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| 1 | 美国临床药学教育与实践显示文摘目的:介绍美国临床药学教育的概况,探讨其发展方向。方法:总结近50年美国临床药学的发展史,介绍其教学和培训模式、临床药师工作内容及相关认证情况。结果与结论:美国的药学教育和临床实践经历了重大的变化与发展。2000年开始设立的临床药学博士学位项目是变革核心,其是目前美国药学院校提供的唯一药学学位。坚实的临床教育是培养临床药学从业者的基础,这些课程主要由资深的临床药学博士授课。患者监护是临床药学博士生教育的中心,而以技能展现所学知识的课堂活动正逐步取代传统的授课式教学模式。药学院校需要证明其学生掌握了评审标准中所要求的技能。为了将学生培养为专业的临床药师,在完成临床药学博士项目后,一般需要1~2年的住院药师培训。大多数临床药师还需要通过一项临床委员会考试以取得临床药学执业执照。此外,临床药师也可成为药学院校的临床教师。中国临床药师的发展,可以此为借鉴,通过院校和医疗机构的协同努力,以加强药师的临床培训。 | Keith M.Olsen Sylvia A.Dang Olivia V.Nguyen Kimberly K.Scarsi 张伶俐 曾力楠 归舸 | 2016 | 中国药房2016，27，2： | 29 |
| 2 | 美国临床药学的发展与实践显示文摘目的:介绍美国临床药学的发展史及其实践领域的拓展。方法:简要总结20世纪美国临床药学发展史及其临床实践领域从住院部拓展到门诊,并描述临床药师的主要职责。结果与结论:美国临床药学的重心已从用药和药物调剂向'以患者为中心'、以提高用药安全和有效为目标的临床实践上倾斜。20世纪初,在大多数医院尚无雇佣药师时,一些药师中的有识之士就已开始参加患者监护查房。此后,出现了更多开创性临床实践模式,昭示着药学职业的巨大潜力。这一系列改变也催生了药学博士项目发展,将药师更好地培养为临床人员,运用其药学专长优化患者监护。虽然临床药学的进步并非一蹴而就和一帆风顺,但经过药师和专业组织的努力,临床药学发展方向发生转变,药师已成为多学科团队中不可或缺的一员。 | Kimberly K.Scarsi Emily A.Prinz Hannah K.Snyder Keith M.Olsen 张伶俐 曾力楠 归舸 | 2015 | 中国药房2015，26，26： | 14 |
| 3 | The Genomes of the Allohexaploid Echinochloa crus-galli and Its Progenitors Provide Insights into Polyploidization-Driven Adaptation显示文摘The hexaploid species Echinochloa crus-galli is one of the most detrimental weeds in crop fields,especially in rice paddies.Its evolutionary history is similar to that of bread wheat,arising through polyploidization after hybridization between a tetraploid and a diploid species.In this study,we generated and analyzed high-quality genome sequences of diploid(E.haploclada),tetraploid(E.oryzicola),and hexaploid(E.crus-galli)Echinochloa species.Gene family analysis showed a significant loss of disease-resistance genes such as those encoding NB-ARC domain-containing proteins during Echinochloa polyploidization,contrary to their significant expansionduring wheat polyploidization,suggesting that natural selection might favor reduced investment in resistance in this weed to maximize its growth and reproduction.In contrast to the asymmetric patterns of genome evolution observed in wheat and other crops,no significant differences in selection pressure were detected between the subgenomes in E.oryzicola and E.crus-galli.In addition,distinctive differences in subgenome transcriptome dynamics during hexaploidization were observed between E.crus-galli and bread wheat.Collectively,our study documents genomic mechanisms underlying the adaptation of a major agricultural weed during polyploidization.The genomic and transcriptomic resources of three Echinochloa species and new insights into the polyploidization-driven adaptive evolution would be useful for future breeding cereal crops. | Chu-Yu Ye Dongya Wu Lingfeng Mao Lei Jia Jie Qiu Sangting Lao Meihong Chen Bowen Jiang Wei Tang Qiong Peng Lang Pan Lifeng Wang Xiaoxiao Feng Longbiao Guo Chulong Zhang Elizabeth A.Kellogg Kenneth M.Olsen Lianyang Bai Longjiang Fan | 2020 | Molecular Plant2020，13，9： | 4 |
| 4 | Association between nonsynonymous mutations of starch synthase IIa and starch quality in rice (Oryza sativa)显示文摘 | GuoqinYu Kenneth M.Olsen Barbara A.Schaal | 2010 | New Phytologist2010，，2： | 1 |
| 5 | Weedy rice, a hidden gold mine in the paddy field显示文摘Weedy rice(Oryza spp.)is an increasingly invasive paddy weed,which mimics cultivated rice at the seedling stage but is distinguished from cultivated rice with strong seed shattering and seed dormancy,which are typical phenotypic characteristics of wild rice.On the origins of this conspecific form of cultivated rice(Oryza sativa),four hypotheses have been proposed and debated for decades:(1)origination from wild rice(Oryza rufipogon or possibly other wild Oryza species);(2)origination following hybridization between wild and cultivated rice;(3)direct descent from escaped cultivated rice;and(4)intervarietal hybridization between different domesticated rice varieties(Ellstrand et al.,2010).Recent population genomic investigations based on whole-genome variation provide powerful phylogenetic and demographic evidence for the de-domestication origination of weedy rice(Li et al.,2017;Qiu et al.,2017,Qiu et al.,2020;Sun et al.,2019). | Dongya Wu Jie Qiu Jian Sun Beng-Kah Song Kenneth M.Olsen Longjiang Fan | 2022 | Molecular Plant2022，15，4： | 0 |
| 6 | The rice pangenome branches out显示文摘The power of genome-enabled research depends not only on the quality of individual genome assemblies,but also the extent to which they collectively represent the natural variation of a study system.In a recent Cell Research paper,Shang et al.make an important advance in our understanding of rice genomes with the release of the first rice‘super-pangenome’,which encompasses the pangenome of domesticated Asian rice plus three closely related species. | Kenneth M.Olsen | 2022 | Cell Research2022，32，10： | 0 |
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