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| 1 | Precambrian supercontinents,glaciations,atmospheric oxygenation,metazoan evolution and an impact that may have changed the second half of Earth history显示文摘<正>In more than 4 Ga of geological evolution,the Earth has twice gone through extreme climatic perturbations, when extensive glaciations occurred,together with alternating warm periods which were accompanied by atmospheric oxygenation.The younger of these two episodes of climatic oscillation preceded the Cambrian 'explosion' of metazoan life forms,but similar extreme climatic conditions existed between about 2.4 and 2.2 Ga.Over long time periods,changing solar luminosity and mantle temperatures have played important roles in regulating Earth's climate but both periods of climatic upheaval are associated with supercontinents.Enhanced weathering on the orogenically and thermally buoyed supercontinents would have stripped CO_2 from the atmosphere,initiating a cooling trend that resulted in continental glaciation.Ice cover prevented weathering so that CO_2 built up once more,causing collapse of the ice sheets and ushering in a warm climatic episode.This negative feedback loop provides a plausible explanation for multiple glaciations of the Early and Late Proterozoic,and their intimate association with sedimentary rocks formed in warm climates.Between each glacial cycle nutrients were flushed into world oceans, stimulating photosynthetic activity and causing oxygenation of the atmosphere.Accommodation for many ancient glacial deposits was provided by rifting but escape from the climatic cycle was predicated on breakup of the supercontinent,when flooded continental margins had a moderating influence on weathering. The geochemistry of Neoproterozoic cap carbonates carries a strong hydrothermal signal,suggesting that they precipitated from deep sea waters,overturned and spilled onto continental shelves at the termination of glaciations.Paleoproterozoic(Huronian) carbonates of the Espanola Formation were probably formed as a result of ponding and evaporation in a hydrothermally influenced,restricted rift setting.Why did metazoan evolution not take off after the Great Oxidation Event of the Paleoproterozoic? The answer may lie in the huge scar left by the ~2023 Ma Vredefort impact in South Africa,and in the worldwide organic carbon-rich deposits of the Shunga Event,attesting to the near-extirpation of life and possible radical alteration of the course of Earth history. | Grant M.Young | 2013 | Geoscience Frontiers2013，4，3： | 23 |
| 2 | Adult myelination: wrapping up neuronal plasticity显示文摘In this review, we outline the major neural plasticity mechanisms that have been identified in the adult central nervous system(CNS), and offer a perspective on how they regulate CNS function. In particular we examine how myelin plasticity can operate alongside neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity to influence information processing and transfer in the mature CNS. | Megan O’Rourke Robert Gasperini Kaylene M.Young | 2014 | Neural Regeneration Research2014，9，13： | 6 |
| 3 | Inhalation of nanoparticle-based drug for lung cancer treatment:Advantages and challenges显示文摘Ever since the success of developing inhalable insulin,drug delivery via pulmonary administration has become an attractive route to treat chronic diseases.Pulmonary delivery system for nanotechnology is a relatively new concept especially when applicable to lung cancer therapy.Nano-based systems such as liposome,polymeric nanoparticles or micelles are strategically designed to enhance the therapeutic index of anti-cancer drugs through improvement of their bioavailability,stability and residency at targeted lung regions.Along with these benefits,nano-based systems also provide additional diagnostic advantages during lung cancer treatment,including imaging,screening and drug tracking.Nevertheless,delivery of nanobased drugs via pulmonary administration for lung cancer therapy is still in its infancy and numerous challenges are expected.Pharmacology,immunology,toxicology and largescale manufacturing(stability and activity of drugs)are some aspects in nanotechnology that should be taken into consideration for the development of inhalable nano-based chemotherapeutic drugs.This review will focus on the current inhalable nano-based drugs for lung cancer treatment. | Wing-Hin Lee Ching-Yee Loo Daniela Traini Paul M.Young | 2015 | Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences2015，10，6： | 6 |
| 4 | Strongly seasonal Proterozoic glacial climate in low palaeolatitudes:Radically different climate system on the pre-Ediacaran Earth显示文摘Proterozoic(pre-Ediacaran) glaciations occurred under strongly seasonal climates near sea level in low palaeolatitudes.Metre-scale primary sand wedges in Cryogenian periglacial deposits are identical to those actively forming,through the infilling of seasonal(winter) thermal contraction-cracks in permafrost by windblown sand,in present-day polar regions with a mean monthly air temperature range of40 ℃ and mean annual air temperatures of-20 ℃ or lower.Varve-like rhythmites with dropstones in Proterozoic glacial successions are consistent with an active seasonal freeze-thaw cycle.The seasonal(annual) oscillation of sea level recorded by tidal rhythmites in Cryogenian glacial successions indicates a significant seasonal cycle and extensive open seas.Palaeomagnetic data determined directly for Proterozoic glacial deposits and closely associated rocks indicate low palaeolatitudes:Cryogenian deposits in South Australia accumulated at <10°,most other Cryogenian deposits at <20° and Palaeoproterozoic deposits at <15° palaeolatitude.Palaeomagnetic data imply that the Proterozoic geomagnetic field approximated a geocentric axial dipole,hence palaeolatitudes represent geographic latitudes.The Cryogenian glacial environment included glacier-free,continental permafrost regions with ground frozen on a kyr time-scale,aeolian sand-sheets,extensive and long-lived open seas,and an active hydrological cycle.This palaeoenvironment conflicts with the 'snowball Earth' and 'slushball Earth' hypotheses,which cannot accommodate large seasonal changes of temperature near the equator.Consequently,their proponents have attempted to refute the evidence for strong seasonality by introducing Popperian'auxiliary assumptions'.However,non-actualistic arguments that the Cryogenian sand wedges indicate diurnal or weakly seasonal temperature changes are based on misunderstandings of periglacial processes.Modelling of a strongly seasonal climate for a frozen-over Earth is invalidated by the evidence for persistent open seas and glacier-free continental regions during Cryogenian glaciations,and gives a mean monthly air temperature range of only <10 ℃ for <10° latitude.By contrast,a strongly seasonal climate in low palaeolatitudes,based on the actualistic interpretation of cryogenic sand wedges and other structures,is consistent with a high obliquity of the ecliptic(>54°) during Proterozoic low-latitude glaciations,whereby the equator would be cooler than the poles,on average,and global seasonality would be greatly amplified. | George E.Williams Phillip W.Schmidt Grant M.Young | 2016 | Geoscience Frontiers2016，7，4： | 3 |
| 5 | Setting kinetics and mechanical properties of flax fibre reinforced glass ionomer restorative materials显示文摘Regardless of the excellent properties of glass ionomer cements,their poor mechanical properties limit their applications to non-load bearing areas.This study aimed to investigate the effect of incorporated short,chopped and randomly distributed flax fibers(0,0.5,1,2.5,5 and 25 wt%) on setting reaction kinetics,and mechanical and morphological properties of glass ionomer cements.Addition of flax fibers did not significantly affect the setting reaction extent.According to their content,flax fibers increased the compressive(from 148 to 250 MPa) and flexure strength(from 20 to 42 MPa).They also changed the brittle behavior of glass ionomer cements to a plastic one.They significantly reduced the compressive(from 3 to 1.3 GPa) and flexure modulus(from 19 to 14 GPa).Accordingly,flax fiber-modified glass ionomer cements could be potentially used in high-stress bearing areas. | Ensanya Ali Abou Neel Anne M.Young | 2017 | The Journal of Biomedical Research2017，31，3： | 2 |
| 6 | Synthesis and rapid expansion in supercritical carbon dioxide through porous sintered metal plate of poly(1,1,2,2‐tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate)显示文摘 | QingzhiDong Thomas M.Young | 2003 | J. Appl. Polym. Sci2003，，12： | 1 |
| 7 | Myenteric neurons of the mouse small intestine undergo significant electrophysiological and morphological changes during postnatal development显示文摘 | Jaime Pei PeiFoong Trung V.Nguyen John B.Furness Joel C.Bornstein Heather M.Young | 2012 | The Journal of Physiology2012，，10： | 1 |
| 8 | META‐ANALYSIS OF NON‐RANDOMIZED COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE SHORT‐TERM OUTCOMES OF LAPAROSCOPIC RESECTION FOR COLORECTAL CANCER显示文摘 | Ned S.Abraham Christopher M.Byrne Jane M.Young Michael J.Solomon | 2007 | ANZ Journal of Surgery2007，，7： | 1 |
| 9 | Petrogenesis of sediments in the absence of chemical weathering: effects of abrasion and sorting on bulk composition and mineralogy显示文摘 | H. WAYNENESBITT GRANT M.YOUNG | 2008 | Sedimentology2008，，2： | 1 |
| 10 | Partnering mechanism in construction:an empirical study on the chinese construction industry显示文摘 | Wenzhe Tang Colin F Duffield David M.Young | | 0，，03： | 1 |
| 11 | Environmental upheavals of the Ediacaran period and the Cambrian “explosion” of animal life显示文摘The second half of the Ediacaran period began with a large impactethe Acraman impact in South Australia,which was accompanied by a negative d13Ccarbanomaly and an extinction-radiation event involving acritarchs.A few million years later(w570 Ma)there was a second,deeper and longer-lived world-wide d13Ccarbanomaly(the Shuram anomaly)which coincides with extinction of the acanthomorphic acritarchs.Wide distribution of the Shuram event is exemplified by stratigraphic sections from South Australia,Oman,southern California and South China.The widespread anomaly has been tentatively attributed to a marine impact.During recovery from the Shuram event the enigmatic Ediacaran biota achieved its zenith,only to be extirpated and replaced by a polyphyletic assemblage of shelly animals in what is known as the Cambrian'explosion'.This extinction-radiation cycle was preceded by glaciation,another d13Ccarbexcursion and the highest87Sr/86Sr values known from marine carbonates.These high Sr ratios have been linked to weathering of extensive tracts of continental crust that were elevated during amalgamation of the supercontinent Gondwana.Introduction of essential nutrients to the oceans would have promoted biological production of oxygen and provided P and Ca for the important skeletonization that characterizes the Cambrian'explosion'and caused a quantum leap in the preservation potential of animal remains.Turbulent events of the last 50 million years of Precambrian time include three glaciations,two large impacts and a massive orogenic episode.These dramatic environmental upheavals are held responsible for three consecutive extinction-radiation cycles that culminated in the appearance of a diverse array of shelly fossils.Various lines of evidence suggest that the metazoans have deep roots so that they too may have been subjected to the environmental pressures of the late Ediacaran period clearly illustrated by acritarchs and the Ediacaran biota but the long-lived diversity of the metazoan population was'suddenly'revealed by the acquisition of biomineralization. | Grant M.Young | 2015 | Geoscience Frontiers2015，6，4： | 0 |
| 12 | 用数字电源实现自动补偿显示文摘传统电源需要添加大量元器件进行补偿,但反馈回路和器件复杂性使得补偿非常困难。带有自动补偿功能的数字电源可节省系统开发时间,实现更加稳定的电源,并利用预测诊断提高电源可靠性。 | Chris M.Young | 2011 | 集成电路应用2011，，9： | 0 |
| 13 | Off-the-shelf CAR T cells to treat cancer显示文摘Chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T cell therapies approved for cancer treatment are manufactured from a patient’s own cells(autologous),entailing challenges such as high costs,inconsistent product quality,and potential treatment failure due to T cell dysfunction.In a study published in Cell Research,Hu et al.generated CAR T cells from healthy donor T cells(allogeneic),and these were successful in a clinical trial for the treatment of T cell malignancies. | Sofia Castelli Regina M.Young Carl H.June | 2022 | Cell Research2022，32，12： | 0 |
| 14 | Microbial stabilisation and kinetic enhancement of marine methane hydrates in both deionised-and sea-water显示文摘The large quantity of marine methane hydrates has driven substantial interest in methane-gas-fuel potential,especially with the qualified success of Shensu(2017)and Nankai-Trough(2014&17)production trials via depressurisation(blighted ultimately by sanding out),building on an earlier Malik-2008 trial for permafrost-bound hydrate.In particular,obviating deep-water-drilling approaches,such as the MeBO production rig(without such a drill bit),together with blowout preventers,constitutes a tantalising cost-saving measure.Tailored means of addressing sand production by customised gravel packs,wellbore screens and slotted liners with from-seafloor drilling will be expected to lead to future production-trial success.However,despite these exciting engineering advances and a few marinemimicking laboratory studies of methane-hydrate kinetics and stabilisation from microbial perspectives,relatively little is known about the thermogenic or microbial origin of marine hydrates,nor their possible formation kinetics or potential stabilisation by microbial sources as an exponent of Gaia's hypothesis,or within the context of“Gaia's breath”as regards global methane‘exhalations’.Here,for the first time,we elucidate the methylotrophic-microbial basis for kinetic enhancement and stabilisation of marine-hydrate formation in both deionised-and sea-water,identifying the key protein at play,which has some similarity to porins in other methylotrophic communities.In so doing,we suggest such phenomena in marine hydrates as evidence of Gaia's hypothesis. | Mohammad Reza Ghaani Jonathan M.Young Prithwish K.Nandi Shamsudeen Dandare Christopher C.RAllen Niall J.English | 2021 | Petroleum2021，7，4： | 0 |
| 15 | Effects of compost age on the release of nutrients显示文摘Composted organic materials are applied to help restore disturbed soils,speed revegetation,and control erosion;these changes are generally beneficial for stormwater quality.Ensuring that nutrient release from compost is adequate for plant needs without degrading stormwater quality is important since composts release nitrogen at variable rates(1–3%of total N/yr)and the leaching process can extend for many years.The aim of this work was to understand the effect of compost age on the extent and rates of nitrogen release by conducting detailed rainfall simulation studies of one compost type at three different ages.Models describing temporal changes in nitrogen release to runoff during a single storm and across multiple storms were developed and applied to the runoff data.Nitrogen content(%)and bulk density of compost increased with the increase in compost age and total nitrogen release decreased with increasing compost age.The three rain simulations(storms)performed on each of the three compost ages show that nitrogen release declined each day of the repeated daily storms.A first-order kinetic model was used to estimate the amount of nitrogen remaining on compost after several storms. | Bilal B.Al-Bataina Thomas M.Young Ezio Ranieri | 2016 | International Soil and Water Conservation Research2016，4，3： | 0 |
| 16 | 辅酶Q_(10)治疗代谢综合征的高血压患者:一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照交叉研究显示文摘该研究检查了辅酶Q10辅助治疗对代谢综合征和血压控制不良的患者24h动态血压的作用。方法:该研究为一项为期12周的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照交叉临床试验研究。 | Joanna M.Young Christopher M.Florkowski Sarah L.Molyneux Roberta G.McEwan Christopher M.Frampton M.Gary Nicholls Russell S.Scott Peter M.George 罗冬梅 叶鹏 | 2012 | 中华高血压杂志2012，20，3： | 0 |
| 17 | Did prolonged two-stage fragmentation of the supercontinent Kenorland lead to arrested orogenesis on the southern margin of the Superior province?显示文摘Recent geochronological investigations reinforce the early suggestion that the upper part of the Paleoproterozoic Huronian Supergroup of Ontario,Canada is present in the Animikie Basin on the south shore of Lake Superior.These rocks,beginning with the glaciogenic Gowganda Formation,are interpreted as passive margin deposits.The absence of the lower Huronian(rift succession) from the Animikie Basin may be explained by attributing the oldest Paleoroterozoic rocks in the Animikie Basin(Chocolay Group)to deposition on the upper plate of a north-dipping detachment fault,which lacks sediments of the rift phase.Following thermal uplift that led to opening of the Huronian Ocean on the south side of what is now the Superior province,renewed uplift(plume activity) caused large-scale gravitational folding of the Huronian Supergroup accompanied by intrusion of the Nipissing diabase suite and Senneterre dikes at about 2.2 Ga.Termination of passive margin sedimentation is normally followed by ocean closure but in the Huronian and Animikie basins there was a long hiatus- the Great Stratigraphic Gap- which lasted for about 350 Ma.This hiatus is attributed to a second prolonged thermal uplift of part of Kenorland that culminated in complete dismemberment of the supercontinent shortly before 2.0 Ga by opening of the Circum-Superior Ocean.These events caused regional uplift(the Great Stratigraphic Gap) and delayed completion of the Huronian Wilson Cycle until a regional compressional tectonic episode,including the Penokean orogeny,belatedly flooded the southern margin of the Superior province with foreland basin deposits,established the limits of the Superior structural province and played an important role in constructing Laurentia. | Grant M.Young | 2015 | Geoscience Frontiers2015，6，3： | 0 |
| 18 | Flexible networked rural electrification using levelized interpolative genetic algorithm显示文摘Networked rural electrification is an alternative approach to accelerate rural electrification.Using satellite photos and GIS tools,an electrical distribution network is used to connect villages and properly located generation facilities together to reduce electrification cost.To design the network,optimal paths connecting all node-pairs are identified,followed by finding a network topology that minimizes cost.Earlier work has illustrated that A*(A-star,an optimal path-finding algorithm)is inefficient for this application due to the complex topography in rural areas.The multiplier-accelerated A*(MAA*)algorithm overcomes key performance issues,but,like A*,produces only one path connecting each node-pair.Relying on one path increases project risk because adverse conditions,such as inaccurate GIS estimation,unexpected soil conditions,land-rights disputes,political issues,etc.can occur during implementation.In this paper,a hybrid path-finding method combining genetic algorithm and A*/MAA*algorithm is proposed.The proposed method provides a family of near-optimal paths instead of a single optimal path for routing.A family of paths allows a project implementer to quickly adapt to unexpected situations as new information becomes available,and flexibly change network topology before or during implementation with minimal impact on project cost. | Jerry C.F.Li Daniel Zimmerle Peter M.Young | 2022 | Energy and AI2022，10，4： | 0 |
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