| 1 | Assessment of lymph node involvement in colorectal cancer显示文摘Lymph node metastasis informs prognosis and is a key factor in deciding further management, particularly adjuvant chemotherapy. It is core to all contemporary staging systems, including the widely used tumor node metastasis staging system. Patients with nodenegative disease have 5-year survival rates of 70%-80%, implying a significant minority of patients with occult lymph node metastases will succumb to disease recurrence. Enhanced staging techniques may help to identify this subset of patients, who might benefit from further treatment. Obtaining adequate numbers of lymph nodes is essential for accurate staging. Lymph node yields are affected by numerous factors, many inherent to the patient and the tumour, but others related to surgical and histopathological practice. Good lymph node recovery relies on close collaboration between surgeon and pathologist. The optimal extent of surgical resection remains a subject of debate. Extended lymphadenectomy, extra-mesenteric lymph node dissection, high arterial ligation and complete mesocolic excision are amongst the surgical techniques with plausible oncological bases, but which are not supported by the highest levels of evidence. With further development and refinement, intra-operative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy may provide a guide to the optimum extent of lymphadenectomy, but in its present form, it is beset by false negatives, skip lesions and failures to identify a sentinel node. Once resected, histopathological assessment of the surgical specimen can be improved by thorough dissection techniques, step-sectioning of tissue blocks and immunohistochemistry. More recently, molecular methods have been employed. In this review, we consider the numerous factors that affect lymph node yields, including the impact of the surgical and histopathological techniques. Potential future strategies, including the use of evolving technologies, are also discussed. | Mark L H Ong John B Schofield | 2016 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2016，8，3： | 8 |
| 5 | Structural analysis of a nanoparticle containing a lipid bilayer used for detergent-free extraction of membrane proteins显示文摘在过去几年里,在为稳定包含嵌入的蛋白质的类脂化合物膜的 nanoparticles 的使用有生长。这些 bionanoparticles 由维持类脂化合物 bilayer 必需品到蛋白质完整和活动提供一个解决方案给膜蛋白质隔离的挑战性的问题。我们以前描述了 amphipathic 聚合物的使用(poly (styrene-co-maleic 酸) , SMA ) 与包含嵌入的蛋白质的一个类脂化合物 bilayer 核心生产 discoidal nanoparticles。然而, nanoparticle 本身的结构还没是坚定的。这在理解 SMA 怎么稳定包含的 bilayer 并且 bilayer 怎么身体上联系和在结构上到 unencapsulated 类脂化合物 bilayer 离开主要差距。在这份报纸,我们由描述从小角度中子散布使用数据的 SMA 类脂化合物粒子( SMALP )(圣)的结构处理这个问题,电子显微镜学(他们),稀释全部的思考 Fourier 变换红外线的光谱学( ATR-FTIR ),微分扫描热量测定( DSC )和原子磁性的回声光谱学( NMR )。我们证明粒子是塑造的圆盘包含环绕的一只聚合物手镯类脂化合物 bilayer。在 bilayer 和聚合物以内的单个部件的结构和取向是坚定的证明在 SMA 以内的苯乙烯一半在类脂化合物酰链之间设置。包含的 bilayer 的尺寸也被决定并且匹配为自然的膜测量的那些。一起拿,对 SMALP 的结构的描述在膜蛋白质生产和分析为未来开发和 SMALP 的应用形成基础。 | Mohammed Jamshad Vinciane Grimard Ilaria Idini Tim J. Knowles Miriam R. Dowle Naomi Schofield Pooja Sridhart Yupin Lin Rachael Finka Mark Wheatley Owen R. T. Thomas Richard E. Palmerr Michael Overduin Cedric Govaerts Jean-Marie Ruysschaert Karen J. Edler Tim R. Dafforn | 2015 | Nano Research2015，8，3： | 0 |
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