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| 1 | Endophytic mediation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant activity in plants:a review显示文摘Reactive oxygen species are in all types of organisms from microbes to higher plants and animals.They are by-products of normal metabolism,such as photosynthesis and respiration,and are responsive to abiotic and biotic stress.Accumulating evidence suggests reactive oxygen species play a vital role in programmed cell death,stress responses,plant defense against pathogens and systemic stress signaling in conjunction with antioxidant production.Here,we propose that reactive oxygen species and antioxidants,as both universal and evolutionarily conserved,are likely to play important role(s)in symbiotic interactions.To support this hypothesis we review the root and foliar fungal endophyte literature specific to fungal-plant symbiotum production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in response to stress.These asymptomatic fungi can produce antioxidants in response to both biotic and abiotic stress when grown in culture as well as in planta.In addition,there is a growing but nascent literature reporting a significant impact of endophyte colonization on the antioxidant activity of colonized(E+)hosts when compared to uncolonized(E-)hosts,especially when exposed to stress.Here we summarize general patterns emerging from the growing literature specific to antioxidant activity of endophytes in colonized hosts and bring up possible future research questions and approaches.The consequences of changes in reactive oxygen species production and increased antioxidant activity in the symbiotum appear to be beneficial in many instances;but costs are also indicated.Unexplored questions are:1)to what extent do antioxidants originating from the fungal endophyte mediate host metabolism,and thereby control host responses to endophyte colonization;(2)what role do fungal,plant,or symbiotum produced reactive oxygen species and antioxidants have in determining symbiotic outcome between extremes of pathogenicity and mutualism;and(3)what role if any,do the production of reactive oxygen species and their antioxidant counterparts play in the symbiotum’s ability to respond to changing selection pressures?If as the literature suggests,such endophyte imposed mediation can be utilized to foster increases in plant production in resource limited habitats then the utilization of fungal endophytes may prove useful in agronomic and conservation settings. | Cyd E.Hamilton P.E.Gundel M.Helander K.Saikkonen | 2012 | Fungal Diversity2012，，3： | 5 |
| 2 | A new currency for mutualism?Fungal endophytes alter antioxidant activity in hosts responding to drought显示文摘Fungal endophytes have significant effects on host performance including but not limited to changes in reproductive output,as well as,biotic and abiotic stress tolerance.The ultimate mechanisms for resistance to herbivory have been documented in a number of fungal-plant symbiota and involve the production of alkaloids by the fungus.Alkaloids have thus been defined as a currency responsible for increased host resistance to herbivory.We provide support for the hypothesis that another currency may be responsible for increased host tolerance to abiotic stress resulting from endophyte colonization;namely antioxidants.We report comparatively higher activity of antioxidants in endophyte colonized hosts resulting from abiotic stress and propose antioxidants are another currency via which mutualistic interactions between fungal endophytes and their hosts can occur.We recognize fungal endophyte interactions are diverse and complex and include antagonisms,commensalisms,and mutualisms. | Cyd E.Hamilton Taryn L.Bauerle | 2012 | Fungal Diversity2012，，3： | 3 |
| 3 | 互联网上的美眉文化 | CYD | 1999 | 程序员1999，，9： | 1 |
| 4 | The Epstein–Barr Virus BART microRNAs target the pro-apoptotic protein Bim显示文摘 | Aron R. Marquitz Anuja Mathur Cyd Stacy Nam Nancy Raab-Traub | 2011 | Virology2011，，2： | 1 |
| 5 | Targeted gene disrul~tion in somatic zebrafish cells using engineered TALENs 显示文摘 | Jeffry D Sander Lindsay Cade Cyd Khayter | 2011 | Nat Biotechnol2011，29，： | 1 |
| 6 | My Traveling Bed显示文摘 | Charyl K.Zehfus Cyd Moore(图) | 2022 | 小学生时代(大嘴英语)2022，，12： | 0 |
| 7 | Neotyphodium fungal endophyte in tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix): a comparison of three Northern European wild populations and the cultivar Kentucky-31显示文摘Pooideae grasses may be colonized by systemic fungal endophytes.The fitness of endophyte depends entirely on resources and seed transmission from the host plant,while colonized plants may gain increased survival,growth,and reproduction relative to their uncolonized conspecifics.Most research of endophyte-grass interactions have been carried out on few cultivars of tall fescue(Schedonorus phoenix)and their symbiont Neotyphodium coenophialum.Lack of studies using wild populations of tall fescue across the species natural distribution range,however,limits the understanding of the ecological and evolutionary role of the symbiosis in nature.We performed a common garden experiment in Southern Finland with three wild,tall fescue populations from northern Europe and the forage cultivar Kentucky-31(KY-31).For each population,we used naturally endophyte-colonized,naturally endophytecolonized but endophyte removed(decolonized),and naturally uncolonized plants to separate effects due to the host genotype from the endophyte.We evaluated growth variables and survival in four environmental treatments of varying water and nutrients.Supply of water and nutrients increased plant biomass and reproductive effort in all populations.This effect was higher for KY-31 plants which produced on average 55%more seeds than wild plants,indicating better adaptation to high resource environments.However,the higher incidence of Claviceps sp.and the low winter survival indicated KY-31 tall fescue is mal-adapted to Northern European conditions.Naturally colonized plants had greater plant biomass(≈12%),reproductive effort(≈22%)and seed mass(≈29%)than naturally uncolonized and decolonized plants.Nonetheless,endophyte colonization did not affect plant survival,and the effects of endophyte colonization on tiller number,panicle/tiller ratio and Claviceps sp.incidence depended on the population origin.In the wild populations,endophyte removal only reduced the number of tillers(≈29%lower),while the difference between naturally colonized and naturally uncolonized plants was not significant.Our results show that endophyte symbiont increases tall fescue performance in general,but the differences between wild populations and cultivars indicate adaptation to local habitats and agronomic management,respectively.The comparison of naturally endophyte-colonized and decolonized plants suggests certain plant genotype-endophyte combinations found within populations result from local selection pressures. | Pedro E.Gundel Marjo Helander Cecilia Casas Cyd E.Hamilton Stanley H.Faeth Kari Saikkonen | 2013 | Fungal Diversity2013，，3： | 0 |
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