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| 1 | 克鲁格曼的新经济地理研究及其意义显示文摘克鲁格曼在借鉴经典区位理论的基础上,引入了世界贸易、新经济增长理论的最新研究成果,改造并创新了传统区位理论,在此基础上构造出一套新的空间区位理论—称之为新经济地理学。克鲁格曼以在该领域及此前在国际贸易和世界经济形势预测方面的贡献,获得了2008年度诺贝尔经济学奖。克鲁格曼新经济地理学是经济地理学在新形势下取得的新成果,解决了许多传统区位理论未能解决的难题,而且使经典区位理论获得了新的发展动力。但是,长期以来克鲁格曼新经济地理学被认为与地理界所研究的经济地理学关系不大,未引起地理学界的足够重视。本文从地理学的角度对克鲁格曼所研究的新经济地理学的内涵、研究意义及其与传统区位论的关系等方面,重新解读和审视克鲁格曼的新经济地理学,分析该理论对经济地理学发展的影响,以期对中国经济地理学的创新研究和制订区域科学发展路线图提供参考。 | 段学军 虞孝感 陆大道 Josef Nipper | 2010 | 地理学报2010，65，2： | 55 |
| 2 | Adiponectin,a key adipokine in obesity related liver diseases显示文摘Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprising hepatic steatosis,non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH),and progressive liver fibrosis is considered the most common liver disease in western countries.Fatty liver is more prevalent in overweight than normal-weight people and liver fat positively correlates with hepatic insulin resistance.Hepatic steatosis is regarded as a benign stage of NAFLD but may progress to NASH in a subgroup of patients.Besides liver biopsy no diagnostic tools to identify patients with NASH are available,and no effective treatment has been established.Visceral obesity is a main risk factor for NAFLD and inappropriate storage of triglycerides in adipocytes and higher concentrations of free fatty acids may add to increased hepatic lipid storage,insulin resistance,and progressive liver damage.Most of the adipose tissue-derived proteins are elevated in obesity and may contribute to systemic inflammation and liver damage.Adiponectin is highly abundant in human serum but its levels are reduced in obesity and are even lower in patients with hepatic steatosis or NASH.Adiponectin antagonizes excess lipid storage in the liver and protects from inflammation and fibrosis.This review aims to give a short survey on NAFLD and the hepatoprotective effects of adiponectin. | Christa Buechler Josef Wanninger Markus Neumeier | 2011 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2011，17，23： | 44 |
| 3 | 氧化镁-铁铝尖晶石耐火材料在水泥回转窑中的应用显示文摘在早期的水泥回转窑中.高温带内衬主要采用的是高铝(70%~80%)质耐火材料。随着烧结温度的进一步提高和生产能力的不断增加.镁铬砖因其对碱性水泥成分的惰性和良好的结窑皮能力.在20世纪六、七十年代作为内衬材料被广泛应用于水泥回转窑高温带。20世纪80年代以后.水泥回转窑用耐火材料又发生了新的重大变化。 | 郭宗奇 Josef NIEVOLL | 2007 | 中国水泥2007，，5： | 31 |
| 4 | 世界生物精神病学会联合会(WFSBP)关于焦虑障碍、强迫症和创伤后应激障碍的药物治疗指南显示文摘这篇文章根据现有的随机、安慰剂或参照药物对照临床研究 ,向大家推荐焦虑障碍、强迫症的药物治疗。 5-HT再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI)是治疗惊恐障碍的一线药物。三环类抗抑郁药 (TCA)与SSRI疗效相当 ,但耐受性差。难治性患者 ,如没有药物依赖和耐受史 ,则可使用苯二氮 艹卓 类药物如阿普唑仑。由于单胺氧化酶抑制剂 (MAOI)苯乙肼会产生严重的不良反应 ,且会与其他药物和食物成分相互作用 ,因此只有当一线药物无效时才使用。广泛性焦虑者可用万拉法新和SSRI,也可选用丁螺环酮和丙咪嗪。SSRI可作为社交恐怖症的一线药物 ,MAOI、吗氯贝胺和苯二氮 艹卓 类药物作为二线药物。强迫症最好用SSRI或氯丙咪嗪治疗。 | Borwin Bandelow Josef Zohar Eric Hollander Siegfried Kasper Hans-J¨urgen M¨oller WFSBP Task 项志清 何燕玲 | 2003 | 中国心理卫生杂志2003，17，7： | 30 |
| 5 | Current global trends in the incidence of pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease显示文摘AIM To perform a comprehensive review and provide an up-to-date synopsis of the incidence and trends of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD). METHODS We systematically searched the MEDLINE(source Pub Med), EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines(period: 1985-2018) to identify studies reporting population-based data on the incidence of pediatriconset(< 19 years at diagnosis) IBD in full manuscripts. Two authors carried out screening and data extraction. Choropleth interactive maps and temporal trends were used to illustrate the international differences and incidences of and changes in IBD and subtypes.RESULTS In total, one hundred forty studies reporting data from 38 countries were considered in this review. The highest annual pediatric incidences of IBD were 23/100000 person-years in Europe, 15.2/100000 in North America, and 11.4/100000 in Asia/the Middle East and Oceania. The highest annual incidences of Crohn's disease(CD) were 13.9/100000 in North America and 12.3/100000 in Europe. The highest annual incidences of ulcerative colitis(UC) were 15.0/100000 in Europe and 10.6/100000 in North America. The highest annual incidences of IBD-unclassified(IBD-U) were 3.6/100000 in Europe and 2.1/100000 in North America. In the time-trend analyses, 67% of CD, 46% of UC and 11% of IBD-U studies reported an increasing incidence(P < 0.05). The risk of IBD is increasing among firstgeneration of migrant populations.CONCLUSION Globally, the incidence of IBD varies greatly by geographical areas. The steadily increasing incidence of pediatric IBD over time indicates its emergence as a global disease, suggesting that studies should investigate the environmental risk factors among pediatric cohorts. | Josef Sykora Renta Pomahacov Marcela Kreslová Dominika Cvalínová Premysl Stych Jan Schwarz | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，25： | 27 |
| 6 | 从极化区的功能探讨长江三角洲的扩展范围显示文摘极化区作为一种具有全球意义的区域发展模式和空间组合形式,日益成为集聚经济要素和支配国家乃至全球经济命脉的巨大载体,承担着引领国家经济发展、参与世界竞争的功能。长江三角洲地区经过了近30年的高速发展,已经初具极化区的特征。但是,与其它世界级极化区相比,长江三角洲地区整体实力和带动能力仍然不足,国际竞争力还很有限。通过扩展极化区范围,可以扩大长江三角洲核心地区的腹地,缓解极化区资源环境瓶颈约束。关于长江三角洲地区的合理范围,各界意见纷纭,争论较多。基于'长三角'作为世界极化区的要求,从极化区的科学概念、条件和以提高国际竞争力、完善极化区功能的目标出发,通过区域内城市之间的功能互补和经济联系分析,结合区域一体化的现实性,研究了扩大'长三角'的合理范围,得出了应把温州、金华、盐城、淮安、马鞍山、芜湖、铜陵、巢湖、合肥、滁州、宣城等城市作为扩展优先选择区,把宿迁、徐州、连云港、丽水、衢州、池州、安庆、蚌埠、黄山、宿州等城市作为扩展保留资格区,从而把长江三角洲地区从16个城市逐步扩大到37个城市的结论。 | 段学军 虞孝感 Josef Nipper | 2009 | 地理学报2009，64，2： | 21 |
| 7 | 从国际治湖经验探讨太湖富营养化的治理显示文摘湖泊富营养化已经成为影响湖泊流域社会经济可持续发展的因素之一,应该充分认识目前我国湖泊富营养化问题的普遍性以及解决问题的迫切性。从国际湖泊富营养化治理的经验看,有效地控制面源和点源污染仍然是湖泊富营养化治理的重要前提;颁布严格的保护水资源的法律,确保饮用水安全是重中之重;应建立全流域统一的水资源保护合作机制,特别是注重把流域综合管理的思想引入湖泊富营养化治理;制定长期的湖泊富营养化治理计划,细化具体的阶段治理目标。坚持湖泊治理的方向,不能放弃太湖的治理。 | 虞孝感 Josef Nipper 燕乃玲 | 2007 | 地理学报2007，62，9： | 21 |
| 8 | 肉及其加工制品的掺假鉴别技术研究进展显示文摘肉因其较高的营养价值和独特的风味而成为广大消费者饮食中最重要的组成成分之一。在高额利益的驱动下,肉及肉制品的加工生产中掺假问题频繁发生。因此开发出能够对肉及肉制品的掺假进行有效鉴别的技术与方法对保障消费者的利益具有重要意义。产品和消费方式的不同决定了对掺假鉴别的侧重点不同,因而对相应掺假鉴别技术的要求也不同。本文阐述了目前用于肉及肉制品掺假检测的常见方法的基本原理及其研究进展,包括基于蛋白质组学的免疫和质谱技术,基于DNA的聚合酶链式反应技术以及基于无损检测的传感器和光谱技术。同时也对目前已知方法所存在的鉴别盲区和新的掺假鉴别技术的开发提出了建议,以期为肉类及其加工制品掺假鉴别提供一定的理论依据。 | 施姿鹤 Josef VOGLMEIR 刘丽 | 2019 | 食品科学2019，40，23： | 21 |
| 9 | Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial显示文摘 | Yung-Jue Bang Eric Van Cutsem Andrea Feyereislova Hyun C Chung Lin Shen Akira Sawaki Florian Lordick Atsushi Ohtsu Yasushi Omuro Taroh Satoh Giuseppe Aprile Evgeny Kulikov Julie Hill Michaela Lehle Josef Rüschoff Yoon-Koo Kang | 2010 | The Lancet2010，，9742： | 20 |
| 10 | Intraductal ultrasound substantiates diagnostics of bile duct strictures of uncertain etiology显示文摘AIM:To report the largest patient cohort study investigating the diagnostic yield of intraductal ultrasound (IDUS) in indeterminate strictures of the common bile duct.METHODS:A patient cohort with bile duct strictures of unknown etiology was examined by IDUS.Sensitivity,specificity and accuracy rates of IDUS were calculated relating to the definite diagnoses proved by histopathology or long-term follow-up in those patients who did not undergo surgery.Analysis of the endosonographic report allowed drawing conclusions with respect to the T and N staging in 147 patients.IDUS staging was compared to the postoperative histopathological staging data allowing calculation of sensitivity,specificity and accuracy rates for T and N stages.The endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography and IDUS procedures were performed under fluoroscopic guidance using a side-viewing duodenoscope (Olympus TJF 160,Olympus,Ltd.,Tokyo,Japan).All procedures were performed under conscious sedation (propofol combined with pethidine) according to the German guidelines.For IDUS,a 6 F or 8 F ultrasound miniprobe was employed with a radial scanner of 15-20 MHz at the tip of the probe (Aloka Co.,Tokyo,Japan).RESULTS:A total of 397 patients (210 males,187 females,mean age 61.43 ± 13 years) with indeterminate bile duct strictures were included.Two hundred and sixty-four patients were referred to the department of surgery for operative exploration,thus surgical histopathological correlation was available for those patients.Out of 264 patients,174 had malignant disease proven by surgery,in 90 patients benign disease was found.In these patients decision for surgical exploration was made due to suspicion for malignant disease in multimodal diagnostics (computed tomography scan,endoscopic ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging).Twenty benign bile duct strictures were misclassified by IDUS as malignant while 14 patients with malignant strictures were initially misdiagnosed by IDUS as benign resulting in sensitivity,specificity and accuracy ratesof 93.2%,89.5% and 91.4%,respectively.In the subgroup analysis of malignancy prediction,IDUS showed best performance in cholangiocellular carcinoma as underlying disease (sensitivity rate,97.6%) followed by pancreatic carcinoma (93.8%),gallbladder cancer (88.9%) and ampullary cancer (80.8%).A total of 133 patients were not surgically explored.32 patients had palliative therapy due to extended tumor disease in IDUS and other imaging modalities.Ninety-five patients had benign diagnosis by IDUS,forceps biopsy and radiographic imaging and were followed by a surveillance protocol with a follow-up of at least 12 mo;the mean follow-up was 39.7 mo.Tumor localization within the common bile duct did not have a significant influence on prediction of malignancy by IDUS.The accuracy rate for discriminating early T stage tumors (T1) was 84% while for T2 and T3 malignancies the accuracy rates were 73% and 71%,respectively.Relating to N0 and N1 staging,IDUS procedure achieved accuracy rates of 69% for N0 and N1,respectively.Limitations:Pretest likelihood of 52% may not rule out bias and overinterpretation due to the clinical scenario or other prior performed imaging tests.CONCLUSION:IDUS shows good results for accurate diagnostics of bile duct strictures of uncertain etiology thus allowing for adequate further clinical management. | Tobias Meister Hauke S Heinzow Carina Woestmeyer Philipp Lenz Josef Menzel Torsten Kucharzik Wolfram Domschke Dirk Domagk | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，6： | 19 |
| 11 | 应用热扩散法测定香蕉树蒸腾速率显示文摘香蕉树植株高大,一般采用间接方法确定耗水量,但所得结果受土壤、大气和农艺措施等因素的影响较大.本文于2005年11月15日—12月5日在温室内采用热扩散法(即Granier法)测定香蕉树的茎液流,并与用数字天平(称重法)测定的香蕉树蒸腾速率进行对比试验.结果表明,Granier法测定的日茎液流量与称重法测定的日蒸腾量相差4%.Granier法测定的茎液流速率一般滞后于称重法确定的蒸腾速率1h左右.当日蒸腾量小于0.05L.m-2(活性叶面积)时,Granier方法不能测定茎液流量.Granier传感器一般在安装2~3d后即可正常工作,同时在多株植株上安装Granier传感器取其平均流速值计算蒸腾量可以明显减小测量误差. | 刘海军 SHABTAI Cohen JOSEF Tanny 黄冠华 | 2007 | 应用生态学报2007，18，1： | 18 |
| 12 | 长尾麝凤蝶生活史、生命表、生境及保护显示文摘评价了长尾麝凤蝶Byasa impediens在白水江自然保护区碧峰沟的生存状况,对其实施保护,维持其种群长期生存.通过野外观察、实验地饲养、野外林间样方调查、线路调查等方法,研究了长尾麝凤蝶的生物学特性和自然种群生命表,调查了生境,分析了致危原因,提出了保护措施.长尾麝凤蝶Byasa impediens在白水江自然保护区一年两代,以蛹在灌木或树枝上越冬,翌年4月中旬羽化.第一代成虫5月中下旬为高峰期;第二代成虫高峰期在6月下旬到7月中旬.有世代重叠.雄成虫比雌成虫早羽化7~10d,飞行能力较强,其飞行活动主要受到寻找雌成虫交尾和访花补充营养的影响,主要在沟底活动.雌成虫飞行能力较差,主要在出生地附近访花交尾产卵,飞行活动主要受到寻找寄主植物和访花补充营养的影响.雌雄性比1:4.1.雄成虫寿命平均6.9d,最长26d;雌成虫寿命平均7.6d,最长21d.孕卵量平均为31.5粒.成虫主要的访花蜜源植物有: 合欢Albizzia julibrissin、粉叶羊蹄甲Bauhinia glauca、臭牡丹Clerodendrum bungei、接骨草Sambucus chinensis.异叶马兜铃的生境选择,在本区的分布海拔范围为900~1680m,最适范围为1200~1500m.多分布于山坡丛林内郁闭度小于0.7且林下有灌木分布的林间小路、林窗边缘.郁闭度大于0.8则分布较少.幼虫分布的范围为800~1500m.异叶马兜铃的最适生境即长尾麝凤蝶幼虫的最适生境.影响种群下降的主要原因是生境丧失和退化.生境的破坏、丧失减少了寄主植物的数量和分布范围.毁林开荒、人畜践踏、喷洒除草剂对马兜铃和幼虫生存有重要影响.种群受到密度制约,异常气候条件和天敌是主要限制因子.夏季高温干旱、秋季淫雨降低了卵和幼虫的成活率,寄生蜂降低了越冬蛹的成活率.幼虫期的天敌主要有:蜘蛛、蠼螋、胡蜂、猎蝽、姬蜂、鸟类,蛹期和成虫期的天敌为鸟类.保护措施有:(1)保护和恢复生境,如退耕还林,提供廉价电能、加强保护执法,发展生态旅游等;(2)在异质种群斑块中心部位建一个廊道斑块;(3)在最适生境中,适度的割灌可促进寄主植物的生长,有利于蝶类种群的增长. | 李秀山 张雅林 骆有庆 SETTELE Josef | 2006 | 生态学报2006，26，10： | 17 |
| 13 | 德国“学习领域”课程理论与实践探索显示文摘面对社会、经济发展新变化和新趋势,职业教育必须适应这种变化带来的对人才培养的新要求。上世纪末德国职业教育所实施的学习领域课程改革就是顺应这种要求。学习领域课程以行动(为)导向为理论基础,基于工作过程建构学习情境是学习领域课程实施的关键。相对学科体系课程,学习领域课程具有明显优势,但目前在实施过程中仍存在很多需要解决的问题。从这场改革的背景、学习领域课程理论依据及其实践,以及所积累的经验与所存在的问题做了分析。 | 王建初 Rützel Josef | 2008 | 昆明冶金高等专科学校学报2008，24，3： | 14 |
| 14 | Evaluation on the accuracy of digital elevation models显示文摘There is a growing interest in investigating the accuracy of digital elevation model (DEM). However people usually have an unbalanced view on DEM errors. They emphasize DEM sampling errors, but ignore the impact of DEM resolution and terrain roughness on the accuracy of terrain representation. This research puts forward the concept of DEM terrain representation error (Et) and then investigates the generation, factors, measurement and simulation of DEM terrain representation errors. A multi-resolution and multi-relief comparative approach is used as the major methodology in this research. The experiment reveals a quantitative relationship between the error and the variation of resolution and terrain roughness at a global level. Root mean square error (RMS Et) is regressed against surface profile curvature (V) and DEM resolution (R) at 10 resolution levels. It is found that the RMS Et may be expressed as RMS Et = (0.0061 ( V+ 0.0052) ( R - 0.022 ( V + 0.2415. This result may be very useful in forecasting DEM accuracy, as well as in determining the DEM resolution related to the accuracy requirement of particular application. | TANG Guo-an~1, Josef Strobl~2, GONG Jian-ya~3, ZHAO Mu-dan~1, CHEN Zhen-jiang~1 (1. Department of Geography, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China 2. Department of Geography and Geoinformation, Salzburg University, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, A-5020 Salzb | 2001 | Journal of Geographical Sciences2001，11，2： | 13 |
| 15 | 马克斯·普朗克创新与竞争研究所就欧盟委员会“关于构建欧洲数据经济征求意见书”的立场声明显示文摘马克斯·普朗克创新与竞争研究所是一家在马克斯·普朗克学会之下设立的研究机构,自五十一年前设立以来,一直致力于在既已确立的科学原理基础之上对知识产权和竞争法的分析与发展进行研究.马克斯·普朗克创新与竞争研究所承担着该领域内基础问题的研究.基于其卓著的研究贡献,马克斯·普朗克创新与竞争研究所发起并引领着德国、欧洲以及国际层面重要的立法及理论研究。 | Josef Drexl Reto M.Hilty Jure Globocnik Franziska Greiner Daria Kim Heiko Richter Peter R.Slowinski Gintar? Surblyt? Axel Walz Klaus Wiedemann 刘维 张嘉莹 | 2017 | 电子知识产权2017，，7： | 11 |
| 16 | Global diversity and systematics of Hymenochaetaceae with poroid hymenophore显示文摘Taxonomy and phylogeny of poroid Hymenochaetaceae based on the most comprehensive phylogenetic analyses are pre-sented.A phylogeny based on a combined dataset of ITS and nLSU sequences for accepted genera of Hymenochaetaceae was analyzed and two or multigene phylogenies for most species of ten large genera including Coltricia,Fomitiporella,Fomiti-poria,Fulvifomes,Fuscoporia,Inonotus,Phylloporia,Porodaedalea,Sanghuangporus and Tropicoporus,were carried out.Based on samples from 37 countries of five continents,seven new genera,Meganotus,Neophellinus,Nothonotus,Pachynotus,Perenninotus,Pseudophylloporia and Rigidonotus,are introduced,37 new species,Coltricia tibetica,Fomitiporella crassa,F.queenslandica,Fomitiporia eucalypti,F.gatesii,F.ovoidospora,Fulvifomes azonatus,F.caligoporus,F.costaricense,F.floridanus,F.jouzaii,F.nakasoneae,F.subindicus,Fuscoporia sinuosa,F.submurina,Inonotus subradiatus,I.vietnamensis,Neomensularia castanopsidis,Pachynotus punctatus,Phellinus cuspidatus,P.subellipsoideus,Phylloporia minutissima,P.tabernaemontanae,Porodaedalea occidentiamericana,P.orientoamericana,P.qilianensis,P.schrenkianae,Pseudo-phylloporia australiana,Sanghuangporus australianus,S.lagerstroemiae,Tropicoporus angustisulcatus,T.hainanicus,T.lineatus,T.minus,T.ravidus,T.substratificans and T.tenuis,are described,and 108 new combinations are proposed.In addition,one illegitimate name and two invalid names are renamed,and Coltricia and Coltriciella were synonymized.The taxonomic relevance and limits of the new taxa are discussed.Photos and illustrations for 37 new species are presented,and a full description for each new species is given.Eventually,this study recognizes 672 species in 34 genera and provides a modern treatment of the poroid Hymenochaetaceae in the world.A key to the accepted poroid genera of Hymenochaetaceae is provided,and identification keys to the accepted species of 32 poroid genera worldwide are given.A synopsis description of each species is included in these keys. | Fang Wu Li-Wei Zhou Josef Vlasak Yu-Cheng Dai | 2022 | Fungal Diversity2022，，2： | 11 |
| 17 | Quantitative estimation of climate change effects on potential evapotranspiration in Beijing during 1951-2010显示文摘Climate change is likely to affect hydrological cycle through precipitation,evapotranspiration,soil moisture etc.In the present study,an attempt has been made to study the climate change and the sensitivity of estimated evapotranspiration to each climatic variable for a semi-arid region of Beijing in North China using data set from 1951 to 2010.Penman-Monteith method was used to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration(ETo).Changes of ETo to each climatic variable was estimated using a sensitivity analysis method proposed in this study.Results show that in the past 60 years,mean temperature and vapor pressure deficit(VPD) were significantly increasing,relative humidity and sunshine hours were significantly decreasing,and wind speed greatly oscillated without a significant trend.Total precipitation was significantly decreasing in corn season(from June to September),but it was increasing in wheat season(from October to next May).The change rates of temperature,relative humidity,VPD,wind speed,annual total precipitation,sunshine hours and solar radiation were 0.42℃,1.47%,0.04 kPa,0.05 m·s–1,25.0 mm,74.0 hours and 90.7 MJ·m–2per decade,respectively.In the past 60 years,yearly ETo was increasing with a rate of 19.5 mm per decade,and total ETos in wheat and corn seasons were increasing with rates of 13.1 and 5.3 mm per decade,respectively.Sensitivity analysis showed that mean air temperature was the first key factor for ETo change in the past 60 years,causing an annual total ETo increase of 7.4%,followed by relative humidity(5.5%) and sunshine hours(–3.1%);the less sensitivity factors were wind speed(0.7%),minimum temperature(–0.3%) and maximum temperature(–0.2%).A greater reduction of total ETo(12.3%) in the past 60 years was found in wheat season,mainly because of mean temperature(8.6%) and relative humidity(5.4%),as compared to a reduction of 6.0% in ETo during corn season due to sunshine hours(–6.9%),relative humidity(4.7%) and temperature(4.5%).Increasing precipitation in the wheat season will improve crop growth,while decreasing precipitation and increasing ETo in the corn season induces a great pressure for local government and farmers to use water more efficiently by widely adopting water-saving technologies in the future. | LIU Haijun LI Yan JOSEF Tanny ZHANG Ruihao HUANG Guanhua | 2014 | Journal of Geographical Sciences2014，24，1： | 10 |
| 18 | 肠道微生态与益生菌显示文摘一、肠道微生态系统
除口腔外,人体消化道自上而下的细菌数量逐渐增多.成人肠道菌群主要集中在结肠和末端小肠,有多达1013个不同类型、不同含量的细菌,其细菌数是人体体细胞的10倍.在正常生理状态下,肠道含有近500个细菌品种,近200万个编码基因.宿主和细菌之间相互作用、相互影响,共同维系着肠道微生态的动态平衡.宿主的许多因素会影响肠道微生态的构成,如宿主的年龄、饮食结构、是否使用益生菌和/或抗生素、婴儿所处的外部环境、母亲的肠道菌群、分娩方式等. | Josef Neu 董璞 | 2005 | 新生儿科杂志2005，20，6： | 9 |
| 19 | Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China: A holistic assessment of organic pollution, mutagenic effects of sediments and genotoxic impacts on fish显示文摘Besides obvious benefits,the Three Gorges Dam's construction resulted in new pollution scenarios with the potentials to threaten the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) ecosystem.In order to record organic contamination,to find links to ecotoxicological impacts and to serve as reference for ensuing monitoring,several sites in the TGR area were screened applying the triad approach with additional lines-of-evidence as a holistic assessment method.Sediments and the benthic fish species Pelteobagrus vachellii were sampled in 2011 and 2012 to determine organic pollution levels,mutagenic potentials and genotoxic impacts.Two regional hot-spots near the cities of Chongqing and Kaixian were identified and further investigated in 2013.Only polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) could be detected in sediments in 2011(165–1653 ng/g),emphasizing their roles as key pollutants of the area.Their ubiquity was confirmed at Chongqing(150–433 ng/g) and Kaixian(127–590 ng/g) in2013.Concentrations were comparable to other major Chinese and German rivers.However,the immense sediment influx suggested a deposition of 216–636 kg PAH/day(0.2–0.6 mg PAH/(m2·day)),indicating an ecotoxicological risk.PAH source analysis highlighted primary impacts of combustion sources on the more industrialized upper TGR section,whereas petrogenic sources dominated the mid-low section.Furthermore,sediment extracts from several sites exhibited significant activities of frameshift promutagens in the Ames fluctuation assay.Additionally,significant genotoxic impairments in erythrocytes of P.vachellii were detected(Chongqing/Kaixian),demonstrating the relevance of genotoxicity as animportant mode of action in the TGR's fish.PAHs,their derivatives and non-target compounds are considered as main causative agents. | Tilman Floehr Bj?rn Scholz-Starke Hongxia Xiao Josef Koch Lingling Wu Junli Hou Anja Wolf Axel Bergmann Kerstin Bluhm Xingzhong Yuan Martina Ro?-Nickoll Andreas Sch?ffer Henner Hollert | 2015 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2015，27，12： | 9 |
| 20 | 免疫营养素与新生儿感染显示文摘胃肠道拥有人体最大的表面积,它是微生物、异种抗原以及毒素进入宿主内环境的主要场所。胃肠道是全身炎症反应综合征的起源地,随着对肠道在炎症发生和多器官衰竭中作用认识的提高,具有免疫增强功能的肠内营养正日益引起人们的关注。本文将讨论谷氨酰胺、精氨酸、核苷酸以及乳铁蛋白等营养素参与机体免疫调节的机制和它们作为免疫营养素在新生儿感染中的临床应用前景。 | 黄瑛 邵肖梅 Josef Neu | 2003 | 国外医学(儿科学分册)2003，30，3： | 9 |
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