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| 1 | Mechanisms underlying feed intolerance in the critically ill: Implications for treatment显示文摘Malnutrition is associated with poor outcomes in critically ill patients. Although nutritional support is yet to be proven to improve mortality in non-malnourished critically ill patients, early enteral feeding is considered best practice. However, enteral feeding is often limited by delayed gastric emptying. The best method to clinically identify delayed gastric emptying and feed intolerance is unclear. Gastric residual volume (GRV) measured at the bedside is widely used as a surrogate marker for gastric emptying, but the value of GRV measurement has recently been disputed. While the mechanisms underlying delayed gastric emptying require further investigation, recent research has given a better appreciation of the pathophysiology. A number of pharmacological strategies are available to improve the success of feeding. Recent data suggest a combination of intravenous metoclopramide and erythromycin to be the most successful treatment, but novel drug therapies should be explored. Simpler methods to access the duodenum and more distal small bowel for feed delivery are also under investigation. This review summarises current understanding of the factors responsible for, and mechanisms underlying feed intolerance in critical illness, together with the evidence for current practices. Areas requiring further research are also highlighted. | Adam Deane Marianne J Chapman Robert J Fraser Laura K Bryant Carly Burgstad Nam Q Nguyen | 2007 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2007，13，29： | 18 |
| 2 | Malnutrition in cirrhosis:More food for thought显示文摘Malnutrition is highly prevalent in liver cirrhosis and its presence carries important prognostic implications.The clinical conditions and pathophysiological mechanisms that cause malnutrition in cirrhosis are multiple and interrelated.Anorexia and liver decompensation symptoms lead to poor dietary intake;metabolic changes characterised by elevated energy expenditure,reduced glycogen storage,an accelerated starvation response and protein catabolism result in muscle and fat wasting;and,malabsorption renders the cirrhotic patient unable to fully absorb or utilise food that has been consumed.Malnutrition is therefore a considerable challenge to manage effectively,particularly as liver disease progresses.A high energy,high protein diet is recognised as standard of care,yet patients struggle to follow this recommendation and there is limited evidence to guide malnutrition interventions in cirrhosis and liver transplantation.In this review,we seek to detail the factors which contribute to poor nutritional status in liver disease,and highlight complexities far greater than“poor appetite”or“reduced oral intake”leading to malnutrition.We also discuss management strategies to optimise nutritional status in this patient group,which target the inter-related mechanisms unique to advanced liver disease.Finally,future research requirements are suggested,to develop effective treatments for one of the most common and debilitating complications afflicting cirrhotic patients. | Brooke Chapman Marie Sinclair Paul J Gow Adam G Testro | 2020 | World Journal of Hepatology2020，12，11： | 8 |
| 3 | Diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis显示文摘 | Chapman R Fevery J Kalloo A | | Hepatology0，，： | 4 |
| 4 | Current surgical treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma in North America显示文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is an aggressive tumor that often occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease.Many patients do not initially manifest any symptoms of HCC and present late when cure with surgical resection or transplantation is no longer possible.For this reason,patients at high risk for developing HCC are subjected to frequent screening processes.The surgical management of HCC is complex and requires an inter-disciplinary approach.Hepatic resection is the treatment of choice for HCC in patients without cirrhosis and is indicated in some patients with early cirrhosis(Child-Pugh A).Liver transplantation has emerged in the past decade as the standard of care for patients with cirrhosis and HCC meeting Milan criteria and in select patients with HCC beyond Milan criteria.Loco-regional therapy with transarterial chemoembolization,transarterial embolization,radiofrequency ablation and other similar local treatments can be used as neo-adjuvant therapy to downstage HCC to within Milan criteria or as a bridge to transplantation in patients on transplant wait list. | Adeel S Khan Kathryn J Fowler William C Chapman | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，41： | 3 |
| 5 | Proximal gastric response to small intestinal nutrients is abnormal in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients显示文摘瞄准:在非常有病的病人决定近似的胃的反应到小肠的营养素。方法:近似胃的活动性在 13 个非常有病的病人被测量(49.3 +/- 4.7 年) 并且 12 个健康志愿者(27.7 +/- 2.9 年) 用一种 barostat 技术。记录在基线被执行,在 60-min 期间 intra 十二指肠的注入保证(2 kcal/min ) ,并且为跟随注入的 2 h。最小的扩张压力(MDP ) , intra 袋子体积和底的波浪活动是坚定的。结果:MDP 在病人是更高的(11.7 +/- 1.1 对 7.8 +/- 0.7 毫米汞柱;P <
0.01 ) 。基线 intra 袋子体积在 2 个组是类似的。在健康题目,一“双性人形式”近似胃的体积反应被观察。在病人,近似胃的体积的起始的增加小、推迟,但是最后到达了类似于健康题目的最大的体积。在健康题目,近似胃的体积很快在滋养的注入以后回到了基线水平(中部 18 min ) 。相反,到基线的体积的恢复在非常有病的病人被推迟(中部 106 min ) 。在 6 个病人,体积没在滋养的注入以后回到基线水平 2 小时。在病人,底的体积波浪是不太经常的(P <
0.05 ) 并且有的更低的振幅(P <
0.001 ) ,与健康题目相比。结论:在重病,对小肠的滋养的刺激的近似胃的马达回答是反常的。 | Nam Q Nguyen Robert J Fraser Marianne Chapman Laura K Bryant Richard H Holloway Rosalie Vozzo Christine Feinle-Bisset | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，27： | 3 |
| 6 | Proximal gastric motility in critically ill patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus显示文摘AIM: To investigate the proximal gastric motor response to duodenal nutrients in critically ill patients with long- standing type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Proximal gastric motility was assessed (using a barostat) in 10 critically ill patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (59 ± 3 years) during two 60-min duodenal infusions of Ensure? (1 and 2 kcal/min), in random order, separated by 2 h fasting. Data were compared with 15 non-diabetic critically ill patients (48 ± 5 years) and 10 healthy volunteers (28 ± 3 years). RESULTS: Baseline proximal gastric volumes were similar between the three groups. In diabetic patients, proximal gastric relaxation during 1 kcal/min nutrient infusion was similar to non-diabetic patients and healthy controls. In contrast, relaxation during 2 kcal/ min infusion was initially reduced in diabetic patients (P < 0.05) but increased to a level similar to healthy humans, unlike non-diabetic patients where relaxation was impaired throughout the infusion. Duodenal nutrient stimulation reduced the fundic wave frequency in a dose-dependent fashion in both the critically ill diabetic patients and healthy subjects, but not in critically ill patients without diabetes. Fundic wave frequency in diabetic patients and healthy subjects was greater than in non-diabetic patients. CONCLUSION: In patients with diabetes mellitus, proximal gastric motility is less disturbed than non- diabetic patients during critical illness, suggesting that these patients may not be at greater risk of delayed gastric emptying. | Nam Q Nguyen Robert J Fraser Laura K Bryant Marianne Chapman Richard H Holloway | 2007 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2007，13，2： | 3 |
| 7 | Quartz isolation from rocks, sediments and soils for determination of oxygen isotopes composition显示文摘 | Syers J K Chapman S L Jackson M L | 1968 | Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta1968，32，： | 2 |
| 8 | Phenol and trichloroethylene degradation by Pseudomonas cepacia G4: kinetics and interactions between substrates显示文摘 | Folsom B R Chapman P J Pritchard P H | 1990 | Appl Environ Microbiol1990，56，： | 2 |
| 9 | Paraoxonase as a risk marker for cardiovascular disease: facts and hypotheses显示文摘 | Laplaud P M Dantoine T Chapman M J | 1998 | Clin Chem Lab Med1998，36，7： | 2 |
| 10 | Seasonal growth in Laminaria longicruris: Relations with dissolved inorganic nutrients and internal reserves of nitrogen显示文摘 | CHAPMAN A R O CRAIGIE J S | 1977 | Mar Biol (Berlin)1977，40，： | 2 |
| 11 | Hemodynamic response to pumpless extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 显示文摘 | Chapman J Adams M Alexander S | 1990 | J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1990，99，4： | 1 |
| 12 | Development of a regional climate model of the western Arctic 显示文摘 | Lynch A H Chapman W L Walsh J E | 1995 | Journal of Climate1995，8，： | 1 |
| 13 | H1N1 influenza in pregnancy: cause for concern 显示文摘 | Saleeby E Chapman J Morse J | 2009 | Obstet Gynecol2009，114，4： | 1 |
| 14 | Zn and Cu isotopic variability in the Alexan- drinka volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) ore deposit,Urals,Russia显示文摘 | MASON T F D WEISS D J CHAPMAN J B | 2005 | Chemical Geology2005，221，34： | 1 |
| 15 | Passive protection against infectious bursal disease virus by viral VP2 expressed in yeast显示文摘 | MACREADIE I G VAUGHAN P R CHAPMAN A J | 1990 | Vaccine1990，8，6： | 1 |
| 16 | The effectiveness of working group risk identification and assessment techniques 显示文摘 | Chapman Robert J | 1998 | International Journal of Project Management1998，16，： | 1 |
| 17 | Infection of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus by a Hematodinium-like species of dinoflagellate on the west coast of Scotland 显示文摘 | Field R H Chapman C J Taylor AC | 1992 | Dis Aquat Org1992，13，： | 1 |
| 18 | Individual variation in response to altitude training显示文摘 | Chapman R F Stray-Gundersen J Levine B D | 1998 | J Appl Physiol1998，85，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Changes in nonvolatile acids, sugars, pectin and sugar composition of pectin during peach (cv Monroe) maturation显示文摘 | Chapman G W Horvat R J | 1990 | J Agric Food Chem1990，38，： | 1 |
| 20 | Can we use influen-cing factors to predict aspiration pneumonia in the UnitedKingdom显示文摘 | Hibberd J Fraser J Chapman C | 2013 | Multidiscip Respir Med2013，8，1： | 1 |
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