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| 1 | 'Micro-deletions' of the human Y chromosome and their relationship with male infertility显示文摘The Y chromosome evolves from an autochromosome and accumulates male-related genes including sex-determining region of Y-chromosome (SRY) and several spermatogenesis-related genes. The human Y chromosome (60 Mb long) is largely composed of repeti-tive sequences that give it a heterochromatic appearance, and it consists of pseudoautosomal, euchromatic, and heterochromatic regions. Located on the two extremities of the Y chromosome, pseudoautosomal regions 1 and 2 (PAR1 and PAR2, 2.6 Mb and 320 bp long, re-spectively) are homologs with the termini of the X chromosome. The euchromatic region and some of the repeat-rich heterochromatic parts of the Y chromosome are called 'male-specific Y' (MSY), which occupy more than 95% of the whole Y chromosome. After evolu-tion, the Y chromosome becomes the smallest in size with the least number of genes but with the most number of copies of genes that are mostly spermatogenesis-related. The Y chromosome is characterized by highly repetitive sequences (including direct repeats, inverted repeats, and palindromes) and high polymorphism. Several gene rearrangements on the Y chromosome occur during evolution owing to its specific gene structure. The consequences of such rearrangements are not only loss but also gain of specific genes. One hundred and fifty three haplotypes have been discovered in the human Y chromosome. The structure of the Y chromosome in the GenBank belongs to haplotype R1. There are 220 genes (104 coding genes, 111 pseudogenes, and 5 other uncategorized genes) according to the most recent count. The 104 coding genes encode a total of about 48 proteins/protein families (including putative proteins/protein families). Among them, 16 gene products have been discovered in the azoospermia factor region (AZF) and are related to spermatogenesis. It has been dis-covered that one subset of gene rearrangements on the Y chromosome, 'micro-deletions', is a major cause of male infertility in some populations. However, controversies exist about different Y chromosome haplotypes. Six AZFs of the Y chromosome have been discov-ered including AZFa, AZFb, AZFc, and their combinations AZFbc, AZFabc, and partial AZFc called AZFc/gr/gr. Different deletions in AZF lead to different content spermatogenesis loss from teratozoospermia to infertility in different populations depending on their Y hap-lotypes. This article describes the structure of the human Y chromosome and investigates the causes of micro-deletions and their relation-ship with male infertility from the view of chromosome evolution. After analysis of the relationship between AZFc and male infertility, we concluded that spermatogenesis is controlled by a network of genes, which may locate on the Y chromosome, the autochromosomes, or even on the X chromosome. Further investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying male fertility/infertility will facilitate our knowledge of functional genomics. | Zheng Li Christopher J Haines Yibing Han | 2008 | Journal of Genetics and Genomics2008，35，4： | 25 |
| 2 | A theoretical and diagnostic study of somitary waves and atmopheric blocking显示文摘 | Butchart N Hains K Marshall J C | 1989 | J Atmos Sci1989，46，1314： | 2 |
| 3 | Transvaginal sonography and theconservative management of spontaneous abortion 显示文摘 | Haines C J Chung T Leung DY | 1994 | Gyneeol Obstet Invest1994，37，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Flux-corrected transport II:Generalization of the method显示文摘 | Book D L Boris J P Hain K | 1975 | J Comput Phys1975，18，： | 1 |
| 5 | Velocity field in deforming Asia from inversion of earthquake-released strains 显示文摘 | Holt W E Haines A J | 1993 | Tectonics1993，12，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Heat shock of wheat during grain filling:proteins associationed with heattolerance显示文摘 | Skylas D J Cordwell S J Hains P G | 2002 | Journal of Cereal Science2002，35，： | 1 |
| 7 | Association of postoperative pulmonary complications with delayed mobilization following major abdominal surgery: an observational cohort study Physiotherapy显示文摘 | HAINES K J SKINNER E H BERNEY S | 2013 | The Austin Health POST Study Investigators2013，99，2： | 1 |
| 8 | ApoE-4 and age at onset of A lzheimer's disease:the NIMH genetics initiative 显示文摘 | Blacker D Haines J L Rodes L | 1997 | Neurology1997，48，1： | 1 |
| 9 | Disease resistance results from foreign phytoulexin expression in a novel plant显示文摘 | Reif H J Krause E | 1993 | Nature1993，361，6408： | 1 |
| 10 | Extracorporeal Life Support Registry Report 2008: neonatal and pediatric cardiac cases 显示文摘 | HAINES N M RYCUS P T ZWISCHENBERGER J B | 2009 | ASAIO J2009，55，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Did railroads in- duce or follow economic growth? Urbanization and Pop- ulation Growth in the American Midwest, 1850 - 1860 显示文摘 | Atack J Bateman F and Haines M | 2010 | Social Science History2010，34，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Attitudes toward euthanasia and physician-assisted sulcide: a study of the multivariate effects of healthcare training, patient characteristics, religion and locus of control 显示文摘 | Hains C A Hulbert-Williams N J | 2013 | J MedEthics2013，39，71： | 1 |
| 13 | Coping and problem solving of self-mutilators显示文摘 | Williams C L | 1997 | J Clin Psychol1997，53，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Chronic active hepatitis in mice caused by Helicobacter hepaticus 显示文摘 | Ward J M Anver M R Haines D C | 1994 | Am J Pathol1994，145，4： | 1 |
| 15 | Synthesis and design of superhard materials 显示文摘 | Haines J Leger J M Bocquillon G | 2001 | Annu Rev Mater Res2001，31，： | 1 |
| 16 | Zincophilic root foraging in Thlaspi caerulescens 显示文摘 | Haines B J | 2002 | New Phytologist2002，155，： | 1 |
| 17 | An integrated regionalization of earthquake,flood,and drought hazards in China显示文摘 | WANG J F WISE S HAINING R | 1997 | Transaction in GIS1997，2，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Association of porcine circovirus 2 with reproductive failure in pigs: a retrospective study,1995 - 1998 显示文摘 | Bogdan J West K Clark E Konoby C Haines D Allan G McNeilly F Meehan B Krakowka S Ellis JA | 2001 | Can Vet J2001，42，7： | 1 |
| 19 | Deep mtDNA divergences indicate cryptic species in a fig-pollinating wasp 显示文摘 | Haine E R Maxtin J Cook J M | 2006 | BMC Evol Biol2006，6，： | 1 |
| 20 | An Integrated Global Model of Present-day Plate Motions and Plate Boundary Deformation显示文摘 | Kreemer C Holt W E Haines A J | 2003 | Geophysical Journal International2003，154，： | 1 |
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