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| 1 | Numerical Simulation on Climate Effects of Freezing-Thawing Processes Using CCM3显示文摘A parameterization of soil freezing-thawing physics for use in the land-surface model of the National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCAR) Community Climate Model(CCM3) is developed and evaluated.The new parameterization scheme has improved the representation of physical processes in the existing land surface model.Numerical simulations using CCM3 with improved land-surface processes and with the original land-surface processes are compared against the NCEP reanalysis.It is found that the CCM3 version using the improved land surface model shows significant improvements in simulating precipitation in China during the summer season,the general circulation over East Asia,and wind fields over the Tibet Plateau.For the summer season,the improved model was able to better simulate the Indian summer monsoon components,including the mean northerly wind in the upper troposphere and mean southerly wind in the lower troposphere. | Chenghai Wang1,2*,Guodong Cheng3,Aijun Deng4,Wenjie Dong5 1.State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering,Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research In-stitute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou Gansu 730000,China 2.State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences,Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Insti-tute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou Gansu 730000,China 3.State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering,Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research In-stitute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou Gansu 730000,China 4.Department of Meteorology,The Pennsylvania State University,University Park,PA 16802 5.State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Ecology Resource,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China Chenghai Wang1,2*,Guodong Cheng3,Aijun Deng4,Wenjie Dong5 1.State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering,Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research In-stitute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou Gansu 730000,China 2.State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences,Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Insti-tute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou Gansu 730000,China 3.State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering,Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research In-stitute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou Gansu 730000,China 4.Department of Meteorology,The Pennsylvania State University,University Park,PA 16802 5.State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Ecology Resource,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China | 2008 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2008，，1： | 44 |
| 2 | High resolution stalagmite δ^(18)O records over the past 1000 years from Dongge Cave in Guizhou显示文摘Based on MC-ICP-MS U-series dating and stable O-isotope analysis results, a 4―5 years resolution monsoon record over the past 1000 years has been estab- lished for two stalagmites from Dongge Cave, Guizhou. The high resolution oxygen isotope record serves as a proxy for variations in rainfall of Asian southwest monsoon over the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. A close relation of the δ 18O record with the ?14C record from tree rings largely reflects impact of centennial-scale solar activity on the monsoon climate changes. The conspicuous decrease in the δ 18O value at AD 1720 indicates an abrupt increase in monsoon rainfall, sug- gesting that an atmospheric-oceanic couple over the tropical Indian Ocean plays an important role in rapid increase of the Northern Hemisphere temperature over the last century. | HEYaoqi WANGYongjin KONGXinggong CHENGHai | 2005 | Chinese Science Bulletin2005，50，10： | 29 |
| 3 | Development of a Chinese land data assimilation system:its progress and prospects显示文摘陆地数据吸收的目的是为改进陆地表面状态的评价把多来源观察合成陆地表面模型的动力学。我们为中国的陆地领土开发了一个陆地数据吸收系统。在这个系统,普通陆地模型和简单生物圈,模型 2 被用来模仿陆地表面过程。当转移的观察操作员为预言建模进估计的亮度温度,融化并且结冰的土壤,雪,湖,和植被的放射的转移模型被使用。一个 Monte-Carlo 顺序的过滤器,整体 Kalman 过滤器,作为数据吸收方法被实现集成当模特儿并且观察。系统能够遥远地吸收被动微波察觉到的数据象特殊传感器微波成像器那样(SSM 我) , TRMM 微波成像器(TMI ) ,和先进微波扫描辐射计为曙光女神(AMSRE ) 提高了并且在土壤和雪的 situmeasurements 常规。与 0.25 度的一个空间决定和一个小时的时间的分辨率,为土壤潮湿,土壤温度,雪和冻结的土壤的空间与时间地一致的吸收数据集被生产了。这篇论文介绍在数据吸收算法,陆地表面水文学变量的陆地表面建模微波遥感,和大气的强迫的数据的准备上做的中国陆地数据吸收系统和进步的开发。为未来开发开发陆地数据吸收系统和观点的不同特征和挑战也被讨论。 | Li Xin Huang Chunlin Che Tao Jin Rui Wang Shugong Wang Jiemin Gao Feng Zhang Shuwen Qiu Chongjian Wang Chenghai | 2007 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2007，17，8： | 30 |
| 4 | Petrogenesis of Mesozoic High-Mg Diorites in Western Shandong: Evidence from Chronology and Petro-geochemistry显示文摘The high-Mg diorites, widely occurring in western Shandong, have important implications in the study of the relationship between the Mesozoic magmatism and the nature of the lithosphere and its thinning period in the eastern North China craton (NCC). The Tietonggou and Jinling intrusions are typically representatives. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating, major and trace element and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the Mesozoic intrusive rocks from western Shandong, eastern China, were analyzed. The weighted mean 206Pb/ 238U ages from LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating results for early norite-diorite, late pyroxene-diorite from the Tietonggou intrusion and biotite-diorite from the Jinling intrusion are (131.4±4.9) Ma(n=15), (134.5±2.3) Ma(n=13), and (132.8±4.2) Ma(n=12), respectively, implying that they were formed in the Early Cretaceous. The weighted mean 207Pb/ 206Pb ages for round zircons from late pyroxene-diorite in the Tietonggou intrusion is (2 513±54) Ma(n=8), suggesting that the basement of the North China craton should exist in the research area. The high-Mg diorites are characterized by enrichment in MgO, Na2O, and light rare earth elements (LREE), and they are poor in heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and high field strength elements (HFSE), being similar to adakite. The existence of the mantle peridotite xenoliths with a high-Mg feature for these intrusive rocks implies that their primary magma should be derived from the upper mantle. However, Sr-Nd isotopic compositions (I sr: 0.704 75-0.707 15; ε Nd(130 Ma) values: -3.95 to -13.30), depletion in HFSE, and the occurrence of Archean inherited zircons suggest that crustal materials could be involved in the derivation of the primary magma. The compositional difference between the diorites from the Tietonggou and Jinling intrusions could be attributed to those of magma sources and degrees of partial melting. The Early Cretaceous high-Mg diorites are considered to have been formed by the mixed melting of the delaminated lithosphere (lithospheric mantle + crust) and asthenosphere, based on their geochemistry, the mantle-derived xenoliths, and the Early Mesozoic lithospheric evolutionary history of the eastern North China craton. | Yang Chenghai Xu Wenliang Yang Debin Liu Changchun Liu Xiaoming Hu Zhaochu | 2005 | Journal of China University of Geosciences2005，16，4： | 24 |
| 5 | Petrogenesis of Shangyu gabbro-diorites in western Shandong:Geochronological and geochemical evidence显示文摘Chronology and geochemistry of the Shangyu gabbro-diorite in western Shandong were studied to understand their petrogenesis and the nature of the Mesozoic lithospheric mantle. The Shangyu intru-sion is mainly composed of a suite of gabbro-diorite. Zircons from the intrusion display eu-hedral-subhedral in shape and have high Th/U ratios (1.23―2.87), implying their magmatic origin. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating results for two samples indicate that they were formed in the Early Cre-taceous, yielding weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of 129±1Ma and 134±2Ma, respectively. Except for early cumulate such as sample QT-19, their SiO2 and MgO contents range from 50.12% to 56.37% and from 3.52% to 6.37%, respectively. Moreover, the gabbro-diorites are characterized by high Mg# (0.54―0.63), enrichment in Na (Na2O/K2O ratios more than 1), Cr (73×10-6―217×10-6) and Ni (34×10-6―241×10-6), and intensive enrichments in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSEs). Their initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and ε Nd(t) values range from 0.70962 to 0.71081 and from-16.60 to-13.04, respectively. Taken together with the Early Creta-ceous high-Mg diorites and the mantle xenoliths from the Tietonggou and Jinling as well as basalts from the Fangcheng and Feixian, it is suggested that the primary magma for the Shangyu gab-bro-diorites should be derived from the enriched lithospheric mantle intensively modified by conti-nental crust. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions for the Early Cretaceous high-Mg diorites in western Shandong display a trend of spatial variations, i.e., initial 87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios de-creasing and ε Nd(t) values increasing from southeast to northwest in western Shandong, which is con-sistent with the tectonic model that the Yangtze Craton subducted beneath the North China Craton oriented in north-west direction in the Early Mesozoic. | YANG ChengHai XU WenLiang YANG DeBin WANG Wei WANG WeiDe LIU JinMin | 2008 | Science China Earth Sciences2008，51，4： | 24 |
| 6 | 湖北清江和尚洞石笋脂肪酸的古气候意义显示文摘利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪从湖北清江和尚洞石笋中检测出一些正构脂肪酸, 碳数分布范围主要为C14~C26, 主峰碳为C16, 次主峰为C22, 与上覆土壤中以高碳数分子为主的正构脂肪酸分布形式略有不同. 石笋中的脂肪酸除了土壤生态系统提供部分来源外, 洞穴滴水和洞穴内部的微生物也可能贡献了一部分低碳数分子. 不饱和与饱和脂肪酸的比值和氧同位素具有一定的对应关系, 而且高值对应于寒冷气候事件(北大西洋冰筏漂砾事件H1). 这与温度对微生物活动及其生理反应的影响有关. 脂肪酸指标记录的气候事件与前期报道的来源于土壤生态系统中的脂肪醇和脂肪酮记录的气候事件有一定差异, 可能是不同类脂物分子的地球化学行为差异和生态系统生物组成差异的体现. | 谢树成 黄俊华 王红梅 易轶 胡超涌 蔡延军 ChengHai | 2005 | 中国科学(D辑)2005，35，3： | 23 |
| 7 | Guidance for the clinical evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine-induced liver injury Issued by China Food and Drug Administration显示文摘1. Introduction Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), defined as liver injury caused by a drug and/or its metabolites, is a common clinical adverse drug reaction1–4. This type of injury can cause acute liver failure and even death in severe cases5. | Xiaohe Xiao Jianyuan Tang Yimin Mao Xiuhui Li Jiabo Wang Chenghai Liu Kewei Sun Yong’an Ye Zhengsheng Zou Cheng Peng Ling Yang Yuming Guo Zhaofang Bai Tingting He Jing Jing Fengyi Li Na An | 2019 | Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B2019，9，3： | 22 |
| 8 | 末次盛冰期连续3ka南京降水记录中ENSO周期显示文摘通过TIMS-U系测年和纹层计数年代学研究, 建立了18~14 kaBP南京汤山洞穴石笋纹层生长时间序列, 其中18179~14900 aBP时段年纹层生长速率提供了末次盛冰期东亚夏季风锋区年际降水变率信息. 经功率谱分析, 发现该时段存在显著的2~7年周期, 与现今季风降水记录中厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)周期相吻合, 进一步证实ENSO事件可以出现于盛冰期极端寒冷的气候边界条件. 石笋年生长速率的分段功率谱分析表明, ENSO周期的低频信号(4~7年)在18179~14900 aBP时段呈逐渐减弱的趋势, 支持ENSO事件的岁差旋回日辐射驱动模型. 然而, H1事件时ENSO周期信号的重现, 可能说明东亚冬季风的显著增强对El Ni?o事件具有激发作用. | 孔兴功 汪永进 吴江滢 ChengHai | 2003 | 科学通报2003，48，3： | 20 |
| 9 | Principal Component Analysis of Cooked Rice Texture Qualities显示文摘Texture qualities of cooked rice are comprised of many indexes with the complex relationship,so it is difficult to analyze and evaluate cooked rice.In this paper,the related indexes of texture properties were conversed into the independent indexes of principal component based on the principal component analysis method.The results showed that the rice kernel types influenced the meanings of principal components indexes.For long and short rice,the first principal component was comprehensive index.But the second principal component was springiness for the short rice,while it was adhesiveness for long rice.Therefore,the first principal component can be used to express the quality of cooked rice with a few of indexes,and the rice type can be recognized according to the second principal component. | LIU Chenghai ZHENG Xianzhe DING Ningye | 2008 | Journal of Northeast Agricultural University(English Edition)2008，15，1： | 16 |
| 10 | Comparison of sensible and latent heat fluxes during the transition season over the western Tibetan Plateau from reanalysis datasets显示文摘The sensible and latent heat fluxes during the transition season over the western Tibetan Plateau from the NCEP-1 (NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1), AR-Ⅱ (NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2) and ERA40 reanalysis datasets were compared and analyzed. The results show that the phase change in soil moisture has a significant effect on the sensible and latent heat fluxes over the western Tibetan Plateau (TP) due to the freezing-thawing processes during the transition from the dry to the wet period. The uncertainties in the sensible and latent heat fluxes over the western TP are quite high in the reanalysis data, and depend largely on the success of the soil moisture simulations in the models. Improving the hydrological process simulations in the land-surface models in seasonally frozen ground and in the active frozen soil layer may be an effective way of enhancing the reliability of the surface heat fluxes from the reanalysis data over the Tibetan Plateau. | Yang Cui, Chenghai Wang Disaster Reduction Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China | 2009 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2009，19，6： | 13 |
| 11 | Recent Progress in Studies of the Variabilities and Mechanisms of the East Asian Monsoon in a Changing Climate显示文摘Located in a monsoon domain,East Asia suffers devastating natural hazards induced by anomalous monsoon behaviors.East Asian monsoon(EAM)research has traditionally been a high priority for the Chinese climate community and is particularly challenging in a changing climate where the global mean temperature has been rising.Recent advances in studies of the variabilities and mechanisms of the EAM are reviewed in this paper,focusing on the interannual to interdecadal time scales.Some new results have been achieved in understanding the behaviors of the EAM,such as the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM),including both its onset and withdrawal over the South China Sea,the changes in the northern boundary activity of the EASM,or the transitional climate zone in East Asia,and the cycle of the EASM and the East Asian winter monsoon and their linkages.In addition,understanding of the mechanism of the EAM variability has improved in several aspects,including the impacts of different types of ENSO on the EAM,the impacts from the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean,and the roles of mid-to high-latitude processes.Finally,some scientific issues regarding our understanding of the EAM are proposed for future investigation. | Wen CHEN Lin WANG Juan FENG Zhiping WEN Tiaojiao MA Xiuqun YANG Chenghai WANG | 2019 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2019，36，9： | 13 |
| 12 | Effect of Process Parameters of Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) on Polysaccharides Yield from Pumpkin显示文摘Process parameters of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) of the polysaccharides from pumpkin viz. extraction temperature, time and liquid-solid ratio were studied by using single factor and response surface methodology method. The results showed that the liquid-solid ratio was the most important factor in polysaccharides yield, followed by extraction time, and the extraction temperature was the least important factor. The optimum microwave assisted extraction conditions for the highest polysaccharides yield from pumpkin (16.76%±0.38%) were obtained by using the response surface methodology with extraction time of 29 min, an extraction temperature of 79℃ and a liquid-solid ratio of 22 mL · g-1. Validation experiment result well agreed with predicted value. | ZHENG Xianzhe YIN Fangping LIU Chenghai XU Xiangwen | 2011 | Journal of Northeast Agricultural University(English Edition)2011，18，2： | 13 |
| 13 | Evidence for a recent warming and wetting in the source area of the Yellow River (SAYR) and its hydrological impacts显示文摘在分水岭规模的气候变化调查在在分水岭揭示历史的进化和流量变化的未来趋势起一个重要作用。这研究从 1961 ~ 2012 在黄河(SAYR ) 的来源区域上检验 multisource 水文学和气象学的变量并且在这个区域的未来气候情形在 20062100 期间基于 CMIP5 设计数据。它在 SAYR 认出最近的气候变化的重要特征并且在这个区域预言未来流动的变化趋势。(1 ) 自从 2000 年代初,在 SAYR 的气候经历了一个重要温暖湿的变化,这被发现,自从 1980 年代末,它与先前的温暖干燥的趋势很不同;(2 ) 在西北的 SAYR 的温暖湿的趋势(黄河(HAYR ) 的 headwater 区域,在整个 SAYR 是比那更明显的;(3 ) 与降水增加,自从 2006,在这个区域的流量也经历了一个增加的过程。在这个区域的流量变化对降水,宠物和最大的空气温度的变化敏感,然而并非对在吝啬、最小的空气温度的变化很敏感;(4 ) 基于 CMIP5 设计数据,如果认为三不同,在 SAYR 的温暖湿的气候趋势是可能的继续直到 2049 (即 RCP2.6, RCP4.5 和 RCP8.5 ) 在 SAYR 的温室气体排放情形,和降水不是不到在 2100 前的当前的水平;然而, SAYR 的最近的流动增加是可能的是十的变化,它将至多继续直到 2020 年代,这被估计;(5 ) 东方亚洲冬季季风的内部年度的变化被发现是仔细与在这个区域的年度降水的变化有关。同时,增加的降水以及是远的潜在的土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量(宠物) 的增加不到在最近的时期的降水的是为这个区域的流动增加的主要气候原因。 | TIAN Hui LAN Yongchao WEN Jun JIN Huijun WANG Chenghai WANG Xin KANG Yue | 2015 | Journal of Geographical Sciences2015，25，6： | 12 |
| 14 | Remote Sensing and Precision Agriculture Technologies for Crop Disease Detection and Management with a Practical Application Example显示文摘Remote sensing technology has long been used to detect and map crop diseases.Airborne and satellite imagery acquired during growing seasons can be used not only for early detection and within-season management of some crop diseases,but also for the control of recurring diseases in future seasons.With variable rate technology in precision agriculture,site-specific fungicide application can be made to infested areas if the disease is stable,although traditional uniform application is more appropriate for diseases that can spread rapidly across the field.This article provides a brief overview of remote sensing and precision agriculture technologies that have been used for crop disease detection and management.Specifically,the article illustrates how airborne and satellite imagery and variable rate technology have been used for detecting and mapping cotton root rot,a destructive soilborne fungal disease,in cotton fields and how site-specific fungicide application has been implemented using prescription maps derived from the imagery for effective control of the disease.The overview and methodologies presented in this article should provide researchers,extension personnel,growers,crop consultants,and farm equipment and chemical dealers with practical guidelines for remote sensing detection and effective management of some crop diseases. | Chenghai Yang | 2020 | Engineering2020，6，5： | 11 |
| 15 | Land-surface processes and summer-cloud-precipitation characteristics in the Tibetan Plateau and their effects on downstream weather:a review and perspective显示文摘Correct understanding of the land-surface processes and cloud-precipitation processes in the Tibetan Plateau(TP)is an important prerequisite for the study and forecast of the downstream activities of weather systems and one of the key points for understanding the global atmospheric movement.In order to show the achievements that have been made,this paper reviews the progress on the observations for the atmospheric boundary layer,land-surface heat fluxes,cloud-precipitation distributions and vertical structures by using ground-and space-based multiplatform,multisensor instruments and the effect of the cloud system in the TP on the downstream weather.The results show that the form drag related to the topography,land-atmosphere momentum and scalar fluxes is an important part of the parameterization process.The sensible heat flux decreased especially in the central and northern TP caused by the decrease in wind speeds and the differences in the ground-air temperatures.Observations show that the cloud and precipitation over the TP have a strong diurnal variation.Studies also show the compressed-air column in the troposphere by the higher-altitude terrain of the TP makes particles inside clouds vary at a shorter distance in the vertical direction than those in the non-plateau area so that precipitation intensity over the TP is usually small with short duration,and the vertical structure of the convective precipitation over the TP is obviously different from that in other regions.In addition,the influence of the TP on severe weather downstream is preliminarily understood from the mechanism.It is necessary to use model simulations and observation techniques to reveal the difference between cloud precipitation in the TP and non-plateau areas in order to understand the cloud microphysical parameters over the TP and the processes of the land boundary layer affecting cloud,precipitation and weather in the downstream regions. | Yunfei Fu Yaoming Ma Lei Zhong Yuanjian Yang Xueliang Guo Chenghai Wang Xiaofeng Xu Kun Yang Xiangde Xu Liping Liu Guangzhou Fan Yueqing Li Donghai Wang | 2020 | National Science Review2020，7，3： | 10 |
| 16 | Abrupt climate change: Debate or action显示文摘Global abrupt climate changes have been documented by various climate records, including ice cores, ocean sediment cores, lake sediment cores, cave deposits, loess deposits and pollen records. The climate system prefers to be in one of two stable states, i.e. interstadial or stadial conditions, but not in between. The transition between two states has an abrupt character. Abrupt climate changes are, in general, synchronous in the northern hemisphere and tropical regions. The timescale for abrupt climate changes can be as short as a decade. As the impacts may be poten-tially serious, we need to take actions such as reducing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. | CHENGHai | 2004 | Chinese Science Bulletin2004，49，18： | 8 |
| 17 | A continuous 3000-year precipitation record of ENSO variability during LGM from a stalagmite in Nanjing显示文摘A glacial stalagmite chronology from Nanjing has been established by the TIMS-U series dating and annual band counting methods. The annually layering sequence spanning the 3000-year period from 18179 to 14900 calendar years before the present (aBP) was analyzed for evidence of East Asian summer monsoon precipitation variability during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Power spectral analysis of the sequence shows a distinct interannual (2—7 years) band of enhanced variability suggestive of El Ni駉-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections into East China during the LGM when climatic boundary conditions were different from those of today. The lower frequency bands (4—7 years) variability becomes weaker from 18179 to 14900 aBP, sup-porting the precession forcing model. The reappearance of the ENSO band in the coldest climatic boundary conditions during the Heinrich Event 1, however, suggests the stimula-tion of the enhanced East Asia winter monsoon to the El Ni駉 events. | KONGXinggong WANGYongjin WUJiangying CHENGHai | 2003 | Chinese Science Bulletin2003，48，5： | 8 |
| 18 | Spatial distributions and interannual variations of snow cover over China in the last 40 years显示文摘By using the observational snow data of more than 700 weather stations,the interannual temporal and spatial characteristics of seasonal snow cover in China were analyzed.The results show that northern Xinjiang,northeastern China-Inner Mongolia,and the southwestern and southern portions of Tibetan Plateau are three regions in China with high seasonal snow cover and also an interannual anomaly of snow cover.According to the trend of both the snow depth and snow cover days,there are three changing patterns for the seasonal snow cover:The first type is that both snow depth and snow cover days simultaneously increase or decrease;this includes northern Xinjiang,middle and eastern Inner Mongolia,and so on.The second is that snow depth increases but snow cover days decrease;this type mainly locates in the eastern parts of the northeastern plain of China and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.The last type is that snow depth decreases but snow cover days increase at the same time such as that in middle parts of Tibetan Plateau.Snow cover in China appears to have been having a slow increasing trend during the last 40 years.On the decadal scale,snow depth and snow cover days slightly increased in the 1960s and then decreased in the 1970s;they again turn to increasing in the 1980s and persist into 1990s. | ChengHai Wang ZhiLan Wang Yang Cui | 2009 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2009，1，6： | 8 |
| 19 | Comparison of microwave assisted extraction with hot reflux extraction in acquirement and degradation of anthocyanin from powdered blueberry显示文摘Acquirement and degradation kinetics of anthocyanin from powdered blueberry were studied to analyze the degradation reason and improve the yield of anthocyanin under microwave assisted extraction(MAE)conditions.Hot reflux extraction(HRE)method was employed as a reference with MAE to discriminate the influences of the microwave irradiation under the same extraction temperature at 30℃-70℃.Ethanol was selected as extraction solvent.Microwave volumetric heating improves the diffusion and solubility of anthocyanin within powdered blueberry particles in the pre-heating period.The kinetic coefficients,in terms of delivery kinetic and diffusion kinetic,are lower in MAE than that in HRE.Four anthocyanins including delphinidin,cyanidin,malvidin and pelaronidin were detected in the anthocyanin extracts from blueberry.Delphinidin,cyaniding,and pelargonidin contents significantly decrease,but malvidin was unchanged in MAE.Anthocyanin yield increases with elevating extraction temperatures,but anthocyanin degradation occurred at 41.2℃.The acquirement amount of anthocyanin is lower than its degradation amount when microwave extraction temperature is higher than 53.6℃.The self-aggregation of anthocyanin molecules and degradation results in the reduction of anthocyanin yield extracted from blueberry powder.In MAE,microwave volumetric heating results in the rapidly elevated temperature in pre-heating stage and generation of internal pressure to improve the acquirement of anthocyanin and the non-thermal effect from microwave field may weak the effect of temperature to decline the degradation of anthocyanin to monomer.The non-thermal microwave irradiation has pronounced effects compared to the effects of temperature on the structure changes of anthocyanin molecules at extraction temperature below 50℃.In HRE,convection mode of heat transfer in extraction system form the non-uniform distribution of temperature in the extraction vials to decrease the acquirement yield of anthocyanin from the blueberry powder.The research results provide valuable data to optimize extraction temperature for high extraction yield and bioactivity of anthocyanin in microwave extraction process. | Sun Yu Xue Hongkun Liu Chenghai Liu Chai Su Xiaolin Zheng Xianzhe | 2016 | International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering2016，9，6： | 7 |
| 20 | Oscillation propagation features of the atmosphere around the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau during the spring season of typical strong and weak monsoon years显示文摘The interaction between the low-frequency atmospheric oscillation(Madden-Julian Oscillation,MJO) and the diabatic heating over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(QXP) from March to June is analyzed.The results show that there are respectively two and one wave trains around the QXP during the onset of the South China Sea monsoon in strong and weak monsoon years.The locations and strength of the wave train propagation differ between the strong and weak monsoon years.Because diabatic heating of the QXP prevents the low-frequency oscillation,the wave train of interaction between the diabatic heating and the zonal wind MJO propagates along the west and east of the QXP in the strong monsoon years.The distribution of the wave train interaction between the diabatic heating and the zonal wind MJO traverses the QXP and coincides with the location of the southern and northern upper-level jet streams,showing that they are remarkably correlated.An interesting and notable phenomenon is that the interaction between diabatic heating and the zonal wind MJO over the QXP suddenly disappears during the monsoon onset in weak monsoon years. | WANG ChengHai CUI Yang JIN ShuangLong | 2011 | Science China Earth Sciences2011，54，2： | 7 |
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