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| 1 | 导致静脉性下肢溃疡的真皮水肿机制显示文摘目的 :观察静脉性下肢溃疡局部真皮组织内水肿的分布 ,探讨皮肤破溃的形成机制。方法 :临床确诊患静脉性下肢溃疡病人 1 2人 ,共 1 3侧下肢于小腿中下段患有皮肤溃疡 7~ 1 8个月。应用 2 0MHz高频二维超声波扫描仪 ,对患肢膝关节下 5cm、踝关节上 5cm、及两者之间的 3个观察点的皮肤分别扫描记录 ;以同组病人健侧下肢相应点做为对照。获取的扫描图像行数字分析 ,分别对真皮厚度、真皮总超声强度中的低回声象素百分比 (LEP/TEP % )、真皮浅层 (乳头层 )与深层 (网状层 )的低回声象素比 (LEPP/LEPR)等进行定量。结果 :发生静脉性溃疡的肢体与健侧相比 ,膝下 5cm处两侧真皮厚度、LEP/TEP %、LEPP/LEPR 等均无明显差异。小腿中点及踝关节上 5cm处 ,患侧真皮厚度分别增加了 ( 0 .4 0± 0 .0 1 )mm和 ( 0 .80± 0 .0 2 )mm (P <0 .0 1 ) ,LEP/TEP %增加了 ( 2 9.0± 6.4 ) %和 ( 41 .5± 0 .3 ) % (P <0 .0 1 ) ,显示患侧小腿中下段真皮内水肿 ,并以近踝关节处严重 ;LEPP/LEPR 定量结果为 :患侧小腿中点及踝关节上 5cm处分别增加了 0 .5及 0 .9± 0 .1 (P <0 .0 5,P <0 .0 1 ) ,显示这些部位的真皮水肿以乳头层为主。结论 :患静脉性下肢溃疡的小腿中下段真皮水肿明显 ,且水肿易发生于表皮与真皮深层之间的乳? | 胡大海 Geoge W.Cherry 陈璧 Tarance J.Ryan | 2001 | 西北国防医学杂志2001，22，3： | 4 |
| 2 | 抗生素耐药性环境中产生和转移的人类健康风险评估(HHRA)显示文摘[背景]直到最近,人们才明确环境能影响抗生素耐药性风险对临床结果的影响,但迄今为止,很少有文献记录正式评估这些风险的方法。[目标]我们研究可能的方法,并试图确定人类健康风险评估(HHRA)的研究需求,这项评估注重环境在抗生素耐药性病原体所致的抗生素治疗失败中所起的作用。[方法]作者参加了2012年3月4—8日在加拿大魁北克省举行的研讨会,定义抗生素耐药性风险与人类健康环境评估的范围和目标。我们专注于环境中耐药性产生'热点区域'的关键要素,(与食品无关的)暴露评估以及剂量反应,以描述风险特征,从而改善抗生素耐药性管理的方案。[讨论]识别传统风险评估中有助于评估环境中抗生素耐药性的各个新方面。包括:a)解释附加的选择压力对环境耐药基因组的作用,即随着时间的推移,促使抗生素耐药性细菌(ARB)产生;b)在相关的环境组成部分的'热点区域'中识别和描述水平基因转移(HGT)率;c)针对不同健康结局和途径的ARB剂量修改传统的剂量反应方法。[结论]我们建议将抗生素耐药性产生造成的环境影响纳入所有涉及ARB的HHRA过程之中。由于可用的数据有限,一种多标准决策分析方法将有助于进行环境中抗生素耐药性的HHRA,并使风险管理者了解环境抗生素耐药性。 | Nicholas J.Ashbolt Alejandro Amézquita Thomas Backhaus Peter Borriello Kristian K.Brandt Peter Collignon Anja Coors Rita Finley William H.Gaze Thomas Heberer John R.Lawrence D.G.Joakim Larsson Scott A.McEwen James J.Ryan Jens Schnfeld Peter Silley Jason R.Snape Christel Van den Eede Edward Topp 王晓宇 张伊人 操仪 | 2014 | 环境与职业医学2014，31，2： | 3 |
| 3 | An Improved Jellyfish Algorithm for Multilevel Thresholding of Magnetic Resonance Brain Image Segmentations显示文摘Image segmentation is vital when analyzing medical images,especially magnetic resonance(MR)images of the brain.Recently,several image segmentation techniques based on multilevel thresholding have been proposed for medical image segmentation;however,the algorithms become trapped in local minima and have low convergence speeds,particularly as the number of threshold levels increases.Consequently,in this paper,we develop a new multilevel thresholding image segmentation technique based on the jellyfish search algorithm(JSA)(an optimizer).We modify the JSA to prevent descents into local minima,and we accelerate convergence toward optimal solutions.The improvement is achieved by applying two novel strategies:Rankingbased updating and an adaptive method.Ranking-based updating is used to replace undesirable solutions with other solutions generated by a novel updating scheme that improves the qualities of the removed solutions.We develop a new adaptive strategy to exploit the ability of the JSA to find a best-so-far solution;we allow a small amount of exploration to avoid descents into local minima.The two strategies are integrated with the JSA to produce an improved JSA(IJSA)that optimally thresholds brain MR images.To compare the performances of the IJSA and JSA,seven brain MR images were segmented at threshold levels of 3,4,5,6,7,8,10,15,20,25,and 30.IJSA was compared with several other recent image segmentation algorithms,including the improved and standard marine predator algorithms,the modified salp and standard salp swarm algorithms,the equilibrium optimizer,and the standard JSA in terms of fitness,the Structured Similarity Index Metric(SSIM),the peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR),the standard deviation(SD),and the Features Similarity Index Metric(FSIM).The experimental outcomes and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of the FSIM,the PSNR,the objective values,and the SD;in terms of the SSIM,IJSA was competitive with the others. | Mohamed Abdel-Basset Reda Mohamed Mohamed Abouhawwash Ripon K.Chakrabortty Michael J.Ryan Yunyoung Nam | 2021 | Computers, Materials & Continua2021，，9： | 2 |
| 4 | 亚太地区空间地球动力学研究计划(APSG)首期VLBI联测结果显示文摘1997年 1 0月中国科学院上海天文台与美国宇航局Goddard空间飞行中心(GSFC)成功组织实施了亚太地区空间地球动力学研究计划 (APSG)首期联测中的VLBI观测 .共 6个VLBI站参加 ,包括中国上海和乌鲁木齐站、美国阿拉斯加Gilcreek站和夏威夷Kokee站、日本鹿岛 (Kashima)站及澳大利亚塔斯玛尼亚的Hobart站 .各站之间的基线长度为 1 90 0~ 1 1 0 0 0km ,基线测量重复率约为 1 0× 1 0 -9.利用上述台站以往的VLBI观测 ,并结合全球VLBI观测数据进行了综合解算 ,获得了上述 6个VLBI站的基线变化率及台站的运动速率 .特别是检测到上海台和乌鲁木齐站相对于欧亚板块稳定区域分别存在向东 8mm/a和向北偏东 1 4mm/a的运动 。 | 王广利 叶叔华 钱志瀚 李金岭 C.Ma J.Ryan D.Gordon K.Baver 张晋 刘祥 K.Aoki M.Ishihara S.Rich C.Clyde | 2000 | 中国科学(A辑)2000，30，6： | 2 |
| 5 | 40nm FPGA给国防电子带来的优势和挑战显示文摘随着Altera 40nm FPGA的推出,越来越多的军用电子设计领域开始采用可编程逻辑器件(PLD)进行设计(见图1)。这反映了军用电子的集成需求,也是芯片尺寸不断发展导致ASIC成本攀升的结果。利用FPGA来实现以往局限于ASIC设计或微处理器系统的功能,不但可以缩短设计周期,还能够简化硬件验证。 | J.Ryan Kenny | 2008 | 电子设计应用2008，，8： | 2 |
| 6 | 采用不同摩擦定律动态模拟断层阶跃显示文摘众所周知,断层阶跃在某些情况下可使破裂贯通,而在另外的一些情况下则可能使破裂终止。然而,不同摩擦定律公式对跨越破裂的影响尚未得到广泛的探讨。本研究采用二维动态有限元方法探讨张性和压性两种环境下不同摩擦参数如何影响破裂跨越阶跃的能力。我们比较了线性滑动弱化摩擦和三种速率—状态依从摩擦:衰变定律、滑动定律、强速率弱化滑动定律。我们发现,对于相同有效滑动弱化距离的摩擦参数,该摩擦定律的函数形式可对最大跨越距离有显著影响。将摩擦定律调整为具有等效破裂能量时,我们发现这种摩擦定律的函数形式对跨越破裂的影响次之。最后,我们发现采用特定参数时,一旦破裂在次断层段重新起始,跨越阶跃系统的破裂延迟可导致先前未曾见到的超剪切转换模式,即使初始应力场阻碍这种转换也如此。对复杂几何形态如断层阶跃采用多种摩擦定律进行研究可有助于更好地认识和理解破裂性质对模型及统计分析中采用的摩擦定律类型的依赖性。 | Kenny J.Ryan David D.Oglesby 李红 陈连旺 吕春来 | 2015 | 世界地震译丛2015，0，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Endoscopic Management of Pediatric Cholesteatoma显示文摘Pediatric cholesteatoma occurs in one of two forms:congenital cholesteatoma,developing from embryonic epidermal cell rests or acquired cholesteatoma,associated with a focal defect in the tympanic membrane.This disease has been traditionally managed with the operating microscope,often requiring mastoidectomy for adequate visualization of and access to the middle ear and mastoid cavities.Recently,advances in endoscopic equipment have enabled otologists to manage most cases of pediatric cholesteatoma via a minimally-invasive,transcanal endoscopic approach.This review discusses the current literature relating to the etiopathogenesis,assessment and endoscopic management of pediatric cholesteatoma.Early outcomes of endoscopic treatment,emerging trends and technologies are also reviewed. | Peter J.Ryan Nirmal P.Patel | 2020 | Journal of Otology2020，15，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Female mate choice and the potential for ornament evolution in túngara frogs Physalaemus pustulosus显示文摘The potential for ornament evolution in response to sexual selection rests on the interaction between the permissivenessor selectivity of female preferences and the constraints on male development of signaling related traits. We investigate theformer by determining how latent female preferences either exaggerate the magnitude of current traits (i.e. elaborations) or favornovel traits (i.e. innovations). In tunngara frogs, females prefer complex mating calls (whine-chucks) to simple calls (whine only).The whine is critical for mate recognition while the chuck further enhances the attractiveness of the call. Here we use a combinationof synthetic and natural stimuli to examine latent female preferences. Our results show that a diversity of stimuli, includingconspecific and heterospecific calls as well as predator-produced and human-made sounds, increase the attractiveness of a callwhen added to a whine. These stimuli do not make simple calls more attractive than a whine-chuck, however. In rare cases wefound stimuli that added to the whine decrease the attractiveness of the call. Overall, females show strong preferences for bothelaborations and innovations of the chuck. We argue that the emancipation of these acoustic adornments from mate recognitionallows such female permissiveness, and that male constraints on signal evolution are probably more important in explaining whymales evolved their specific adornment. Experimentally probing latent female preferences for stimuli out of the species' range is auseful means to gain insights about the potential of female choice to influence signal evolution and thus the astounding diversityin male sexually-selected traits [Current Zoology 56 (3): 343-357, 2010]. | Michael J.RYAN Ximena E.BERNAL A.Stanley RAND | 2010 | Current Zoology2010，56，3： | 1 |
| 9 | How New is the New Social Study of Childhood? The Myth of a Paradigm Shift显示文摘 | Patrick J.Ryan | | 0，，04： | 1 |
| 10 | Behavioral and neural auditory thresholds in a frog显示文摘Vocalizations play a critical role in mate recognition and mate choice in a number of taxa, especially, but not limited to, orthopterans, frogs, and birds. But receivers can only recognize and prefer sounds that they can hear. Thus a fundamental question linking neurobiology and sexual selection asks-what is the threshold for detecting acoustic sexual displays? In this study, we use 3 methods to assess such thresholds in tdngara frogs: behavioral responses, auditory brainstem responsesz and multi unit electrophysiological recordi ngs from the midbrain.We show that thresholds are lowest for multiunit recordings (ca. 45 dB SPL), and then for behavioral responses (ca. 61 dB SPL), with auditory brainstem responses exhibiting the highest thresholds (ca. 71 dB SPL). We discuss why these estimates differ and why, as with other studies, it is unlikely that they should be the same. Although all of these studies estimate thresholds they are not measuring the same thresholds;behavioral thresholds are based on signal salienee whereas the 2 neural assays estimate physiological thresholds. All 3 estimates, however, make it clear that to have an appreciation for detection and salienee of acoustic signals we must listen to those signals through the ears of the receivers. | Ryan C.TAYLOR Karin AKRE Walter WILCZYNSKI Michael J.RYAN | 2019 | Current Zoology2019，65，3： | 1 |
| 11 | Does sexual dimorphism vary by population? Laryngeal and ear anatomy in cricket frogs显示文摘Acoustic communication in many anuran species can show the effects of both natural and sexual selection. This is reflected in the sexually dimorphic an atomy of the lary nx and ear structures, as well as the allometric relationship of these morphological traits to head or body size. In this study, we examined laryngeal and ear structures of cricket frogs Acris crepitans not only as sexually dimorphic characteristics, but also as they differ across populations in environmentally different habitats. We used 2-way ANOVA to determine whether the volumetric or linear measurements of these structures differed by sex and population. Females have significantly larger body, head, and ear sizes, but significantly smaller larynges than males. Furthermore, females as well as males show larger body and head sizes, ears, and larynges in a dryer open habitat. An ANCOVA analysis shows that males, but not females, differ in laryngeal size across populations beyond the allometric changes attributable to head size alone indicating that males have a greater degree of laryngeal population variation. In contrast, our covariate analysis found that in both sexes many of the ear differences are non-sigrdficant once head size is accounted for, suggesting that most of the population-level ear variation is due to allometric effects of body size. We conclude that although both sexes show size differences in the larynx related to selection for larger body size in dry, open habitats, selection on males for larger larynx size related to the production of lower frequency calls in those habitats does not result in correlated changes in the female larynx. The results suggest that in anurans, selection for changes in body and head size affects both sexes equally, male calls and the vocal structures responsible for them can further diversify without concordant changes in females. | Blinda E.MCCLELLAND Michael J.RYAN Walter WILCZYNSKI | 2019 | Current Zoology2019，65，3： | 1 |
| 12 | Assessing the nonhuman primate reservoir of Schistosoma mansoni in Africa:a systematic review显示文摘Background:Reports of natural infections of Schistosoma mansoni in a number of species of nonhuman primates(NHPs)in Africa,coupled with the substantial overlap of NHP habitats and human schistosomiasis endemic areas,has led to concerns about the role of NHPs in the transmission of human schistosomiasis.We conducted a systematic review of the literature to describe the current scope of knowledge for Africa,for the NHP species implicated,their geographical distribution,infection rates with 5.mansoni,and to discuss the implications for public health and conservation.Main text:A systematic search of the literature was performed using PubMed,Web of Science,Google Scholar,the World Health Organization(WHO)library database,World Cat,and ScienceDirect without any language restriction.Studies examining 5.monsoni infeaion of any African NHP species were included.Study types,primate species,their geographical distribution,and parasite diagnostic techniques reported in the studies were qualitatively summarized.Data for species with sample sizes>10 were included in the meta-analysis.We assessed the reported infection rate,and used a random-effeas model to estimate the summary infeaion rates and 95%confidence intervals(C/s).We assessed heterogeneity among studies using the I2 statistics.Twenty-nine publications,from 1960 to 2018,were identified and included in the review.The studies examined a total of 2962 primates belonging to 22 species in 11 genera across ten countries(Cameroon,Eritrea,Ethiopia,Gabon,Kenya,Nigeria,Senegal,Tanzania,Uganda,and Zimbabwe),and 5.mansoni infeaions were found in nine species of five genera in all countries.When we excluded studies with sample sizes<10,data from 24 studies on 11 species of primates in three genera in ten countries remained in the meta-analysis.The overall pooled estimate of infection rate was 10%(95%Cl:6-16%)with high heterogeneity(I^2=9477%)across countries and species/genera.Among the three genera,Pan had the highest infection rate of 15%(95%CI:0-55%),followed by Popio at 11%(95%Cl:6-18%),and Cercopithecus at 5%(95%CI:0-14%).The association between NHP and human infections was positive,but not significant,due to low study sample matches and high variation.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that 5.mansoni infection rate is high in African NHPs,with substantial heterogeneities across spedes/genera and countries in Africa.Given the evidence for potential spillover and spillback of S.mansoni between African NHPs and humans,further research is urgently needed to understand ecology and mechanisms of transmission of the parasite between NHP and human hosts,in order to inform control strategies of this important neglected tropical disease. | Lindsay Richards Berhanu Erko Keerati Ponpetch Sadie J.Ryan Song Liang | 2019 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2019，8，3： | 1 |
| 13 | 皮肤健康的传统概念与发展战略显示文摘作为一名皮肤科医生,我认为:①皮肤是一个重要的器官;②皮肤是一个与外界交流与联系的器官;③对自己的皮肤有信心是健康的标志。基于以上观点,近年来,笔者致力于在全球推广皮肤学科的一项发展策略,即:人人拥有健康的皮肤。目前,世界上的大多数人主要依靠传统的医药及治疗手段来治疗疾病。 | Terence J.Ryan 曾飞 | 1996 | 微循环学杂志1996，6，1： | 1 |
| 14 | The wow factor as a determinant of funding for disorders of the skin显示文摘As people live beyond 100 years, there is an extended period of impaired quality of life for the increasing numbers of individuals with skin disorders. There is also a growing work force of fit elderly individuals who are able to provide low technology skin care and who can teach self-help if well instructed. The International Society of Dermatology's sub-committee Skin Care for All: Community Dermatology seeks to bring together those who care for skin diseases and those who manage wounds, burns, lymphoedema and neglected tropical diseases affecting the skin for the purpose of skin care. Their focus is the repair of four functions: barrier, thermoregulation, sensory perception and communication. The curriculum includes low cost self-help and the restoration of absent skin. The care expectation is one of technical proficiency integrated with kindness and altruism. The concept is attracting wide attention but needs to develop compelling and persuasive arguments('wow factors') regarding why it should be funded. There is probably no greater wow factor than tracing the path of a severely injured patient from the battlefield through the course of immediate first aid by paramedics to the surgeon in the frontline tent who can almost guarantee survival. Seeing these disfigured persons winning trophies at the Olympic Games has garnered the admiration of millions of viewers. | Terence J.Ryan | 2015 | Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA(China)2015，30，2： | 0 |
| 15 | Spatial distribution and network morphology of epicardial,endocardial,interstitial,and Purkinje cell-associated elastin fibers in porcine left ventricle显示文摘Cardiac extracellular matrices(ECM)play crucial functional roles in cardiac biomechanics.Previous studies have mainly focused on collagen,the major structural ECM in heart wall.The role of elastin in cardiac mechanics,however,is poorly understood.In this study,we investigated the spatial distribution and microstructural morphologies of cardiac elastin in porcine left ventricles.We demonstrated that the epicardial elastin network had location-and depth-dependency,and the overall epicardial elastin fiber mapping showed certain correlation with the helical heart muscle fiber architecture.When compared to the epicardial layer,the endocardial layer was thicker and has a higher elastin-collagen ratio and a denser elastin fiber network;moreover,the endocardial elastin fibers were finer and more wavy than the epicardial elastin fibers,all suggesting various interface mechanics.The myocardial interstitial elastin fibers co-exist with the perimysial collagen to bind the cardiomyocyte bundles;some of the interstitial elastin fibers showed a locally aligned,hinge-like structure to connect the adjacent cardiomyocyte bundles.This collagen-elastin combination reflects an optimal design in which the collagen provides mechanical strength and elastin fibers facilitate recoiling during systole.Moreover,cardiac elastin fibers,along with collagen network,closely associated with the Purkinje cells,indicating that this ECM association could be essential in organizing cardiac Purkinje cells into“fibrous”and“branching”morphologies and serving as a protective feature when Purkinje fibers experience large deformations in vivo.In short,our observations provide a structural basis for future in-depth biomechanical investigations and biomimicking of this long-overlooked cardiac ECM component. | Xiaodan Shi Song Zhang Yue Liu Bryn Brazile Jim Cooley J.Ryan Butler Sara R.McMahan Karla L.Perez Jiazhu Xu Timothy Eastep Kytai T.Nguyen Pietro Bajona Matthias Peltz Huajian Gao Yi Hong Jun Liao | 2023 | Bioactive Materials2023，，1： | 0 |
| 16 | Regulation of cellular anabolism by mTOR:or how I learned to stop worrying and love translation显示文摘The process and regulation of cellular metabolism are extremely complex and accomplished through multiple signalling pathways that operate in parallel,and often experience significant overlap in upstream and downstream a signal transduction.Despite this complexity,single pathway or even single protein activations are commonly used to extrapolate broad characterizations of cellular metabolism.Furthermore,multiple routes for peptide-chain translation initiation exist,some of which may be either exclusive or overlapping depending on the state and environment of the cell.While it may be highly impractical to account for every aspect of metabolic regulation and permutation of mRNA translation,it is important to acknowledge that investigations relating to these pathways are often incomplete and not necessarily indicative of the overall metabolic status.This becomes urgent when considering the role that cellular anabolism plays in both healthy cellular functions and the aetiology of several disease's altered metabolisms.This review describes recent advances in the understanding of cellular metabolic regulation,with specific focus given to the complexity of‘downstream’mRNA translation initiation through both mTOR-dependent and mTOR-independent signallings. | J.William Deaver Sara Mata López Patrick J.Ryan Peter P.Nghiem Steven E.Riechman James D.Fluckey | 2020 | Sports Medicine and Health Science2020，2，4： | 0 |
| 17 | Medical Feature Selection Approach Based on Generalized Normal Distribution Algorithm显示文摘This paper proposes a new pre-processing technique to separate the most effective features from those that might deteriorate the performance of the machine learning classifiers in terms of computational costs and classification accuracy because of their irrelevance,redundancy,or less information;this pre-processing process is often known as feature selection.This technique is based on adopting a new optimization algorithm known as generalized normal distribution optimization(GNDO)supported by the conversion of the normal distribution to a binary one using the arctangent transfer function to convert the continuous values into binary values.Further,a novel restarting strategy(RS)is proposed to preserve the diversity among the solutions within the population by identifying the solutions that exceed a specific distance from the best-so-far and replace them with the others created using an effective updating scheme.This strategy is integrated with GNDO to propose another binary variant having a high ability to preserve the diversity of the solutions for avoiding becoming stuck in local minima and accelerating convergence,namely improved GNDO(IGNDO).The proposed GNDO and IGNDO algorithms are extensively compared with seven state-of-the-art algorithms to verify their performance on thirteen medical instances taken from the UCI repository.IGNDO is shown to be superior in terms of fitness value and classification accuracy and competitive with the others in terms of the selected features.Since the principal goal in solving the FS problem is to find the appropriate subset of features that maximize classification accuracy,IGNDO is considered the best. | Mohamed Abdel-Basset Reda Mohamed Ripon K.Chakrabortty Michael J.Ryan Yunyoung Nam Mohamed Abouhawwash | 2021 | Computers, Materials & Continua2021，，12： | 0 |
| 18 | 前途看好的人工智能平台设计者——phData 这家公司通过帮助其他产业为未来做好准备而大获成功显示文摘当美国国家骨髓捐赠计划需将受髓者与捐髓者配对时,第一步是取得受髓者的DNA样本,与资料库中超过4200万个资料进行比对。多年来,这个步骤要花上48小时,如今只需不到1分钟的时间。那是因为该组织近来开始与phData人工智能公司合作。这家位于明尼阿波利斯的新创公司为企业与机构设置它们自己无法建构的机器学习与资料分析平台。2019年,该公司的收益达到1800万美元,客户超过60家,从健康保险公司、执法单位,到医疗器材制造商。 | Kevin J.Ryan 徐佩仪(译) | 2020 | 空中英语教室(高级版.彭蒙惠英语)2020，，9： | 0 |
| 19 | 一种泡蟾的配偶识别:脑、行为和进化研究(英文)显示文摘综述了对泡蟾 (Physalaemuspustulosus)的性通讯所进行的各种研究。本文作者研究了通讯系统的功能重要性、通讯的神经机制以及通讯进化的格局 ,特别研究了雌蛙如何使用简单和复杂的叫声来识别可以交配的物种 ,以及如何识别同种的不同雄性个体。本文确定了复杂叫声的反选择力、一种食蛙蝠———缨唇蝠 (Trachopscirrhosus)以及叫声的能量消耗 ,并阐述了引起雌性反应的重要特征。作者的比较研究表明 ,对复杂叫声的偏好在复杂叫声进化前就有了 ,这支持感官开发假说 (Hypothesisofsensoryexploitation ,雄性特征进化的结果是开发雌性预先存在的对雄性的偏好 )。结合比较研究和人工神经网络的模拟 。 | Michael J.RYAN A.Stanley RAND | 2003 | 动物学报2003，49，6： | 0 |
| 20 | 你变了显示文摘唐·韦斯特看到她在挥手致意,于是穿过车站朝她走来,晒黑了的脸上现出一种疑惑而惊讶的神情。'哎呀呀,'他和以前一样粗犷地笑着说,'真巧啊,呃……珍妮。'她也报以微笑:'唐·韦斯特,你一点儿都没变。' | John J.Ryan 晓月 | 2010 | 中外文摘2010，，18： | 0 |
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