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| 1 | Distribution characteristics of seamount cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts and the determination of the size of areas for exploration and exploitation显示文摘In 2001,the International Seabed Authority (ISBA) initiated the consideration relating to the Regulations for Prospecting and Exploration for Hydrothermal Polymetallic Sulphides and Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts in the Area at its 7th session.Since then,the consideration of the Regulations has been mainly focused on the size of areas to be allocated for exploration and exploitation of the crusts.This paper,based on the investigation data and the analysis of the distribution characteristics of the crusts,suggests a model for determining the size of areas for exploration and exploitation of the crusts,taking into account various factors such as production scale,crust thickness and grade,mineable area proportion,recovery efficiency,exploration venture,and so on.Through the modeling, the paper suggests that the exploration area (the area covered by each application for approval of a plan of work for exploration of cobalt-rich crusts) shall be 4 856 km 2 and the exploitation area (the mine site area) shall be 1 214 km 2,for 20 years of 1 million wet tonnes annual production. | HE Gaowen MA Weilin SONG Chengbing YANG Shengxiong ZHU Benduo YAO Huiqiang JIANG Xunxiong CHENG Yongshou | 2011 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2011，30，3： | 9 |
| 2 | Noble Gas Isotopic Compositions of Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts from the Western Pacific Ocean and Their Geological Implications显示文摘Noble gas isotopic compositions of various layers in three-layered (outer, porous and compact layers) cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts and their basaltic and phosphorite substrates from the western Pacific Ocean were analyzed by using a high vacuum gas mass spectrum. The analytical results show that the noble gases in the Co-rich crusts have derived mainly from the ambient seawater, extraterrestrial grains such as interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) and wind-borne continental dust grains, and locally formation water in the submarine sediments, but different noble gases have different sources. He in the crusts derives predominantly from the extraterrestrial grains, with a negligible amount of radiogenic He from the eolian dust grains. Ar is sourced mainly from the dissolved air in the seawater and insignificantly from radiogenic Ar in the eolian continental dust grains or the formation water. Xe and Ne derive mainly from the seawater, with minor amounts of extraterrestrial Xe and Ne in the IDPs. Compared with the porous and outer layers, the compact layer has a relatively high 4He content and lower 3He/4He ratios, suggesting that marine phosphatization might have greatly modified the noble gas isotopic compositions of the crusts. Besides, the 3He/4He values of the basaltic substrates of the cobalt-rich crusts are very low and their R/Ra ratios are mostly <0.1 Ra, which are similar to that of phosphorite substrates (0.087 Ra), but much lower than that of fresh submarine MORB (8.75±2.14 Ra) or seamount basalts (3-43 Ra), implying that the basaltic substrates have suffered strong water/rock interaction and reacted with radiogenic 4He and P-rich upwelling marine currents during phosphatization. The trace elements released in the basalt/seawater interaction might favor the growth of cobalt-rich crusts. The relatively low 3He/4He values in the seamount basalts may be used as an important exploration criterion for the cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. | SUN Xiaoming XUE Ting HE Gaowen YE Xianren ZHANG Mei LU Hongfeng WANG Shengwei | 2007 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2007，81，1： | 5 |
| 3 | Automated multi-scale classification of the terrain units of the Jiaxie Guyots and their mineral resource characteristics显示文摘Given the advances in satellite altimetry and multibeam bathymetry,benthic terrain classification based on digital bathymetric models(DBMs)has been widely used for the mapping of benthic topographies.For instance,cobaltrich crusts(CRCs)are important mineral resources found on seamounts and guyots in the western Pacific Ocean.Thick,plate-like CRCs are known to form on the summit and slopes of seamounts at the 1000–3000 m depth,while the relationship between seamount topography and spatial distribution of CRCs remains unclear.The benthic terrain classification of seamounts can solve this problem,thereby,facilitating the rapid exploration of seamount CRCs.Our study used an EM122 multibeam echosounder to retrieve high-resolution bathymetry data in the CRCs contract license area of China,i.e.,the Jiaxie Guyots in 2015 and 2016.Based on the DBM construted by bathymetirc data,broad-and fine-scale bathymetric position indices were utilized for quantitative classification of the terrain units of the Jiaxie Guyots on multiple scales.The classification revealed four first-order terrain units(e.g.,flat,crest,slope,and depression)and eleven second-order terrain units(e.g.,local crests,depressions on crests,gentle slopes,crests on slopes,and local depressions,etc.).Furthermore,the classification of the terrain and geological analysis indicated that the Weijia Guyot has a large flat summit,with local crests at the southern summit,whereas most of the guyot flanks were covered by gentle slopes.“Radial”mountain ridges have developed on the eastern side,while large-scale gravitational landslides have developed on the western and southern flanks.Additionally,landslide masses can be observed at the bottom of these slopes.The coverage of local crests on the seamount is∼1000 km^(2),and the local crests on the peak and flanks of the guyots may be the areas where thick and continuous plate-like CRCs are likely to occur. | Yong Yang Gaowen He Yonggang Liu Jinfeng Ma Zhenquan Wei Binbin Guo | 2022 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2022，41，7： | 1 |
| 4 | Sr Isotopes and REEs Geochemistry of Anhydrites from L Vent Black Smoker Chimney, East Pacific Rise 9oN–10oN显示文摘High resolution sampling, for Sr isotope and REE analyses, was carried out along a transaction of L vent chimney collected from East Pacific Rise 9oN–10oN. Sr isotopes show these anhydrites are precipitated from a mixture between hydrothermal fluid and seawater. The calculated relative proportion of seawater and hydrothermal fluid shows that the mixing is heterogeneous on the transection of the L vent chimney. Anhydrites from the chimney show uniform chondrite-normalized REE pattern with enrichment of LREE and positive Eu anomaly. While normalized to the REE of end-member hydrothermal fluid, anhydrites also show uniform REE pattern but with negative Eu anomaly and enrichment of HREE. Combining previous studies on REEs of hydrothermal fluids from different hydrothermal systems and the hydrothermal fluid data from this region, we suggested that REE-anion complexing, rather than crystallography controlling, is the main factor that controls the REE partition behavior in the anhydrite during its precipitation from the mixture of hydrothermal fluid and seawater. | Huiqiang Yao Huaiyang Zhou Xiaotong Peng Gaowen He | 2015 | Journal of Earth Science2015，26，6： | 0 |
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