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| 1 | 基于ANUSPLIN的时间序列气象要素空间插值显示文摘【目的】介绍ANUSPLIN在黄土高原多沙粗沙区时间序列气象要素的空间插值过程,为相关人员在ANUSPLIN的参数设置、误差分析和协变量要素选择等方面提供参考。【方法】以薄盘样条函数为插值理论,以专用气象数据插值软件ANUSPLIN为实现工具,并引入一个或多个协变量线性子模型,来实现多个气象要素的空间插值。【结果】完成了黄土高原多沙粗沙区时间序列(1980-2000年)多个气象要素月平均数据的栅格化,计算了气象要素随其影响因子变化的关系。【结论】ANUSPLIN以薄盘光滑样条函数为理论基础,引入协变量线性子模型,能较好地提高气象要素空间插值精度,且能反映气象要素随其影响因子变化的比率关系。在大多数情况下,该区模型选择以样条次数为3次的局部薄盘光滑样条函数模型为最佳。温度的空间插值相对比较容易,且误差较小,1995-07平均相对误差为1%;风速、水汽压的误差中等;日照时数和降雨量的误差较大,个别情况相对误差可超过50%。 | 刘志红 Tim R.McVicar Li LingTao Tom G.VanNie 杨勤科 李锐 穆兴民 | 2008 | 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)2008，36，10： | 73 |
| 2 | 水文地貌关系正确DEM的建立方法显示文摘水文地貌关系正确DEM(hydrologically correct DEMs,Hc-DEM),是指符合水文地貌学基本原理,正确反映水文要素(水流方向、水流路径、水系网络、流域界线等)与地貌特征发生和位置关系的DEM。区域尺度水文和土壤侵蚀等研究中,地形因子参数只能利用DEM来提取,为了准确反映地面形态,有效提取地貌和水文特征因子,建立Hc-DEM是必需的。笔者对Hc-DEM的概念、建立方法进行了讨论和介绍;以黄土高原为例,提出了利用多种比例尺数字地形图和ANUDEM软件建立DEM的关键参数;通过与TIN方法建立的DEM的比较,对所建立的DEM进行了简要评价。研究表明,利用我国已有的数字地形图和ANUDEM软件,可以建立Hc-DEM,为流域水文和区域尺度水土流失定量分析模拟、区域尺度植被适宜性评价等研究提供更加直接的数据支持。 | 杨勤科 师维娟 Tim R.McVicar Tom G.Van Niel Lingtao Li | 2007 | 中国水土保持科学2007，5，4： | 41 |
| 3 | Projection of Future Precipitation Change over China with a High-Resolution Global Atmospheric Model显示文摘Projections of future precipitation change over China are studied based on the output of a global AGCM, ECHAM5, with a high resolution of T319 (equivalent to 40 km). Evaluation of the model’s performance in simulating present-day precipitation shows encouraging results. The spatial distributions of both mean and extreme precipitation, especially the locations of main precipitation centers, are reproduced reasonably. The simulated annual cycle of precipitation is close to the observed. The performance of the model over eastern China is generally better than that over western China. A weakness of the model is the overestimation of precipitation over northern and western China. Analyses on the potential change in precipitation projected under the A1B scenario show that both annual mean precipitation intensity and extreme precipitation would increase significantly over southeastern China. The percentage increase in extreme precipitation is larger than that of mean precipitation. Meanwhile, decreases in mean and extreme precipitation are evident over the southern Tibetan Plateau. For precipitation days, extreme precipitation days are projected to increase over all of China. Both consecutive dry days over northern China and consecutive wet days over southern China would decrease. | 冯蕾 周天军 吴波 Tim LI | 2011 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2011，28，2： | 40 |
| 4 | Impacts of Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies on Indo-East Asian summer monsoon-ENSO relationship显示文摘In this study, the effect of the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) sea surface temperature (SST) variation in inducing the circulation anomaly in the Indo-East Asian monsoon (IEAM) region is investigated through the observational analysis and numerical model-ing. The observational analysis shows that the TNA summer SST is positively correlated with the preceding winter Ni?o3 SST and is simultaneously correlated with the circulation in the IEAM region. The simultaneous circulation pattern resembles that of the ENSO-decaying summer. The positive correlation between the TNA SST and the Ni?o3 region SST is primarily ascribed to the surface latent heat flux and short wave radiation anomalies induced by the ENSO teleconnection. Coupled general circulation model experiments show that, while including the air-sea coupling in the Atlantic, the model can reproduce the main features of the IEAM circulation, such as an anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific (WNP) and southerly anomalies over southeast China. While the climatological Atlantic SST is prescribed, the circulation over the WNP displays a significantly dif-ferent pattern, with an eastward migration of the WNP anticyclone and the associated northerly anomalies over southeast China. It is argued that anticyclonic shear and Ekman divergence associated with the atmospheric Kelvin wave response to the TNA warm SSTA forcing is the primary mechanism for the generation of the anomalous anticyclone in WNP. The results presented in this study provide a teleconnection pattern between TNA and short-term climate variability in IEAM region. | RONG XinYao ZHANG RenHe LI Tim | 2010 | Chinese Science Bulletin2010，55，22： | 30 |
| 5 | 大西洋海温异常在ENSO影响印度-东亚夏季风中的作用显示文摘利用1979~2007年的海温和热通量以及风场资料分析了与ENSO相关的热带北大西洋海温变化的机制及其与印度-东亚夏季风环流的关系,结果表明热带北大西洋夏季海温和前冬Nio3区海温具有显著正相关,它与同期印度-东亚季风区大气环流的相关显示了类似于ENSO成熟次年夏季季风环流异常的分布特征.热带北大西洋海温和ENSO的同号相关主要归因于大西洋大气对ENSO的遥响应所导致的潜热通量和短波辐射的贡献.耦合模式的试验结果显示,在考虑大西洋海温变化的情况下,模式能够再现ENSO成熟次年印度-东亚季风区大气环流异常的主要特征,如位于西北太平洋的反气旋环流以及与此相联系出现在中国东南部的南风异常.若大西洋指定为气候海温,耦合模式中西北太平洋上空的环流异常与观测结果出现较大差异,如反气旋的位置东移、中国东南部出现北风异常.进一步分析显示大气对热带北大西洋暖海温的Kelvin波响应使异常东风从印度洋延伸到西太平洋.异常东风产生负涡度同时通过Ekman效应在南海和孟加拉湾地区产生辐散的东北风,导致对流减弱从而形成反气旋环流.本文的结果表明,与ENSO相关联的大西洋海温异常在ENSO-季风关系中具有重要的作用. | 容新尧 张人禾 LI Tim | 2010 | 科学通报2010，55，14： | 28 |
| 6 | 基于5变量局部薄盘光滑样条函数的蒸发空间插值显示文摘高分辨率、栅格化的气候数据作为环境因子是地学模型和气候模型等相关研究的重要参数,国内外的研究多集中于温度、降水等气象要素,对陆面蒸发空间化研究较少。对黄土高原多沙粗沙区及周围共计53个气象站点(多沙粗沙区30个)蒸发皿测量值Epan进行空间插值,以5变量局部薄盘样条函数(经纬度为自变量,净辐射、水气压差和风速为协变量),建立具有多元线性子模型的蒸发插值模型,以ANUSPLIN为实现软件,生成连续21年共252个蒸发表面。交叉验证表明:引入蒸发影响因子作为协变量线性子模型进行表面插值能显著提高插值精度,夏季提高幅度更大,拟合表面具有较高的精确度与平滑度。蒸发随协变量的变率显示,在多沙粗沙区,水气压差是夏季蒸发的主要控制因素,风速对蒸发的影响冬季稍强一些,净辐射的影响没有明显的季节性,只在春分和秋分时节有微小提高。 | 刘志红 Tim R.McVicar LingTao Li Tom G.Van Niel 杨勤科 李锐 穆兴民 | 2006 | 中国水土保持科学2006，4，6： | 26 |
| 7 | Theories on Formation of an Anomalous Anticyclone in Western North Pacific during El Nino:A Review显示文摘The western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone(WNPAC) is an important atmospheric circulation system that conveys El Ni?o impact on East Asian climate. In this review paper, various theories on the formation and maintenance of the WNPAC, including warm pool atmosphere–ocean interaction, Indian Ocean capacitor, a combination mode that emphasizes nonlinear interaction between ENSO and annual cycle, moist enthalpy advection/Rossby wave modulation, and central Pacific SST forcing, are discussed. It is concluded that local atmosphere–ocean interaction and moist enthalpy advection/Rossby wave modulation mechanisms are essential for the initial development and maintenance of the WNPAC during El Ni?o mature winter and subsequent spring. The Indian Ocean capacitor mechanism does not contribute to the earlier development but helps maintain the WNPAC in El Ni?o decaying summer.The cold SST anomaly in the western North Pacific, although damped in the summer, also plays a role. An interbasin atmosphere–ocean interaction across the Indo-Pacific warm pool emerges as a new mechanism in summer. In addition, the central Pacific cold SST anomaly may induce the WNPAC during rapid El Ni?o decaying/La Ni?a developing or La Ni?a persisting summer. The near-annual periods predicted by the combination mode theory are hardly detected from observations and thus do not contribute to the formation of the WNPAC. The tropical Atlantic may have a capacitor effect similar to the tropical Indian Ocean. | Tim LI Bin WANG Bo WU Tianjun ZHOU Chih-Pei CHANG Renhe ZHANG | 2017 | Journal of Meteorological Research2017，31，6： | 23 |
| 8 | 耦合模式FGOALS_s模拟的亚澳季风年际变率及ENSO显示文摘本文评估了中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG/IAP)新一代耦合气候模式FGOALS_s对亚澳季风和ENSO的模拟。结果表明,FGOALS_s可以模拟出亚澳季风的主要气候态特征。FGOALS_s模拟的ENSO事件振幅为观测值的70%,同时它合理再现了ENSO周期的非规则性。FGOALS_s可以定性模拟出ENSO的主要空间特征。当赤道东太平洋SST升高时,印度洋和西太平洋海表面气压升高,而东太平洋海表面气压降低。FGOALS_s的主要缺陷在于模拟的ENSO峰值多出现在春季和夏季。与ENSO振幅偏小相反,FGOALS_s模拟的亚澳季风年际变率振幅大于观测。但是观测中亚澳季风年际变率与ENSO暖位相的显著负相关关系,在模式中没有得到合理再现,原因部分可归之于耦合模式在ENSO锁相模拟上的缺陷。由于模式模拟的ENSO峰值出现在北半球春季和夏季,Walker环流异常下沉支移动到西北太平洋,其激发出的异常反气旋位置较之观测要偏东,导致印度季风降水和El Nio的负相关关系不显著;在北半球冬季,由于模式中的赤道东太平洋SST暖异常较弱,亚澳季风响应也偏弱。此外,由于赤道东太平洋SST异常向西伸展,观测中位于澳洲季风区的辐散中心向西偏移,最终导致模式中澳洲季风降水与ENSO的负相关同样不显著。 | 吴波 周天军 Tim Li 包庆 | 2009 | 大气科学2009，33，2： | 17 |
| 9 | 1998年夏季长江流域大气季节内振荡的结构演变及其对降水的影响显示文摘利用中国逐日降水格点资料和NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,对1998年发生在我国东部长江中下游流域的夏季持续性强降水过程中显著的大气季节内振荡(ISO)的三维结构演变等活动特征进行了分析。1998年夏季长江及江南地区的异常强降水对应着该地区强的ISO活动。利用位相合成方法,对长江流域两个典型的季节内循环周期的ISO降水、850 h Pa水平风场以及水汽和垂直速度等循环过程的时空分布特征进行了诊断分析。在低频环流场上,对流层低层的低频气旋和反气旋环流表现出交替在热带西北太平洋增强并向西偏北方向移动发展的特征,当异常气旋环流移动到长江流域上空时,长江流域正好位于气旋环流西南侧的东北风异常和西北太平洋上向西移动的反气旋环流西北侧的西南风异常环流汇合处的下方,引起该地区强降水的发生。在强降水阶段的ISO的垂直结构上,上升运动和水汽表现出从华南到长江流域自南向北移动的特征,强烈的垂直上升运动以及来自南方充足的水汽为增强长江流域地区的降水起到了重要作用。 | 齐艳军 张人禾 Tim LI | 2016 | 大气科学2016，40，3： | 11 |
| 10 | 印度洋海温年际异常与热带夏季季节内振荡的关系及其数值模拟研究显示文摘利用观测分析资料和SINTEX-F海气耦合长时间(70年)数值模拟结果,分析了印度洋海温年际异常与热带夏季季节内振荡(BSISO)各种传播模态之间关系及其物理过程。结果表明,印度洋海温年际异常与热带BSISO关系密切,当印度洋为正(负)偶极子情况,中东印度洋北传BSISO减弱(加强);当印度洋为正(负)海盆异常(BWA)情况,印度洋西太平洋赤道地区(40°E -180°)东传BSISO加强(减弱)。印度洋海温年际变化通过大气环流背景场和BSISO结构影响热带BSISO不同传播模态强度的年际变化。在负(正)偶极子年夏季,由于对流层大气垂直东风切变加强(减弱),对流扰动北侧的正压涡度、边界层水汽辐合加强更明显(不明显),导致形成BSISO较强(弱)的经向不对称结构,因此北传BSISO偏强(减弱)。印度洋BWA模态通过影响赤道西风背景以及海气界面热力交换,导致赤道东传BSISO强度产生变化。在正BWA年夏季,赤道地区西风较明显,当季节内振荡叠加在这种西风背景下,扰动中心的东侧(西侧)风速减弱(加强)更明显,海面蒸发及蒸发潜热减弱(加强)更明显,导致扰动中心的东侧(西侧)海温升高(降低)幅度更大,从而使边界层产生辐合(辐散)更强、水汽更多(少),因此赤道东传BSISO偏强;而在负BWA年,赤道地区西风背景减弱,以上物理过程受削弱使赤道东传BSISO偏弱。 | 林爱兰 Tim Li 李春晖 谷德军 郑彬 Jing-Jia Luo | 2010 | 气象学报2010，68，5： | 11 |
| 11 | Impacts of the Diurnal Cycle of Radiation on Tropical Cyclone Intensification and Structure显示文摘To investigate the impacts of the diurnal cycle on tropical cyclones(TCs), a set of idealized simulations were conducted by specifying different radiation(i.e., nighttime-only, daytime-only, full diurnal cycle). It was found that, for an initially weak storm, it developed faster during nighttime than daytime. The impacts of radiation were not only on TC intensification,but also on TC structure and size. The nighttime storm tended to have a larger size than its daytime counterparts. During nighttime, the radiative cooling steepened the lapse rate and thus reduced the static stability in cloudy regions, enhancing convection. Diabatic heating associated with outer convection induced boundary layer inflows, which led to outward expansion of tangential winds and thus increased the storm size. | GE Xuyang MA Yue ZHOU Shunwu Tim LI | 2014 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2014，31，6： | 9 |
| 12 | 大气季节内振荡在印度夏季风建立和年际变化中的作用显示文摘利用动力和统计方法诊断了大气季节内振荡(ISO)在印度夏季风建立和季节演变中的作用.结果表明,ISO对印度夏季风的建立有着重要的激发作用,同时在季风的季节变化中ISO也起到一定的促进作用.ISO扰动对季风变化的贡献主要体现在非线性动力作用上,通过季节内时间尺度的低频西风扰动动量水平输送的辐合或辐散来影响季风的季节变化.相关分析表明,在印度夏季风区季节平均的ISO强度与季风强度之间的年际变化关系为显著的负相关.ISO强时,印度次大陆上空的对流层低层为反气旋性环流异常,季风偏弱;ISO弱时为气旋性异常环流控制,季风偏强. | 齐艳军 张人禾 Tim Li 温敏 | 2008 | 科学通报2008，53，23： | 8 |
| 13 | 热带夏季风场与对流场季节内振荡传播模比较显示文摘利用1979-2007年卫星观测日平均OLR资料以及NCEP/DOE第2套再分析资料中的风场资料,采用有限区域波一频分析、合成分析等方法,分析对比对流层高、低层风场与对流场所表征的热带北半球夏季季节内振荡(BSISO)各种传播模态谱分布气候特征及其年际异常。结果表明:各要素反映的BSISO各种模态的气候特征及其年际变化存在一定差异,总体而言对流层低层风(850hPa纬向风或经向风)与对流比较一致。850hPa经向风(纬向风)所反映的纬向(经向)传播BSISO谱分布气候特征与对流情况最相似。在ENSO发展年,850hPa经向风反映的赤道东传波加强趋势与对流较为一致;850hPa纬向风、经向风反映的北传波变化趋势都与对流相似。在ENSO衰减年,850hPa纬向风(经向风)反映的赤道东传波(赤道外西传波)减弱趋势与对流较为一致;对流以及850hPa经向风、200hPa纬向风和200hPa经向风4种要素都能体现南海及周边地区北传波明显减弱这一特征。对流和850hPa纬向风所反映的北传波与印度洋偶极子模态之间关系一致。 | 林爱兰 Li Tim 李春晖 | 2010 | 应用气象学报2010，21，5： | 7 |
| 14 | Impacts of intraseasonal oscillation on the onset and interannual variation of the Indian summer monsoon显示文摘The role of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) on the seasonal and interannual variations of the Indian summer monsoon is investigated based on the analysis of observational data. It is shown that the ISO significantly contributes to the establishment of low-level westerlies during the monsoon onset and developing periods. The effect of the ISO on the annual cycle of the monsoon is through nonlinear eddy momentum transport. On the interannual timescale, the Indian summer monsoon rainfall exhibits a significant out-of-phase relationship with the ISO intensity over the Indian monsoon region. In strong ISO years it appears the weak monsoon when there is an abnormal high over the India subcontinent in the lower troposphere. In weak ISO years there exists an abnormal low and the strong monsoon ap-pears. | QI YanJun ZHANG RenHe LI Tim WEN Min | 2009 | Chinese Science Bulletin2009，54，5： | 6 |
| 15 | Comparable efficacy of 100 mg aspirin twice daily and rivaroxaban for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis following primary total hip arthroplasty:a randomized controlled trial显示文摘Background:Aspirin has demonstrated safety and efficacy for venous thromboembolism(VTE)prophylaxis following total hip arthroplasty(THA);however,inconsistent dose regimens have been reported in the literature.This study aimed to evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of 100 mg aspirin twice daily with rivaroxaban in VTE prophylaxis following THA.Methods:Patients undergoing elective unilateral primary THA between January 2019 and January 2020 were prospectively enrolled in the study and randomly allocated to receive 5 weeks of VTE prophylaxis with either oral enteric-coated aspirin(100 mg twice daily)or rivaroxaban(10 mg once daily).Medication safety and efficacy were comprehensively evaluated through symptomatic VTE incidence,deep vein thrombosis(DVT)on Doppler ultrasonography,total blood loss(TBL),laboratory bloodwork,Harris hip score(HHS),post-operative recovery,and the incidence of other complications.Results:We included 70 patients in this study;34 and 36 were allocated to receive aspirin and rivaroxaban prophylaxis,respectively.No cases of symptomatic VTE occurred in this study.The DVT rate on Doppler ultrasonography in the aspirin group was not significantly different from that in the rivaroxaban group(8.8%vs.8.3%,χ^(2)=0.01,P=0.91),confirming the non-inferiority of aspirin for DVT prophylaxis(χ^(2)=2.29,P=0.01).The calculated TBL in the aspirin group(944.9 mL[658.5-1137.8 mL])was similar to that in the rivaroxaban group(978.3 mL[747.4-1740.6mL])(χ^(2)=1.55,P=0.12).However,there were no significant inter-group differences in HHS at post-operative day(POD)30(Aspirin:81.0[78.8-83.0],Rivaroxaban:81.0[79.3-83.0],χ^(2)=0.43,P=0.67)and POD 90(Aspirin:90.0[89.0-92.0],Rivaroxaban:91.5[88.3-92.8],χ^(2)=0.77,P=0.44),the incidence of bleeding events(2.9%vs.8.3%,χ^(2)=0.96,P=0.33),or gastrointestinal complications(2.9%vs.5.6%,χ^(2)=1.13,P=0.29).Conclusion:In terms of safety and efficacy,the prophylactic use of 100 mg aspirin twice daily was not statistically different from that of rivaroxaban in preventing VTE and reducing the risk of blood loss following elective primary THA.This supports the use of aspirin chemoprophylaxis following THA as a less expensive and more widely available option for future THAs.Trial Registration:Chictr.org,ChiCTR18000202894;http://gffzz62a03ee25e6f4a77hfbb9vc6x0kuk606f.ffgz.tsg.suse.edu.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=33284. | Yi Ren Shi-Liang Cao Zeng Li Tim Luo Bin Feng Xi-Sheng Weng | 2021 | Chinese Medical Journal2021，，2： | 6 |
| 16 | MJO对2018年华北夏季降水的影响显示文摘本文基于华北夏季降水资料和热带大气季节内振荡(Madden–Julian Oscillation,简称MJO)指数、NCEP/NCAR(美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心)再分析环流资料,采用多种统计方法分析MJO与2018年华北夏季降水的关系及影响机制。结果表明:(1)MJO与华北夏季降水有密切的联系。虽然MJO不能移到较高纬度直接影响华北夏季降水,但MJO对流区的气旋会在其北侧激发出反气旋环流,这对'气旋-反气旋对'在缓慢东移过程中,处于较高纬度的反气旋会直接影响华北夏季降水。即MJO会间接影响华北夏季降水,表现为当夏季MJO进入5、6位相时,华北地区夏季会出现明显降水过程,但降水强弱与MJO振幅大小有关。(2)影响机制方面。在850 hPa,伴随MJO的'气旋-反气旋对'的东移,它会造成华北夏季偏南风水汽输送加强(对应RMM1)或东南风水汽输送加强(对应RMM2),从而有利于降水过程发生。在500 hPa层,MJO通过中层扰动向中高纬的传播,诱导副热带高压移到朝鲜半岛附近并加强,对西来高空槽形成阻挡作用,有利于华北地区产生上升运动,从而有利于华北夏季降水过程发生。(3)可以用MJO制作华北夏季延伸期降水过程预报。 | 郝立生 LI Tim 马宁 梁苏洁 谢均 | 2020 | 大气科学2020，44，3： | 6 |
| 17 | Surface texture and friction characteristics of diamond-ground concrete and asphalt pavements显示文摘Recently,diamond grinding has gained increasing attention as pavement preservation treatment to restore desired surface characteristics,particularly friction.Compared to other pavement preservation treatments such as surface overlays and high friction surface treatments,diamond grinding may cost less,save construction time,or require minimum maintenance.Diamond grinding produces longitudinal,continuous,and line-type texture that contains corrugations with evenly spaced ridges.The improved surface texture will immediately enhance pavement surface friction and reduce the possibility of hydroplaning in rainy weather.However,little information has been documented on the texture characteristics and long-term friction performance of diamond-ground pavements.A field evaluation was conducted to examine the surface texture and friction characteristics in diamondground concrete and asphalt pavements by the authors.Five pavement test sections,including two diamond-ground concrete pavements,one diamond-ground concrete bridge deck,one diamond-ground asphalt pavement,and one transversely tined concrete pavement,were selected for evaluation.Laser scanner testing was performed to capture both macro and microtexture profiles.Locked wheel testing was performed to measure the friction numbers.The test results were examined and compared so as to evaluate two performances,after construction and long-term friction performance of diamond-ground pavements.It was found that longitudinal diamond grinding can provide durable,satisfactory surface friction performance for both concrete and asphalt pavements. | Shuo Li Dwayne Harris Tim Wells | 2016 | Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition)2016，3，5： | 5 |
| 18 | Methods for the extraction and RNA profiling of exosomes显示文摘AIM:To develop protocols for isolation of exosomes and characterization of their RNA content.METHODS:Exosomes were extracted from He La cell culture media and human blood serum using the Total exosome isolation(from cell culture media)reagent,and Total exosome isolation(from serum)reagent respectively.Identity and purity of the exosomes was confirmed by Nanosight?analysis,electron microscopy,and Western blots for CD63 marker.Exosomal RNA cargo was recovered with the Total exosome RNA and protein isolation kit.Finally,RNA was profiled using Bioanalyzer and quantitative reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction(q RT-PCR)methodology.RESULTS:Here we describe a novel approach for robust and scalable isolation of exosomes from cell culture media and serum,with subsequent isolation and analysis of RNA residing within these vesicles.The isolation procedure is completed in a fraction of the time,compared to the current standard protocols utilizing ultracentrifugation,and allows to recover fully intact exosomes in higher yields.Exosomes were found tocontain a very diverse RNA cargo,primarily short sequences 20-200 nt(such as mi RNA and fragments of m RNA),however longer RNA species were detected as well,including full-length 18S and 28S r RNA.CONCLUSION:We have successfully developed a set of reagents and a workflow allowing fast and efficient extraction of exosomes,followed by isolation of RNA and its analysis by q RT-PCR and other techniques. | Emily Zeringer Mu Li Tim Barta Jeoffrey Schageman Ketil Winther Pedersen Axl Neurauter Susan Magdaleno Robert Setterquist Alexander V Vlassov | 2013 | World Journal of Methodology2013，3，1： | 5 |
| 19 | Cause of Extreme Heavy and Persistent Rainfall over Yangtze River in Summer 2020显示文摘Record-breaking heavy and persistent precipitation occurred over the Yangtze River Valley(YRV)in June-July(JJ)2020.An observational data analysis has indicated that the strong and persistent rainfall arose from the confluence of southerly wind anomalies to the south associated with an extremely strong anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific(WNPAC)and northeasterly anomalies to the north associated with a high-pressure anomaly over Northeast Asia.A further observational and modeling study has shown that the extremely strong WNPAC was caused by both La Niña-like SST anomaly(SSTA)forcing in the equatorial Pacific and warm SSTA forcing in the tropical Indian Ocean(IO).Different from conventional central Pacific(CP)El Niños that decay slowly,a CP El Niño in early 2020 decayed quickly and became a La Niña by early summer.This quick transition had a critical impact on the WNPAC.Meanwhile,an unusually large area of SST warming occurred in the tropical IO because a moderate interannual SSTA over the IO associated with the CP El Niño was superposed by an interdecadal/long-term trend component.Numerical sensitivity experiments have demonstrated that both the heating anomaly in the IO and the heating anomaly in the tropical Pacific contributed to the formation and maintenance of the WNPAC.The persistent high-pressure anomaly in Northeast Asia was part of a stationary Rossby wave train in the midlatitudes,driven by combined heating anomalies over India,the tropical eastern Pacific,and the tropical Atlantic. | Xiao PAN Tim LI Ying SUN Zhiwei ZHU | 2021 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2021，38，12： | 5 |
| 20 | Physical Processes Responsible for the Interannual Variability of Sea Ice Concentration in Arctic in Boreal Autumn since 1979显示文摘Arctic sea ice concentration(ASIC) in boreal autumn exhibits prominent interannual variability since 1979. The physical mechanism responsible for the year-to-year variation of ASIC is investigated through observational data analyses and idealized numerical modeling. It is found that the ASIC interannual variability is closely associated with the anomalous meridional circulations over the Northern Hemisphere, which is further linked with the tropical sea surface temperature(SST) forcing. A tropics-wide SST cooling anomaly leads to an enhanced meridional SST gradient to the north of the equator in boreal summer, generating strengthened and northward shifting Hadley circulation over the Northern Hemisphere. Consequently, the meridional circulations are enhanced and pushed poleward, leading to an enhanced descending motion at the North Pole, surrounded by an ascending motion anomaly; the surface outflow turns into easterly anomalies, opposing the mean-state winds. As a result, positive cloudiness and weakened surface wind speed emerge, which reduce ASIC through changes in the surface latent heat flux and the downward longwave radiation. | Lei ZHANG Tim LI | 2017 | Journal of Meteorological Research2017，31，3： | 5 |
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