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| 1 | Nitric oxide synthase and heme oxygenase expressions in human liver cirrhosis显示文摘瞄准:门静脉高血压是肝肝硬化的普通复杂并发症。肝内压力能以几个方法被提高。从内脏的内脏影响脉管系统, vasoconstrictors 的增加和增加的循环进门静脉系统的反常建筑学都可以作出贡献。因而内长的血管扩张药也许能减轻高血压。我们因此试图调查内长的血管扩张药的层次,氮的氧化物(没有) 并且通过氮的氧化物 synthase (NOS ) 的表示的一氧化碳(公司) 并且他我氧合酶(惊讶) 。方法:肝脏硬化症(n=20 ) 并且非肝脏硬化症(n=20 ) 肝从经历了外科的病人被获得。NOS 的各种各样的 isoforms 的 mRNA 和蛋白质表情并且惊讶用竞争 PCR,西方的污点和免疫组织化学被检验。结果:当内皮 NOS (eNOS ) 在硬变肝是起来调整的时,在可诱导的 NOS (i NOS ) 或神经元 NOS (nNOS ) 表情没有重要变化。附随地, caveolin-1, eNOS 的一个确定的下面管理者,是起来调整的。可诱导的 HO-1 和组成的 HO-2 被发现在不同本地化在硬变肝虽然显示出增加的表示。结论:NOS 表示力量的差别由于他们在在肝硬化的病理维持肝动态平衡或参与的不同角色。在高血压的肝以内的纯粹的应力可以导致 eNOS 的增加的表示。接着, caveolin-1 也被增加。这是否对进一步的肝硬化用作一个防御机理或是肝硬化的后果,是还未知的。HO-1 和 HO-2 的提高的表示建议公司可以微弱地作为血管扩张药虽然在它的角色补偿。它是可能的那个公司并且不在肝以内有平行或协调的功能并且可以在门静脉高血压的病理生理学反对地工作。 | Beatrice J Goh Bee Tee Tan Wei Min Hon Kang Hoe Lee Hoon Eng Khoo | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，4： | 19 |
| 2 | Assessment of Pb uptake,translocation and immobilization in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) for phytoremediation of sand tailings显示文摘The potential of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) for phytoremediation of lead (Pb) on sand tailings was investigated.A pot experiment employing factorial design with two main effects of fertilizer and lead was conducted in a nursery using sand tailings from an ex-tin mine as the growing medium.Results showed that Pb was found in the root,stem,and seed capsule of kenaf but not in the leaf.Application of organic fertilizer promoted greater biomass yield as well as higher accumulation capacity of Pb.In Pb-spiked treatments,roots accumulated more than 85% of total plant Pb which implies that kenaf root can be an important sink for bioavailable Pb.Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) X-ray microanalysis confirmed that electron-dense deposits located along cell walls of kenaf roots were Pb precipitates.The ability of kenaf to tolerate Pb and avoid phytotoxicity could be attributed to the immobilization of Pb in the roots and hence the restriction of upward movement (translocation factor < 1).With the application of fertilizer,kenaf was also found to have higher biomass and subsequently higher bioaccumulation capacity,indicating its suitability for phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated site. | HO Wai Mun ANG Lai Hoe LEE Don Koo | 2008 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2008，20，11： | 14 |
| 3 | Intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma:Is there really an almost exclusively female predominance?显示文摘Biliary cystic tumors,such as cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas,are rare cystic tumors of the liver,accounting for less than 5% of all intrahepatic cysts of biliary origin.Biliary cystadenomas have been known to occur predominantly in women (> 85%),and 38%-44% of biliary cystadenocarcinomas have occurred in males.We wrote this letter to comment on a brief article (World J Gasteroenterol 2011 January 21;17(3):361-365) regarding a case of intrahepatic biliary cystic neoplasm treated with surgery.The adenoma-carcinoma sequence is the possible mechanism of carcinogenesis.If the carcinogenesis of biliary cystadenocarcinoma occurs in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence,we believe that the male-to-female ratio of cystadenoma should be higher than the incidence rate that has been reported to date. | Ho Hyun Kim Young Hoe Hur Yang Seok Koh Chol Kyoon Cho Jin Woong Kim | 2011 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2011，17，25： | 12 |
| 4 | Plasma levels of acylated ghrelin in patients with functional dyspepsia显示文摘AIM:To investigate the relationship between plasma acylated ghrelin levels and the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia.METHODS:Twenty-two female patients with functional dyspepsia and twelve healthy volunteers were recruited for the study.The functional dyspepsia patients were each diagnosed based on the Rome Ⅲ criteria.Eligible patients completed a questionnaire concerning the severity of 10 symptoms.Plasma acylated ghrelin levels before and after a meal were determined in the study participants using a commercial human acylated enzyme immunoassay kit;electrogastrograms were performed for 50 min before and after a standardized 10-min meal containing 265 kcal.RESULTS:There were no significant differences in plasma acylated ghrelin levels between healthy volunteers and patients with functional dyspepsia.However,in patients with functional dyspepsia,there was a negative correlation between fasting plasma acylated ghrelin levels and the sum score of epigastric pain(r =-0.427,P = 0.047) and a positive correlation between the postprandial/fasting plasma acylated ghrelin ratio and the sum score of early satiety(r = 0.428,P =0.047).Additionally,there was a negative correlation between fasting acylated ghrelin plasma levels and fasting normogastria(%)(r =-0.522,P = 0.013).Interestingly,two functional dyspepsia patients showed paradoxically elevated plasma acylated ghrelin levels after the meal.CONCLUSION:Abnormal plasma acylated ghrelin levels before or after a meal may be related to several of the dyspeptic symptoms seen in patients with functional dyspepsia. | Yeon Soo Kim Joon Seong Lee Tae Hee Lee Joo Young Cho Jin Oh Kim Wan Jung Kim Hyun Gun Kim Seong Ran Jeon Hoe Su Jeong | 2012 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2012，18，18： | 12 |
| 5 | Infrared upconversion imaging in nonlinear metasurfaces显示文摘Infrared imaging is a crucial technique in a multitude of applications,including night vision,autonomous vehicle navigation,optical tomography,and food quality control.Conventional infrared imaging technologies,however,require the use of materials such as narrow bandgap semiconductors,which are sensitive to thermal noise and often require cryogenic cooling.We demonstrate a compact all-optical alternative to perform infrared imaging in a metasurface composed of GaAs semiconductor nanoantennas,using a nonlinear wave-mixing process.We experimentally show the upconversion of short-wave infrared wavelengths via the coherent parametric process of sum-frequency generation.In this process,an infrared image of a target is mixed inside the metasurface with a strong pump beam,translating the image from the infrared to the visible in a nanoscale ultrathin imaging device.Our results open up new opportunities for the development of compact infrared imaging devices with applications in infrared vision and life sciences. | Rocio Camacho-Morales Davide Rocco Lei Xu Valerio Flavio Gili Nikolay Dimitrov Lyubomir Stoyanov Zhonghua Ma Andrei Komar Mykhaylo Lysevych Fouad Karouta Alexander Dreischuh Hark Hoe Tan Giuseppe Leo Costantino De Angelis Chennupati Jagadish Andrey E.Miroshnichenko Mohsen Rahmani Dragomir N.Neshev | 2021 | Advanced Photonics2021，3，3： | 11 |
| 6 | 盐分对广式高盐稀态酱油发酵微生物菌群结构的影响显示文摘随着健康中国计划的推进,酱油的减盐成为一种趋势,然而广式高盐稀态酱油发酵过程中盐分对不同发酵阶段的群落结构影响的基础研究仍较薄弱,难以支撑减盐酱油产品的普及。该研究基于Illumina HiSeq高通量基因序列分析及理化指标监测,研究不同盐分条件下不同发酵阶段微生物群落结构及理化指标变化规律。结果表明,低盐组(120 g/L)pH值最低,发酵后快速积累总酸、氨基酸态氮和还原糖;在细菌菌群结构方面,随着盐浓度降低,葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、乳球菌属(Lactococcus)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)均在低盐酱醪中持续增长;在真菌群落构成方面,假丝酵母属(Candida)和米勒氏酵母属(Millerozyma)含量在低盐组酱醪中明显较高。低盐(120 g/L)酱醪发酵中乳酸菌含量及总酸明显比中盐(150 g/L)及高盐(170 g/L)组较高,并在发酵初期快速形成了更加适合酵母菌目生长的酸性环境,促进酵母菌目在发酵中期形成了明显的优势菌群。该研究结果为减盐发酵提供了理论基础,为进一步开发酱油低盐发酵微生物调控技术提供参考依据。 | TIN Hoe Seng 周斌 侯莎 吴昌正 黄磊 周其洋 | 2022 | 食品与发酵工业2022，48，1： | 11 |
| 7 | 在变化的金融体系中维护金融稳定:吸取历史教训显示文摘本文为美国堪萨斯联储行长、经济学家Hoeing在EMEAP-BCBS-FSI联合举办的亚太区银行监管高级会议上的主题发言。本文以金融结构演进为切入点,从理论层面分析了次贷危机的根源及对现行监管制度和维护金融体系稳定政策带来的挑战。作者的观点有助于业界深入思考金融市场化取向的改革、金融创新的利弊、金融监管制度乃至金融稳定政策的调整等重大前沿性问题。 | Thomas M. Hoeing 王胜邦(译) 曾智萍(译) | 2008 | 新金融2008，，1： | 10 |
| 8 | Conservation and Diversification of the SHR-SCR- SCL23 Regulatory Network in the Development of the Functional Endodermis in Arabidopsis Shoots显示文摘部分地, Arabidopsis thaliana 根的功能的内皮的开发被 GRAS 抄写因素控制,也就是短根(SHR ) ,衣衫褴褛的人(SCR ) ,并且像衣衫褴褛的人 23 (SCL23 ) 。最近, SHR-SCR-SCL23 规章的模块为内皮的说明也是必要的,这被显示出(作为捆鞘知道) 在叶子。与在根对 SHR-SCR-SCL23 规章的网络的角色被知道的相比,不过, SHR, SCR,和 SCL23 的分子的相互作用更不在射击被理解。这里,我们证明 SHR 与 SCL23 形成蛋白质建筑群在射击调整 SCL23 的抄写,类似于 SCR 的规定模式表示。我们的结果显示 SHR 充当主人管理者直接激活 SCR 和 SCL23 的表示。在 SHR-SCR-SCL23 网络,我们发现了一以前 SCL23 调制 SHR 的否定反馈循环铺平的 uncharacterized。通过分子、基因、生理、词法的分析,我们也表明 SHR-SCR-SCL23 模块在内皮的形成起一个关键作用(作为淀粉鞘知道) 在胚轴。一起拿,我们的结果在根和射击在内皮开发提供新卓见进 SHR-SCR-SCL23 网络的规章的角色。 | Eun Kyung Yoon Souvik Dhar Mi-Hyun Lee Jae Hyo Song Shin Ae Lee Gyuree Kim Sejeong Jang Ji Won Choi Jeong-Eun Choe Jeong Hoe Kim Myeong Min Lee Jun Lim | 2016 | Molecular Plant2016，9，8： | 6 |
| 9 | Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver presenting as a hemorrhagic cystic tumor in an adult显示文摘BACKGROUND:Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma (UES) of the liver is a rare,highly malignant neoplasm with a poor prognosis occurring almost exclusively in late childhood (6-10 years of age).Only a few cases have been reported in adults accounting for less than 1% of all primary liver neoplasms.METHODS:A 47-year-old woman presented with a palpable mass in the left upper abdomen.Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 12×10 cm cystic mass with hemorrhage in the left lateral segment of the liver.The initial impression was a hemorrhagic cystic tumor of the liver.The patient underwent a left lateral sectionectomy of the liver.Histopathology and immunohistochemistry helped make a diagnosis of UES.RESULTS:The patient recovered uneventfully and received systemic chemotherapy.Radiologic examination for follow-up revealed a metastatic lesion in the lumbar spine (L5).She was subjected to radiotherapy at the lumbar spine.She survived 48 months.CONCLUSION:Although hepatic cyst as UES of the liver is difficult to diagnose because of its rarity in adults and lack of specific findings,it should be considered in a differential diagnosis. | Ho Hyun Kim Jung Chul Kim Eun Kyu Park Young Hoe Hur Yang Seok Koh Chol Kyoon Cho Hyung Seok Kim Hyun Jong Kim | 2011 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2011，10，6： | 6 |
| 10 | Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Among Employees in Northeast China显示文摘 | Xin Wang Fang Yang Michiel L Bots Wei.Ying Guo Bing Zhao Arno W Hoes Ilonca Vaartjes | 2015 | Chinese Medical Journal2015，，15： | 6 |
| 11 | China’s Changing Economic Structure and Implications for Regional Patterns of Trade,Production and Integration显示文摘Without intending to do so, China has in recent years played a major role in East Asia’s economic integration. It has done so mainly through the production and supply chain networks it has spun across the region. This paper argues that given the developmental trends in the Chinese economy, the Chinese government should pursue a more active strategy towards a broader and more balanced economic integration with the region. The emergence of a multi-track production structure, increased importance of domestic consumption and the services sector, together with faster integration of the domestic economy, will fundamentally change China’s trade and investment relationships with the rest of East Asia and necessitate a review of China’s economic integration strategy. The paper also argues that ASEAN can play a useful role in facilitating the region-wide integration process. | Kim Song Tan Hoe Ee Khor | 2006 | China & World Economy2006，14，6： | 5 |
| 12 | Targeted Blue Nanoparticles as Photoacoustic Contrast Agent for Brain Tumor Delineation显示文摘把一个肿瘤与非肿瘤的组织区分开来在癌症外科期间是一项挑战性的任务。几次尝试被做了使用可见或荧光灯的代理人在外科期间帮助一个肿瘤的可视化。我们描述一个新奇方法描出大脑肿瘤,用一种高度敏感的 photoacoustic 成像技术,那被用作一个对比代理人的指向肿瘤的蓝 nanoparticles 提高。幽灵并且在老鼠大脑上的实验,前 vivo,在描出表明 photoacoustic 成像的高敏感在集中包含对比代理人的肿瘤很比由肉眼为可视化需要降低。为 nanoparticles 的系统的察觉的限制是水(到 0.84 mol/L Coomassie 蓝染料的等价物) 里的大约 0.77 g/mL。当与强烈光的吸收对比代理人使用了时,现在的探索学习建议那 photoacoustic 成像,能由揭示肿瘤的分发和程度 intraoperatively 便于癌症外科。 | Aniruddha Ray Xueding Wang Yong-Eun Koo Lee Hoe Jin Hah Gwangseong Kim Thomas Chen Daniel A. Orringer Oren Sagher Xiaojun Liu Raoul Kopelman | 2011 | Nano Research2011，4，11： | 5 |
| 13 | Electrochemical hydrogenation of mixed-phase TiO2 nanotube arrays enables remarkably enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance显示文摘We first report that photoelectrochemical(PEC)performance of electrochemically hydrogenated TiO_2 nanotube arrays(TNTAs)as high-efficiency photoanodes for solar water splitting could be well tuned by designing and adjusting the phase structure and composition of TNTAs.Among various TNTAs annealed at different temperature ranging from 300 to 700°C,well-crystallized single anatase(A)phase TNTAs-400 photoanode shows the best photoresponse properties and PEC performance due to the favorable crystallinity,grain size and tubular structures.After electrochemical hydrogenation(EH),anataserutile(A-R)mixed phase EH-TNTAs-600 photoanode exhibits the highest photoactivity and PEC performance for solar water splitting.Under simulated solar illumination,EH-TNTAs-600 achieves the best photoconversion efficiency of up to 1.52% and maximum H_2 generation rate of 40.4 mmol h^(-1)cm^(-2),outstripping other EH-TNTAs photoanodes.Systematic studies reveal that the signigicantly enhanced PEC performance for A-R mixed phaes EH-TNTAs-600 photoanode could be attributed to the synergy of A-R mixed phases and intentionally introduced Ti^(3+)(oxygen vacancies)which enhances the photoactivity over both UV and visible-light regions,and boosts both charge separation and transfer efficiencies.These findings provide new insight and guidelines for the construction of highly efficient TiO_2-based devices for the application of solar water splitting. | Jiaqin Liu Mengjia Dai Jian Wu Ying Hu Qi Zhang Jiewu Cui Yan Wang Hark Hoe Tan Yucheng Wu | 2018 | Science Bulletin2018，63，3： | 4 |
| 14 | Time-dependent effect of combination therapy with erythropoietin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in a mouse model of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury显示文摘Erythropoietin (EPO) and granulocyte colonystimulating factor (G-CSF) are likely to play broad roles in the brain. We investigated the effects of combination therapy with EPO and G-CSF in hypoxicischemic brain injury during the acute, subacute, and chronic phases. A total of 79 C57BL/6 mice with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury were randomly assigned acute (days 1–5), subacute (days 11–15) and chronic (days 28–32) groups. All of them were treated with G-CSF (250 μg/kg) and EPO (5 000 U/kg) or saline daily for 5 consecutive days. Behavioral assessments and immunohistochemistry for angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and astrogliosis were performed with an 8-week follow-up. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) was also measured by Western blot analysis. The results showed that the combination therapy with EPO and G-CSF in the acute phase significantly improved rotarod performance and forelimb-use symmetry compared to the other groups, while subacute EPO and G-CSF therapy exhibited a modest improvement compared with the chronic saline controls. The acute treatment significantly increased the density of CD31+ (PECAM-1) and α-smooth muscle actin+vessels in the frontal cortex and striatum, increased BrdU+/PSA-NCAM+neurogenesis in the subventricular zone, and decreased astroglial density in the striatum. Furthermore, acute treatment significantly increased the HIF-1 expression in the cytosol and nucleus, whereas chronic treatment did not change the HIF-1 expression, consistent with the behavioral outcomes. These results indicate that the induction of HIF-1 expression by combination therapy with EPO and G-CSF synergistically enhances not only behavioral function but also neurogenesis and angiogenesis while decreasing the astroglial response in a timedependent manner. | Ji Hea Yu Jung Hwa Seo Jong Eun Lee Ji Hoe Heo Sung-Rae Cho | 2014 | Neuroscience Bulletin2014，30，1： | 4 |
| 15 | MRI of magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells in hepatic failure model显示文摘AIM:To track intravascularly transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an experimental rabbit model of hepatic failure.METHODS:Human MSCs labeled with FDA-approved SPIO particles (Feridex) were transplanted via the mes-enteric vein into rabbits (n=16) with carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure.Magnetic resonance (MR) examinations were performed with a 3.0 T clinical scanner immediately before and 2 h and 1,3,and 7 d after transplantation.Signal intensity (SI) changes on T2weighted MRI were measured,and correlation between MR findings and histomorphologic findings was also investigated.RESULTS:SI on T2-weighted MRI decreased significantly in the liver 2 h after injection of human MSCs and returned gradually to the levels found before injection in 7 d.Changes in SI in the liver at 2 h,1,3,and 7 d were 41.87% ± 9.63%,10.42% ± 4.3%,5.12% ± 1.9%,3.75% ± 1.2%,respectively (P < 0.001).Histologic analyses confirmed the presence of MSCs in the liver,localized mainly in the sinusoids in early period (2 h and 1 d) and concentrated to the border zone in late period (3 and 7 d).The number of iron-positive cells in the liver at 2 h and on 1,3 and 7 d after transplantation was 29.2 ± 4.8,10.1 ± 3.7,6.7 ± 2.2,and 5.8 ± 2.1,respectively (P=0.013).CONCLUSION:Intravascularly injected SPIO-labeled MSCs in an experimental rabbit model of hepatic failure can be detected and followed with MRI. | Kyu Ri Son Se Young Chung Hyo-Cheol Kim Hoe Suk Kim Seung Hong Choi Jeong Min Lee Woo Kyung Moon | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，44： | 4 |
| 16 | 使用LabVIEW和DAQ监测太阳能、水能以及风能混合发电系统显示文摘马来西亚的气候日照充足、年降雨量充沛,且季风时节的风力很大,因此能够综合利用太阳能、水能以及风能等可再生能源进行发电。 | Lim Bee Nee Loo Hoe Fieh Rodney Tan | 2012 | 电子测量技术2012，35，4： | 3 |
| 17 | 铜引线键合中影响焊球硬度因素的研究(英文)显示文摘铜丝球焊由于其经济优势和优越的电气性能近来得到了普及,然而,在引线键合工艺中用铜丝取代金丝面临着一些技术上的挑战。多年来,IC芯片焊盘结构已经逐步适应了金丝球焊。铜在本质上比金硬度高,因此以铜线取代金线便引出了有关硬度的问题。研究了用25.4μm铜丝球焊中与键合机参数有关的铜焊球硬度特性。采用电子打火系统不同的电流和打火时间设置,用5%氢气和95%氮气组成的惰性保护气体形成了一个典型的25.4μm大小的铜焊球,研究了维氏硬度的焊球。用实验设计建立了第一和第二键合参数,进行了无空气焊球基本数据调整。通过改变电子打火系统参数,对硬度特性进行了进一步的测试。典型的键合球的大小和厚度的第一键合响应证实铜键合球的生产实力与电子打火系统的电流和打火时间有关。 | Hong Meng Ho Yee Chen Tan Heng Mui Goh Wee Chong Tan Boon Hoe Toh Jonathan Tan Zhao Wei Zhong | 2009 | 电子工业专用设备2009，，11： | 3 |
| 18 | Bile acid increases expression of the histamine-producing enzyme,histidine decarboxylase,in gastric cells显示文摘AIM:To investigate the effect of bile acid on the expression of histidine decarboxylase(HDC),which is a major enzyme involved in histamine production,and gene expression of gastric transcription factors upon cooperative activation.METHODS:HDC expression was examined by immunohistochemistry,reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction,and promoter assay in human gastric precancerous tissues,normal stomach tissue,and gastric cancer cell lines.The relationship between gastric precancerous state and HDC expression induced by bile acid was determined.The association between the expression of HDC and various specific transcription factors in gastric cells was also evaluated.MKN45 and AGS human gastric carcinoma cell lines were transfected with farnesoid X receptor(FXR),small heterodimer partner(SHP),and caudal-type homeodomain transcription factor(CDX)1 expression plasmids.The effects of various transcription factors on HDC expression were monitored by luciferase-reporter promoter assay.RESULTS:Histamine production and secretion in the stomach play critical roles in gastric acid secretion and in the pathogenesis of gastric diseases.Here,we show that bile acid increased the expression of HDC,which is a rate-limiting enzyme of the histamine production pathway.FXR was found to be a primary regulatory transcription factor for bile acid-induced HDC expression.In addition,the transcription factors CDX1 and SHP synergistically enhanced bile acid-induced elevation of HDC gene expression.We confirmed similar expression patterns for HDC,CDX1,and SHP in patient tissues.CONCLUSION:HDC production in the stomach is associated with bile acid exposure and its related transcriptional regulation network of FXR,SHP,and CDX1. | Hye Jin Ku Hye Young Kim Hyeong Hoe Kim Hee Ju Park Jae Hun Cheong | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，1： | 3 |
| 19 | First experience with 320-row multidetector CT coronary angiography scanning with prospective electrocardiogram gating to reduce radiation dose显示文摘 | John Hoe K.H. Toh | 2009 | Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography2009，，4： | 3 |
| 20 | Anatomy of Mdm2 and Mdm4 in evolution显示文摘老鼠双分钟(Mdm ) 基因从古老的真核细胞的 placozoa Trichoplax adhaerens 跨越进化 timeframe,全部暗示一个重要、可能保存的细胞的角色人现代人的历史。到 DNA 损坏的 DNA 正直和反应的维护包含许多关键规章的小径,包括对瘤 suppressor 蛋白质 p53 的精确控制。在大多数脊椎动物,通过指向的 proteasomal 的 p53 的降级被 Mdm2 和 Mdm2 相关的蛋白质 Mdm4 的 heterodimers 首先调停(也作为 MdmX 知道) 。Mdm2 和 Mdm4 让 p53 有约束力的区域,酸的领域,锌手指,和 C 终端包围在整个进化被保存的领域。当无脊椎的种类的定序的染色体的分析识别了单个 Mdm 基因时,脊椎动物典型地有 Mdm2 和 Mdm4 基因,建议一个复制事件百万年以前发生在关于 550-440 的无颚的脊椎动物的出现以前。在在 T 的 Mdm 和 p53 之间的功能的关系。adhaerens,存在 10 亿年了的一个有机体,暗示这二蛋白质一起演变维持保存并且调整的功能。 | Ban Xiong Tan Hoe Peng Liew Joy S. Chua Farid J. Ghadessy Yaw Sing Tan David P. Lane Cynthia R. Coffill | 2017 | Journal of Molecular Cell Biology2017，9，1： | 3 |
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