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| 1 | Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link?显示文摘AIM To determine the existence of a common pathological link between dementia and osteoporosis through reviewing the current evidence base. METHODS This paper reviews the current literature on osteoporosis and dementia in order to ascertain evidence of a common predisposing aetiology. A literature search of Ovid MEDLINE(1950 to June 2016) was conducted. The keywords 'osteoporosis', 'osteoporotic fracture', 'dementia' and 'Alzheimer's disease'(AD) were used to determine the theoretical links with the most significant evidence base behind them. The key links were found to be vitamins D and K, calcium, thyroid disease, statins, alcohol and sex steroids. These subjects were then searched in combination with the previous terms and the resulting papers manually examined. Theoretical, in vitro and in vivo research were all used to inform this review which focuses on the most well developed theoretical common causes for dementia(predominantly Alzheimer's type) and osteoporosis.RESULTS Dementia and osteoporosis are multifaceted disease processes with similar epidemiology and a marked increase in prevalence in elderly populations. The existence of a common link between the two has been suggested despite a lack of clear pathological overlap in our current understanding. Research to date has tended to be fragmented and relatively weak in nature with multiple confounding factors reflecting the difficulties of in vivo experimentation in the population of interest. Despite exploration of various possible mechanisms in search for a link between the two pathologies, this paper found that it is possible that these associations are coincidental due to the nature of the evidence available. One finding in this review is that prior investigation into common aetiologies has found raised amyloid beta peptide levels in osteoporotic bone tissue, with a hypothesis that amyloid beta disorders are systemic disorders resulting in differing tissue manifestations. However, our findings were that the most compelling evidence of a common yet independent aetiology lies in the APOE4 allele, which is a well-established risk for AD but also carries an independent association with fracture risk. The mechanism behind this is thought to be the reduced plasma vitamin K levels in individuals exhibiting the APOE4 allele which may be amplified by the nutritional deficiencies associated with dementia, which are known to include vitamins K and D. The vitamin theory postulates that malnutrition and reduced exposure to sunlight in patients with AD leads to vitamin deficiencies. CONCLUSION Robust evidence remains to be produced regarding potential links and regarding the exact aetiology of these diseases and remains relevant given the burden of dementia and osteoporosis in our ageing population. Future research into amyloid beta, APOE4 and vitamins K and D as the most promising aetiological links should be welcomed. | Candice L Downey Adam Young Emily F Burton Simon M Graham Robert J Macfarlane Eva-Maria Tsapakis Eleftherios Tsiridis | 2017 | World Journal of Orthopedics2017，8，5： | 6 |
| 2 | Ritodrine in the treatment of prettier labour: a study of 213 patients显示文摘 | Downey L J Martin A J | 1983 | Br J Obstet Gynecol1983，90，： | 1 |
| 3 | Simulta- neous data pre-processing and SVM classification model selection based on a parallel genetic algorithm applied to spectroscopic data of olive oils 显示文摘 | DEVOS O DOWNEY G DUPONCHEL L | 2014 | Food Chemistry2014，148，： | 1 |
| 4 | Recent technological advances for the determination of food authenticity显示文摘 | REID L M ('DONNELL C P DOWNEY G | 2006 | Trends in Food Science & Technology2006，17，7： | 1 |
| 5 | Beyond Commercialization: Science, Higher Education and the Culture of Neoliberalism显示文摘 | Kleinman D L Feinstein N W Downey G | 2013 | Science & Education2013，22，10： | 1 |
| 6 | Osteopontin-dependent CD44v6 expression and cell adhesion in HepG2 cells显示文摘 | GAO CJ GUO H T DOWNEY L | 2003 | Carcinogenesis2003，124，12： | 1 |
| 7 | Ultrastructural changes in bovine oocytes cryopreserved by vitrification 显示文摘 | Fuku E Xia L Downey B R | 1995 | Cry obiology1995，32，： | 1 |
| 8 | High-performance neuroprosthetic control by an individual with tetraplegia显示文摘 | Collinger J L Wodlinger B Downey J E | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 9 | Osteopontin-dependent CD44v6 expression and cell adhesion in HepG2 cells显示文摘 | Gao C Guo H Downey L | 2003 | Carcinogenesis2003，4，12： | 1 |
| 10 | Oblique needle segmen- tation and tracking for 3D TRUS guided prostate brachytherapy 显示文摘 | Wei Z Gardi L Downey D Fenster A | 2005 | Med Phys2005，32，9： | 1 |
| 11 | Recent technological advances for the determination of food authenticity 显示文摘 | Reid M L O'Dommellb P C Downey G | 2006 | Trends in Food Science & Technology2006，17，： | 1 |
| 12 | Osteopontin-dependent CD44v6 ex-pression and cell adhesion in HepG2 cells显示文摘 | Gao C Guo H Downey L | 2003 | Carcinogenesis2003，24，12： | 1 |
| 13 | Neutrophil activation and acute lunginjury 显示文摘 | Lee W L Downey G P | 2001 | Curr Opin Crit Care2001，7，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Simple laser-driven,metai-photocathode electron source显示文摘 | Downey S W Builta L A Moir D C | 1986 | Appl Phys Left1986，49，15： | 1 |
| 15 | Screening for coronary ar-tery disease in patients with diabetes:a Bayesian strategy of clinicalrisk evaluation and exercise echocardiography显示文摘 | Rakhit DJ Downey M Jeffries L | 2005 | Am Heart J2005，150，5： | 1 |
| 16 | Transepithelial migration of neutrophils : mechanismsand implications for acute lung injury 显示文摘 | ZEMANS R L COLGAN S P DOWNEY G P | 2009 | Am JRespir Cell Mol Biol2009，40，5： | 1 |
| 17 | Osteopontin-dependent CD44v6 expression and cell adhesion in HepG2 cells 显示文摘 | Gao C Guo H Downey L | 2003 | Carcinogenesis2003，24，12： | 1 |
| 18 | Contemporary technique of intraoperative 3-dimensional ullxa- sonography guided transperineal prostate cryotherapy 显示文摘 | halasani V Gardi L Marfinez C H Downey D B | 2009 | Canadian Urological Association Journal2009，3，2： | 1 |
| 19 | Osteopontin-dependent CD44v6 expression and cell adhesion in HepG2 cells显示文摘 | Gao C Guo H Downey L | | 0，，12： | 1 |
| 20 | 查看详情显示文摘 | Reid L M O'Donnell C P Downey G | | 0，，： | 1 |
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