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| 1 | State-of-the-Art management of knee osteoarthritis显示文摘Osteoarthritis(OA) is the most common type of arthritis found in the United States' population and is also the most common disease of joints in adults throughout the world with the knee being the most frequently affected of all joints. As the United States' population ages along with the increasing trends in obesity prevalence in other parts of the world, it is expected that the burden of OA on the population, healthcare system, and overall economy will continue to increase in the future without making major improvements in managing knee OA. Numerous therapies aim to reduce symptoms of knee OA and continued research has helped to further understand the complex pathophysiology of its disease mechanism attempting to uncover new potential targets for the treatment of OA. This review article seeks to evaluate the current practices for managing knee OA and discusses emerging therapies on the horizon. These practices include non-pharmacological treatments such as providing patient education and self-management strategies, advising weight loss, strengthening programs, and addressing biomechanical issues with bracing or foot orthoses. Oral analgesics and anti-inflammatories are pharmacologicals that are commonly used and the literature overall supports that some of these medications can be helpful for managing knee OA in the short-term but are less effective for long-term management. Additionally, more prolonged use significantly increases the risk of serious associated side effects that are not too uncommon. Diseasemodifying osteoarthritis drugs are being researched as a treatment modality to potentially halt or slow disease progression but data at this time is limited and continued studies are being conducted to further investigate their effectiveness. Intra-articular injectables are also implemented to manage knee OA ranging from corticosteroids to hyaluronans to more recently plateletrich plasma and even stem cells while several other injection therapies are presently being studied. The goal of developing new treatment strategies for knee OA is to prolong the need for total knee arthroplasty which should be utilized only if other strategies have failed. High tibial osteotomy and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty are potential alternatives if only a single compartment is involved with more data supporting unicompartmental knee arthroplasty as a good treatment option in this scenario. Arthroscopy has been commonly used for many years to treat knee OA to address degenerative articular cartilage and menisci, however, several high-quality studies have shown that it is not a very effective treatment for the majority of cases and should generally not be considered when managing knee OA. Improving the management of knee OA requires a multi-faceted treatment approach along with continuing to broaden our understanding of this complex disease so that therapeutic advancements can continue to be developed with the goal of preventing further disease progression and even potentially reversing the degenerative process. | Kenton H Fibel Howard J Hillstrom Brian C Halpern | 2015 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2015，3，2： | 19 |
| 2 | Current and future applications of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the brain in hepatic encepha-lopathy显示文摘肝的脑病(他) 普通 neuro 精神病学的畸形,它从肝细胞失败或 portosystemic 与肝疾病和结果复杂化病人的功课正在推延。表明他是广泛地可变的并且从温和无临床症状的骚乱包含一个系列到深昏迷。研究兴趣集中于传播导出勇气的毒素的角色,特别地氨,胀大的大脑的开发和在导致全球 CNS 消沉和混乱功能的服的 neurotransmitter 系统的变化。直到最近,服的功能的直接调查有在人是困难的。然而,当磁性的回声光谱学( 1H 太太)检测的质子在大脑生物化学变化时,新磁性的回声成像( MRI )技术在大脑体积( coregistered MRI )和损害大脑功能( fMRI )提供对变化的评价的一个非侵略的工具,包括服的 osmolytes 的直接测量,例如 myoinositol ,充斥管理对细胞的动态平衡内在的过程的使挫折和夫酸安,包括细胞内部的水的累积。这些细胞内部的 osmolytes 的集中与 hyperammonaemia 改变。有 neuropsychiatric 缺陷并且自从先生系列的严厉的检测太太的代谢物畸形相互关联向正常术后疗法回来,技术可能具有在客观耐心的监视并且在估计各种各样的治疗政体的有效性的使用。 | VP Bob Graver M Alex Dresner Daniel M Forton Serena Counsell David J Larkman Nayna Patel Howard C Thomas Simon D Taylor-Robinson | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，19： | 8 |
| 3 | Listeria monocytogenes following orthotopic liver transplantation:Central nervous system involvement and review of the literature显示文摘Listeria monocytogene is a well-recognized cause of bacteremia in immunocompromised individuals,including solid organ transplant recipients,but has been rarely reported following orthotopic liver transplantation. We describe a case of listeria meningitis that occurred within a week after liver transplantation. The patient developed a severe headache that mimicked tacrolimus encephalopathy,and was subsequently diagnosed with listeria meningitis by cerebrospinal fluid culture. The infection was successfully treated with three-week course of intravenous ampicillin. Recurrent hepatitis C followed and was successfully treated with interferon alfa and ribavirin. Fourteen cases of listeriosis after orthotopic liver transplantation have been reported in the English literature. Most reported cases were successfully treated with intravenous ampicillin. There were four cases of listeria meningitis,and the mortality of them was 50%. Early detection and treatment of listeria meningitis are the key to obtaining a better prognosis. | Shugo Mizuno Ivan R Zendejas Alan I Reed Robin D Kim Richard J Howard Alan W Hemming Denise C Schain Consuelo Soldevila-Pico Roberto J Firpi Shiro Fujita | 2007 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2007，13，32： | 2 |
| 4 | Role of microbubble ultrasound contrast agents in the non-invasive assessment of chronic hepatitis C-related liver disease显示文摘长期地感染丙肝病毒的病人经常得长期的肝疾病,对肝损伤的严厉的评价在认为病毒的根除是治疗以前被要求。这篇文章检验从标准答案肝活体检视当前可得到的各种各样的评价方法到血清学的标记和成像。超声是在临床的实践的最广泛地使用的成像形式之一并且已经是为肝疾病的一个首要的诊断工具。Microbubble 超声对比代理人允许更高的分辨率要获得的图象和对要执行的微脉管的变化的功能的评价。在确定的这些代理人的角色肝的损害的状态作为与丙肝在病人决定肝疾病的阶段和等级的一个可行方法被讨论。尽管当前限制了到专家中心,提高对比的超声将不可避免地在临床的背景增加的微水泡的可获得性。 | Scott Grier Adrian KP Lim Nayna Patel Jeremy FL Cobbold Howard C Thomas Isobel J Cox Simon D Taylor-Robinson | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，22： | 2 |
| 5 | Abundant and diverse bacteria involved in DMSP degradation in marine surface waters显示文摘 | HOWARD E C SUN S BIERS E J | 2008 | En- vironmental Microbiology2008，10，9： | 1 |
| 6 | Comparison of thermodilution measured extravascular lung water with chest radiographic assessment of pulmonary oedema in patients with acute lung injury显示文摘 | Brown L M Calfee C S Howard J P | 2013 | Ann Intensive Care2013，3，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Direct observation of behaviour of Au nanoclusters on TiO2(110) at elevated temperatures显示文摘 | MITCHELL C E J HOWARD A CARGEN M EGDLL R G | 2001 | Surface Science2001，490，： | 1 |
| 8 | Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, Part IV : Risk assessment of nanopartlcles显示文摘 | TSUJI J S MAYNARD A D HOWARD C P | 2006 | Toxicological Sciences2006，89，1： | 1 |
| 9 | Effect of cryoprotective diluent and method of freeze - thawing on survival and acrosomal of ram spermatozoa显示文摘 | Pontbriand D J G Howard M C Schiewe | 1989 | Cryobiology1989，26，： | 1 |
| 10 | Does social media im- prove communication?Evaluating the NIOSH science blog显示文摘 | V Sublet C Spring J Howard National Institute of Oc- cupational Safety and Health | 2011 | Am J Ind Med2011，54，5： | 1 |
| 11 | 显示文摘 | Wierman K W Platt C L Howard J K | 2004 | J Magn Magn Mater2004，278，： | 1 |
| 12 | A risk-return measure of hedging effectiveness显示文摘 | d' AntonioL J | 1984 | Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis1984，，19： | 1 |
| 13 | Double-blind,randomized,controlled trial of atosiban and rito drine in the treatment of pretterm labor: a multicenter effectiveness and safety study显示文摘 | Moutquin J M herman D S Howard C | | Am J Obstet Gynecol0，182，5： | 1 |
| 14 | A Risk-return measure of hedging effectiveness显示文摘 | Howard C T Antonio L J D | 1984 | Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis1984，19，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Bright band identification based on vertical profiles of reflectivity from the WSR -88D显示文摘 | Zhang J Langston C Howard K | 2008 | Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology2008，25，10： | 1 |
| 16 | Growth characteristics of the human nasal septum 显示文摘 | Van Loosen J Van Zanten G A Howard C V | 1996 | Rhinology1996，34，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Two monoclonal an tibodies(cc17,cc29)recognizing an antigen(Bo5)on bovine T lymphocytes,analogous to human CD5显示文摘 | Howard C J,Parsons K P,Jones B V | 1988 | Vet Immunol1988，13，： | 1 |
| 18 | Greenhouse gas foottprinting for small business-The use of input-output data 显示文摘 | Berners-Lee M Howard D C Moss J | 2011 | Science of the Total Environment2011，409，5： | 1 |
| 19 | The Arabidopsis ribonuclease gene RNS1 is tightly controlled in response to phosphate limitation显示文摘 | BARIOLA P A HOWARD C J TAYLOR C B | 1994 | The Plant Journal1994，6，5： | 1 |
| 20 | A risk-return measure of hedging effectiveness显示文摘 | Howard C T D' Antonio L J | 1984 | Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis1984，19，1： | 1 |
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