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| 1 | Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link?显示文摘AIM To determine the existence of a common pathological link between dementia and osteoporosis through reviewing the current evidence base. METHODS This paper reviews the current literature on osteoporosis and dementia in order to ascertain evidence of a common predisposing aetiology. A literature search of Ovid MEDLINE(1950 to June 2016) was conducted. The keywords 'osteoporosis', 'osteoporotic fracture', 'dementia' and 'Alzheimer's disease'(AD) were used to determine the theoretical links with the most significant evidence base behind them. The key links were found to be vitamins D and K, calcium, thyroid disease, statins, alcohol and sex steroids. These subjects were then searched in combination with the previous terms and the resulting papers manually examined. Theoretical, in vitro and in vivo research were all used to inform this review which focuses on the most well developed theoretical common causes for dementia(predominantly Alzheimer's type) and osteoporosis.RESULTS Dementia and osteoporosis are multifaceted disease processes with similar epidemiology and a marked increase in prevalence in elderly populations. The existence of a common link between the two has been suggested despite a lack of clear pathological overlap in our current understanding. Research to date has tended to be fragmented and relatively weak in nature with multiple confounding factors reflecting the difficulties of in vivo experimentation in the population of interest. Despite exploration of various possible mechanisms in search for a link between the two pathologies, this paper found that it is possible that these associations are coincidental due to the nature of the evidence available. One finding in this review is that prior investigation into common aetiologies has found raised amyloid beta peptide levels in osteoporotic bone tissue, with a hypothesis that amyloid beta disorders are systemic disorders resulting in differing tissue manifestations. However, our findings were that the most compelling evidence of a common yet independent aetiology lies in the APOE4 allele, which is a well-established risk for AD but also carries an independent association with fracture risk. The mechanism behind this is thought to be the reduced plasma vitamin K levels in individuals exhibiting the APOE4 allele which may be amplified by the nutritional deficiencies associated with dementia, which are known to include vitamins K and D. The vitamin theory postulates that malnutrition and reduced exposure to sunlight in patients with AD leads to vitamin deficiencies. CONCLUSION Robust evidence remains to be produced regarding potential links and regarding the exact aetiology of these diseases and remains relevant given the burden of dementia and osteoporosis in our ageing population. Future research into amyloid beta, APOE4 and vitamins K and D as the most promising aetiological links should be welcomed. | Candice L Downey Adam Young Emily F Burton Simon M Graham Robert J Macfarlane Eva-Maria Tsapakis Eleftherios Tsiridis | 2017 | World Journal of Orthopedics2017，8，5： | 6 |
| 2 | The thermal degradation of polysiloxanes ( II ) : poly (methylphenyl-siloxane) 显示文摘 | GRASSIE N MACFARLANE I G FRANCEY K F | 1979 | Eur Polym J1979，15，5： | 1 |
| 3 | The thermal degradation of polysiloxanes (I) :Poly (dimethylsiloxane) 显示文摘 | Grassie N Macfarlane I G Francey K F | 1978 | European Polymer Journal1978，14，11： | 1 |
| 4 | The thermal degradation of polysiloxanes (II) : Poly (methyl phenylsiloxane) 显示文摘 | Grassie N Macfarlane I G Francey K F | 1979 | European Polymer Journal1979，15，5： | 1 |
| 5 | Ataxin-3 is a histone-binding protein with two independent transcriptional corepressor activities显示文摘 | Li F Macfarlan T Pittman RN | 2002 | J Biol Chem2002，277，45： | 1 |
| 6 | Ionic-liquidmaterials for the electrochemical challenges of the future显示文摘 | ARMAND M ENDRES F MACFARLANE D R | 2009 | NatureMater2009，8，： | 1 |
| 7 | Observations and predictions of the behaviour of large, slow - moving landslides in schist, Clyde Dam reservoir显示文摘 | Macfarlane D F | 2009 | Engineering Geology2009，109，： | 1 |
| 8 | Ionic-liquid materials for the electrochemical challenges of the future 显示文摘 | Armand M Endres F MacFarlane D F | 2009 | Nat Mater2009，8，： | 1 |
| 9 | Gene silencing without DNA:RNA-mediated cross-protection between virus显示文摘 | RATCLIF F G MACFARLANE S A BAULCOMBE D C | 1999 | Plant Cell1999，11，7： | 1 |
| 10 | Ionic-liq- uid materials for the electrochemical challenges of the fu- ture 显示文摘 | Armand M Endres F MacFarlane D R | 2009 | Nature Materials2009，8，8： | 1 |
| 11 | The thermal degradation of polysiloxanes(Ⅱ):Poly(methyl phenylsiloxane)显示文摘 | Grassie N Macfarlane I G Francey K F | 1979 | Eur Polym J1979，15，5： | 1 |
| 12 | The thermal degradation of polysiloxanes-II : poly ( methylpbe- nylsiloxane) 显示文摘 | GRASSIE N MACFARLANE I G FRANCEY K F | 1979 | European Polymer Journal1979，15，5： | 1 |
| 13 | Influence on general practitioners of teaching undergraduates:qualitative study of London general practitioner teachers显示文摘 | Hartley S Macfarlane F Gantley M | 1999 | BMJ1999，319，7218： | 1 |
| 14 | Black carbon in marine particulate organic carbon :Inputs and cycling of highly recalcitrant organic carbon in the Gulf of Maine 显示文摘 | GERVANTES D X F PLATA D L MACFARLANE J K | 2009 | Marine Chemistry2009，113，34： | 1 |
| 15 | Gene silencing without DNA: rna-mediated cross-protection between viruses 显示文摘 | Ratcliff F G MacFarlane S A Baulcombe D C | 1999 | Plant Cell1999，11，7： | 1 |
| 16 | Ionic-liquid materials for the electrochemical challenges of the future 显示文摘 | Armand M Endres F MacFarlane D R | 2009 | Nature Materials2009，8，： | 1 |
| 17 | The effect of band-seeding legumes into para grass(Brachiaria mutica)on pasture production,sustainability and animal productivity in Vanuatu显示文摘 | Mullen B F Macfarlane D C | 1998 | Tropical Grasslands1998，32，： | 1 |
| 18 | Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: sys-tematic review and recommendations 显示文摘 | GREENHALGH T ROBERT G MACFARLANE F etal | 2004 | Milbank Quar-terly2004，82，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Black carbon in marine particulate organic carbon:Inputs and cycling of highly recalcitrant organic carbon in the Gulf of Maine 显示文摘 | Gervantes D X F Plata D L MacFarlane J K | 2009 | Marine Chemistry2009，113，34： | 1 |
| 20 | Gene silencing without DNA: RNA-mediated cross-protection between viruses 显示文摘 | Ratcliff F G MacFarlane S A Baulcombe D C | 1999 | Plant Cell1999，11，： | 1 |
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