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| 1 | Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest man-agement-what limits global adoption?显示文摘Background: The development of forestry as a scientific and management discipline over the last two centuries has mainly emphasized intensive management operations focused on increased commodity production, mostly wood. This 'conventional' forest management approach has typically favored production of even-aged, single-species stands. While alternative management regimes have generally received less attention, this has been changing over the last three decades, especially in countries with developed economies. Reasons for this change include a combination of new information and concerns about the ecological consequences of intensive forestry practices and a willingness on the part of many forest owners and society to embrace a wider set of management objectives. Alternative silvicultural approaches are characterized by a set of fundamental principles, including avoidance of clearcutting, an emphasis on structural diversity and small-scale variability, deployment of mixed species with natural regeneration,and avoidance of intensive site-preparation methods.Methods: Our compilation of the authors' experiences and perspectives from various parts of the world aims to initiate a larger discussion concerning the constraints to and the potential of adopting alternative silvicultural practices.Results: The results suggest that a wider adoption of alternative silvicultural practices is currently hindered by a suite of ecological, economic, logistical, informational, cultural, and historical constraints. Individual contexts display their own unique combinations and relative significance of these constraints, and accordingly, targeted efforts, such as regulations and incentives, may help to overcome specific challenges.Conclusions: In a broader context, we propose that less emphases on strict applications of principles and on stand structures might provide additional flexibility and facilitate the adoption of alternative silvicultural regimes in a broader set of circumstances. At the same time, the acceptance of alternative silvicultural systems as the 'preferred or default mode of management' wil necessitate and benefit from the continued development of the scientific basis and valuation of a variety of ecosystem goods and services. This publication is aimed to further the discussion in this context. | Klaus J Puettmann Scott McG Wilson Susan C Baker Pablo J Donoso Lars Dr?ssler Girma Amente Brian D Harvey Thomas Knoke Yuanchang Lu Susanna Nocentini Francis E Putz Toshiya Yoshida Jürgen Bauhus | 2015 | Forest Ecosystems2015，2，2： | 4 |
| 2 | The functional complex network approach to foster forest resilience to global changes显示文摘Human impacts on Earth's ecosystems have greatly intensified in the last decades. This is reflected in unexpected disturbance events, as well as new and increasing socio-economic demands, all of which are affecting the resilience of forest ecosystems worldwide and the provision of important ecosystem services. This Anthropocene era is forcing us to reconsider past and current forest management and silvicultural practices, and search for new ones that are more flexible and better at dealing with the increasing uncertainty brought about by these accelerating and cumulative global changes. Here, we briefly review the focus and limitations of past and current forest management and silvicultural practices mainly as developed in Europe and North America. We then discuss some recent promising concepts, such as managing forests as complex adaptive systems, and approaches based on resilience, functional diversity, assisted migration and multi-species plantations, to propose a novel approach to integrate the functionality of species-traits into a functional complex network approach as a flexible and multi-scale way to manage forests for the Anthropocene. This approach takes into consideration the high level of uncertainty associated with future environmental and societal changes. It relies on the quantification and dynamic monitoring of functional diversity and complex network indices to manage forests as a functional complex network. Using this novel approach, the most efficient forest management and silvicultural practices can be determined, as well as where, at what scale, and at what intensity landscape-scale resistance, resilience and adaptive capacity of forests to global changes can be improved. | Christian Messier Jürgen Bauhus Frederik Doyon Fanny Maure Rita Sousa-Silva Philippe Nolet Marco Mina Núria Aquilué Marie-Josée Fortin Klaus Puettmann | 2019 | Forest Ecosystems2019，6，3： | 2 |
| 3 | Effective doses in standard protocols for multi-slice CT scanning显示文摘 | CohnenM Poll LJ Puettmann C | 2003 | Eur Radiol2003，13，5： | 1 |
| 4 | Life-cycle Analysis of Wood Products: Cradle-to-gate Lci of Residential Wood Building Ma- terials显示文摘 | Puettmann M E Wilson J B | 2007 | Wood and Fiber Science2007，37，： | 1 |
| 5 | Effective doses in standard protocols for multi-slice CT scanning显示文摘 | Cohnen M Poll LJ Puettmann C | | 0，，05： | 1 |
| 6 | Understory abundance,species diversity and functional attribute response to thinning in coniferous stands显示文摘 | ARES A NEILL A R PUETTMANN K J | 2010 | Forest Ecology and Management2010，260，7： | 1 |
| 7 | Understory abundance,species diversity and functional attribute response to thinningin coniferous stands显示文摘 | Ares A Neill A R Puettmann K J | 2010 | Forest Ecology and Management2010，260，7： | 1 |
| 8 | Monitoring of the antioxidant BHT and its metabolite B-HT - CHO in German fiver water and ground water显示文摘 | Elke Fries Wilhelm Puettmann | 2004 | The Science of the Total Environment2004，319，1： | 1 |
| 9 | Effective dose in standard protocols for multi-slice CT scanning显示文摘 | Cohnen M Poll L J Puettmann C | 2003 | Eur Radiol2003，13，5： | 1 |
| 10 | Patterns in spatial extent of gap influence on understory plant communities显示文摘 | Robert T. Fahey Klaus J. Puettmann | 2008 | Forest Ecology and Management2008，，7： | 1 |
| 11 | Oxidation of organic matter in the transition zone of the Zechstein Kupferschiefer from the Sangerhausen Basin,Germany显示文摘 | Sun Y Z Puettmann W | 2001 | Energy and Fuels2001，15，4： | 1 |
| 12 | Comparing the importance of seedbed and canopy type in the restoration of upland Thuja Occidentalis forests of Northeastern Minnesota显示文摘 | Comer M W Puettmann K J Frelich L E | 2001 | Restoration Ecology2001，9，4： | 1 |
| 13 | Life-cycle Analysis of Wood Products:Cradle-to-gate Lci of Residential Wood Building Materials显示文摘 | Puettmann M E Wilson J B | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 14 | Effective doses in standard protocols for multi-slice CT scanning显示文摘 | Cohnen M Poll LJ Puettmann C | 2003 | Eur tkadiol2003，13，5： | 1 |
| 15 | Aromatic hydrocarbon degradation and metabolites formation in aquifers of a former gas works site: Influence of soil and groundwater reclamations 显示文摘 | Schmitt R Langguth HR Puettmann W | 1998 | Grundwasser1998，3，2： | 1 |
| 16 | Mutations in the alpha 1, 2-Mannosidase gene, MAN1 B1, cause autosomal-recessive intellectual disability显示文摘 | Rafiq MA Kuss AW Puettmann L | 2012 | AmJ Hum Genet2012，89，7： | 1 |
| 17 | Chemical characteristics of subbituminous coallithotypes 显示文摘 | Puettmann W Walf M Bujnowska B | 1991 | Fuel1991，70，2： | 1 |
| 18 | Understory vegetation response to thinning disturbance of varying complexity in coniferous stands显示文摘 | Ares A Berryman S D Puettmann K J | 2009 | Applied Vegetation Science2009，12，： | 1 |
| 19 | A collaborative planning approach forintermodal freight transportation 显示文摘 | Puettmann C Stadtler H | 2010 | OR Spectrum2010，32，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Effective doses in standard protocols for multi-slice CT scanning显示文摘 | Cohnen M Poll LW Puettmann C | 2003 | Eur Radiol2003，13，： | 1 |
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