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| 1 | Utility of different glycemic control metrics for optimizing management of diabetes显示文摘The benchmark for assessing quality of long-term glycemic control and adjustment of therapy is currently glycated hemoglobin(Hb A1c). Despite its importance as an indicator for the development of diabeticcomplications, recent studies have revealed that this metric has some limitations; it conveys a rather complex message, which has to be taken into consideration for diabetes screening and treatment. On the basis of recent clinical trials, the relationship between Hb A1 c and cardiovascular outcomes in long-standing diabetes has been called into question. It becomes obvious that other surrogate and biomarkers are needed to better predict cardiovascular diabetes complications and assess efficiency of therapy. Glycated albumin, fructosamin, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol have received growing interest as alternative markers of glycemic control. In addition to measures of hyperglycemia, advanced glucose monitoring methods became available. An indispensible adjunct to Hb A1 c in routine diabetes care is selfmonitoring of blood glucose. This monitoring method is now widely used, as it provides immediate feedback to patients on short-term changes, involving fasting, preprandial, and postprandial glucose levels. Beyond the traditional metrics, glycemic variability has been identified as a predictor of hypoglycemia, and it might also be implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular diabetes complications. Assessment of glycemic variability is thus important, but exact quantification requires frequently sampled glucose measurements. In order to optimize diabetes treatment, there is a need for both key metrics of glycemic control on a day-to-day basis and for more advanced, user-friendly monitoring methods. In addition to traditional discontinuous glucose testing, continuous glucose sensing has become a useful tool to reveal insufficient glycemic management. This new technology is particularly effective in patients with complicated diabetes and provides the opportunity to characterize glucose dynamics. Several continuous glucose monitoring(CGM) systems, which have shown usefulness in clinical practice, are presently on the market. They can broadly be divided into systems providing retrospective or real-time information on glucose patterns. The widespread clinical application of CGM is still hampered by the lack of generallyaccepted measures for assessment of glucose profiles and standardized reporting of glucose data. In this article, we will discuss advantages and limitations of various metrics for glycemic control as well as possibilities for evaluation of glucose data with the special focus on glycemic variability and application of CGM to improve individual diabetes management. | Klaus-Dieter Kohnert Peter Heinke Lutz Vogt Eckhard Salzsieder | 2015 | World Journal of Diabetes2015，6，1： | 6 |
| 2 | A Closer Look at Split Visual Attention in System- and Self-paced In- struction in Multimedia Leaming显示文摘 | Florian Sehmidt-Weigand Alfred Kohnert Ulrich Glowalla | 2010 | Leaming and Instruction2010，20，2： | 1 |
| 3 | Chronic hyperglycemia but not glu- cose variability determines HbAlc levels in well-controlled patients with type 2 diabetes显示文摘 | Kohnert KD Augstein P Heinke P | 2007 | Diabetes Res Clin Pract2007，77，： | 1 |
| 4 | In search of the language switch: An fMRI study of picture naming in Spanish-English bilinguals 显示文摘 | HERNANDEZ A E MARTINEZ A KOHNERT K | 2000 | Brain Lang2000，73，3： | 1 |
| 5 | The use of a computer profil to calculate the mean amplitude of glycemic excursis显示文摘 | Fritzsche G Kohnert K D Heinke P | 2011 | Diabetes Technol Ther2011，13，3： | 1 |
| 6 | In search of the language switch:An fMRI study of picture naming in spanish-English bilinguals显示文摘 | Hernandez AE Martinez A Kohnert K | 2000 | Brain-Lang2000，73，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Chonic hyperglycemia but not glucose variability determines HbAI c levels in well-controlled patients with type 2 diabetes显示文摘 | Kohnert KD Augstein P Heillke P | 2007 | Diabetes Res Clin Pract2007，77，5： | 1 |
| 8 | Low density lipoprotein determination in blood serum following precipitation of low density lipoprotein with polyvinyl sulfate显示文摘 | Jabs H U Kohnert U | 1984 | Clin Chim Acta1984，140，： | 1 |
| 9 | The use of a computer program to calculate the mean amplitude of gly- cemic excursions 显示文摘 | Fritzsche G Kohnert K D Heinke P | 2011 | Diabetes Technol Ther2011，13，3： | 1 |
| 10 | The use of a computer program to calculate the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions显示文摘 | Fritzsche G Kohnert KD Heinke P | 2011 | Diabetes Technol Ther2011，13，3： | 1 |
| 11 | Epedemiology and treatment of distal femoral fractures in adult显示文摘 | Kohnert L Wulff K | 1982 | Acta Orthop Scand1982，53，6： | 1 |
| 12 | Development and trends of biosurfactant analysis and purification using rhamnolipids as an example显示文摘 | M. Heyd A. Kohnert T.-H. Tan M. Nusser F. Kirschh?fer G. Brenner-Weiss M. Franzreb S. Berensmeier | 2008 | Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry2008，，5： | 1 |
| 13 | Destruction of pancreatic beta cells in rats by complete Freund's adjuvant combined with non-diabetogenic doses of streptozotocin显示文摘 | Kohnert KD Odselius R F(a)lt K | 1987 | Diabetes Res1987，5，1： | 1 |
| 14 | In search of the language switch: An fMRI study of picture naming in Spanish - English bilinguals 显示文摘 | HERNANDEZ AE MARTINEZ A KOHNERT K | 2000 | Brain and language2000，73，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Development and trends of biosurfactant analysis and purification using rhamnolipids as an example 显示文摘 | HEYD M KOHNERT A TAN T H | 2008 | Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry2008，391，5： | 1 |
| 16 | Glycemic variabilitycorrelates strongly with postprandial beta-cell dysfunction ina segment of type 2 diabetic patients using oral hypoglycemicagents显示文摘 | Kohnert KD Augstein P Zander E | 2009 | Diabetes Care2009，32，6： | 1 |
| 17 | Glycaemic variability and pancreatic 13-cell dysfunction 显示文摘 | Kohnert K D Freyse E J Salzsieder E | 2012 | Curr Diabetes Rev2012，8，5： | 1 |
| 18 | Construction of binary and ternary self-orthogonal linear codes显示文摘 | Kohnert A Wassermann A | 2009 | Discrete Applied Mathematics2009，157，： | 1 |
| 19 | 25 years of forest tree breeding in Hessen 显示文摘 | WEISGERBER H RAU H M GARTNER E J BAUMEISTER G KOHNERT H KARNER L | 1980 | Allgemeing-forstzeitschriff1980，26，： | 1 |
| 20 | LDL-cholesterol determination in blood serum following precipitation of LDL with polyvinylsulfate显示文摘 | ASSMANN G JABS HU KOHNERT U | 1984 | Clin Chim Acta1984，140，1： | 1 |
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