field observation. | LIU Kun YANG Ruidong CHEN Wenyong LIU Rui TAO Ping | 2013 | Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry2013，32，2： | 4 |
| 16 | Trace element and REE geochemistry of the Zhewang gold deposit, southeastern Guizhou Province, China显示文摘The quartz vein-type gold deposits are widely hosted by the Neoproterozoic(Xiajiang Group) epimetamorphic clastic rock series in southeastern Guizhou Province, China. The Zhewang gold deposit studied in this paper occurs in the second lithological member of the Pinglue Formation of the Xiajiang Group. Trace element geochemistry of host rocks, quartz veins and arsenopyrite has revealed that ore-forming fluid was enriched in sulphophile elements such as Au, Ag, As, Sb, Pb and Zn, and simultaneously concentrated some magmaphile elements such as W and Mo, which probably provides some evidence for multi-stage mineralization or overprinting of magmatic hydrotherm. Quartz veins and arsenopyrite were characterized by depletion in HFSE and enrichment in LREE. Hf/Sm, Nb/La and Th/La imply that the ore-forming fluid was probably a NaCl-H2O solution system enriched in more Cl than F; Th/U values reflect the strong reducibility of the ore-forming fluid, coincident with the sulfide assemblages. The values of Co/Ni reflect that magmatic fluids may have partly participated in the ore-forming process and Y/Ho values have proved that the ore-forming fluid was associated with metamorphism and exotic hydrotherm which has reformed former quartz veins during late mineralization. The concentrations of REE, Eu anomalies and Ce anomalies of this deposit display that ore-forming elements mainly were derived from host rocks and possibly from a mixed deep source, and the ore-forming fluid was mixed by dominant metamorphic fluid and minor other sources. The physical-chemical conditions of ore-forming fluid changed from the initial stage to the late stage. The metamorphic fluid is responsible for the mineralization. Therefore, the Zhewang gold deposit is classified as a quartz vein-type gold deposit which may have been reformed by magmatic fluids during the late stage. | LIU Kun YANG Ruidong CHEN Wenyong LIU Rui TAO Ping | 2014 | Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry2014，33，1： | 4 |
| 17 | The geochemical characteristics of aqueous rare-earth elements in shallow karst groundwater in Guiyang City, China显示文摘Fifty-seven shallow groundwater samples were collected from Guiyang karst basin, China, to analyze the aqueous rare-earth elements in low-water seasons and it is shown that the total amount of rare-earth elements (ΣREE) in karst groundwater is exceedingly low compared with that in carbonate rocks or weathering crusts of carbonate rocks, and ranges from 0.01 to 0.43, from 0.03 to 0.27, from 0.03 to 0.19 and from 0.05 to 1.38 μg·L-1 for dolomite, dolomitic & limestone, limestone and clastic rock aquifer, respectively. Both distributions and contents of rare-earth elements (REE) in karst groundwater reflect the lithology of host rocks or weathering crusts of carbonate rocks through which groundwater flows. The chondrite-normalized patterns show a non-flat profile with higher enrichment of slightly light rare-earth elements (LREE) than heavy rare-earth elements (HREE), prominent fractionation between LREE and HREE, negative Ce anomalies and negative or positive Eu anomalies. There is more obvious fractionation between LREE and HREE in groundwater than that in carbonate rocks and their weathering crusts due to high contents of HCO3? and PH in groundwater. In shallow karst groundwater, REE(CO3)n2n-3 (n=1 and 2) is the main inorganic species of REE. But for a clastic rock aquifer, both REESO4+ and REECO3+ are the main inorganic species of REE. Species of REE in groundwater is closely associated with the hydrochemical type of groundwater which is predominated by the lithology of host rocks, groundwater-rock interaction and weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks. | HE Shouyang ZHU Lijun YANG Ruidong SHEN Zheng YU Xiaohong | 2011 | Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry2011，30，1： | 4 |
| 18 | The Discovery of a Crinoid Community in the LateTriassic Zhuganpo Formation of Guizhou Provinceand Its Geological Significance显示文摘Recently a rich and well-preserved crinoid community including Traumatocrinus and Encrinus has been found in the Late Triassic Zhuganpo Formation in Guanling and Xingyi, Guizhou province, China. Among the fossils Traumatocrinus is the richest, and most of it occurs as clusters, with each cluster containing 3-42 crinoid branches. Study of the stem and calyx of Traumatocrinus shows that the number of stem-joints (columnals) is equal to the total stem length × K (5.85 per cmx stem-diameter). There are about 376 first- and second-order columnals on the whole stem. This number seems to coincide with the number of days in a year at that time. According to the present study of the palaeoecological environment of the crinoid community, it is considered that the reproduction and preservation of the crinoid community were controlled by the Late Triassic regression and the restricted bay of an interior sea behind the S-shaped shoal zone. | YANG Ruidong HAO Yuanlong | 1998 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)1998，72，3： | 3 |
| 19 | Vermicular fossils in the Early Cambrian Xidashan Formation in the Quruqtagh region of Xinjiang, China显示文摘大量蠕虫状的石块和海绵动物石块的次要的数量在 Quruqtagh 的区域在早寒武纪的 Xidashan 形成被发现了, Xinjiang。蠕虫状的石块通常是长的超过 50 公里和 0.3-1.4 公里宽;他们的起皱的 lamellae 是有在长度以内的 3-10 片的微罚款每每毫米。石块被认为是 Sabellidites cambriensis Sokolov (1965 ) 。Xidashan 形成是在 Sabelliditesoccur 的最高的阶层是到目前为止报导了。 | YANG Ruidong ZHANG Chuanlin SONG Guoqi LUO Xinrong | 2006 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2006，16，5： | 3 |
| 20 | Distribution and controlling factors of selenium in weathered soil in Kaiyang County, Southwest China显示文摘Selenium is one of the life-related elements. Survey reveals that selenium enrichment in the studied strata from Kaiyang County is considered to be closely related to the following factors: regional black shale series in Niutitang Formation of Early Cambrian, strong adsorption of organic matter(OM), magmatic hydrothermal migrate along the deep fault, mixing and migration of hydrothermal brine, regional uranium mineralization and presence of a great deal sulfides. For selenium enrichment in its weathered soil and crops, the reason responsible is selenium-enriched bedrock, which provides material sources for weathering profile and is considered as the main controlling factor of selenium content in the soil profile. After leaching and migrates downwards, organic carbon(OC) adsorption, iron-manganese layer adsorption, geochemical barrier role, selenium content in different profiles, there are mainly three types of distribution features: bottom enrichment type, top enrichment type and no significant enrichment type. Comprehensive analyses find that selenium enrichment area is mainly distributed in the Machang, Gaoyun-Fengsan-Guanpo, Baimadong, Chuandong-Hefeng-Shaoshang and Longgang-Gaozhai region, etc. Besides, around the east part of the county, in Huali and Yongxing selenium are relatively scarce. | REN Haili YANG Ruidong | 2014 | Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry2014，33，3： | 3 |
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