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| 1 | Differing coping mechanisms, stress level and anorectal physiology in patients with functional constipation显示文摘AIM: To investigate coping mechanisms, constipation symptoms and anorectal physiology in 80 constipated subjects and 18 controls.METHODS: Constipation was diagnosed by Rome Ⅱ criteria.Coping ability and anxiety/depression were assessed by validated questionnaires. Transit time and balloon distension test were performed.RESULTS: 34.5% patients were classified as slow transit type of constipation. The total colonic transit time (56 h vs 10 h, P<0.0001) and rectal sensation including urge sensation (79 mL vs 63 mL, P = 0.019) and maximum tolerable volume (110 mL vs95 mL, P = 0.03) differed in patients and controls. Constipated subjects had significantly higher anxiety and depression scores and lower SF-36 scores in all categories. They also demonstrated higher scores of'monitoring' coping strategy (14+6 vs9+3, P = 0.001),which correlated with the rectal distension sensation (P = 0.005), urge sensation (P=0.002), and maximum tolerable volume (P = 0.035). The less use of blunting strategy predicted slow transit constipation in both univariate (P = 0.01) and multivariate analysis (P = 0.03).CONCLUSION: Defective or ineffective use of coping strategies may be an important etiology in functional constipation and subsequently reflected in abnormal anorectal physiology. | Annie OO Chan Cecilia Cheng Wai Mo Hui Wayne HC Hu Nina YH Wong KF Lam Wai Man Wong Kam Chuen Lai Shiu Kum Lam Benjamin CY Wong | 2005 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2005，11，34： | 92 |
| 2 | Beyond tumorigenesis: cancer stem cells in metastasis显示文摘在肿瘤开始的癌症干细胞(CSC ) 的重要性坚定地在白血病被建立了并且最近为许多稳固的肿瘤报导了。然而,特别地关于转移,在多级式的癌症前进的 CSC 的角色有不定义 beenwell。癌症转移要求在远机关播种和 specializedCSCs 的成功的殖民。正常干细胞和 CSC 的生物学分享显著类似并且当适用于癌症的学习时,可以有重要含意转移。而且,重叠分子和小径的集合最近被识别了调整干细胞移植和癌症转移。这些分子组成两个都为移植 CSC 由主要肿瘤和养育的机关微型环境的形成便于转移前壁龛的开始的细胞的相互作用的一个复杂网络。在这评论,我们在这个动态领域里调查了最近的进展并且建议 CSC 在 tumorigenesis 和转移在假定一个中央角色的癌症前进的一个统一模型。更好作为变形串联的一个基本部件理解 ofCSCs 将对变形癌症导致新奇治疗学的策略。 | Feng Li Benjamin Tiede Joan Massague Yibin Kang | 2007 | Cell Research2007，17，1： | 85 |
| 3 | 我国上市公司融资顺序的实证研究显示文摘本文在对Myers融资优序模型进行修正的基础上 ,采用大样本实证检验了我国沪深两市上市公司的融资情况。研究结果表明 :上市公司融资顺序首选股权融资 ,其次选择债务融资 ,最后选择内部融资 ;在债务融资顺序中 ,上市公司更加偏好短期负债融资而非长期负债融资。这些研究结果将为我国上市公司进行融资决策和政府有关部门制定融资监管政策提供有益的实证证据。 | 刘星 魏锋 詹宇 Benjamin Y.Tai | 2004 | 会计研究2004，，6： | 153 |
| 4 | 城市水环境健康风险评价显示文摘传统的水质化学监测等级评价体系能够客观反映水体的污染物水平,但无法直接反映水体污染物对人体健康的潜在危害。利用美国环境保护署(U.S.EPA)提出的水质健康风险评价模型,评价某市2001-2005年5个水质监测站周围水体中所含污染物对人体健康潜在危害的时空差异和源特征。结果表明,该市水体中所含污染物对人体健康潜在危害较大,72%的水质监测样本对人体健康潜在危害超过了国际辐射委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受限值5.0×10-5a-1;水体污染主要发生在2001年、2003年和2005年,且主要集中在1#和2#水质监测站周围地区;化学致癌物是该市水体中危害人体健康的主要风险来源,各污染物对人体健康危害的风险度排序为:As>Cr+6>Cd;水体中非致癌污染物风险度排序为:F>Pb>Cu>NH3-N>Hg>CN-1>酚,在研究期内未对暴露人群构成明显的健康危害。水环境健康风险评价模型较传统的水质等级评价体系能够更直观地表征水体中各污染物对人体健康的潜在危害,有利于明确水体污染物治理的优先顺序,为水环境管理提供科学依据。 | 邹滨 曾永年 Benjamin F.Zhan 杨令宾 张鸿辉 | 2009 | 地理与地理信息科学2009，25，2： | 74 |
| 5 | 中国大陆肺炎发病率与死亡率:1985-2008年中英文文献的系统分析显示文摘目的肺炎是全球传染性疾病最主要的死因之一,但中国的肺炎疾病负担还知之甚少,因为很多数据资料都是以非英文文献的形式发表的。方法系统回顾了中国大陆关于肺炎发病率与死亡率的中文和英文文献,这些研究都是具有第一手数据的研究,1985-2008年有37篇论文符合纳入标准。结果各项研究的质量差异较大。5岁以下儿童肺炎发病率为(0.06~0.27)次/人年,肺炎死亡率为184/10万~1 223/10万人口。肺炎的发病率与死亡率随着时间稳定不变或者呈下降趋势,且农村高于城市。结论肺炎仍然是中国儿童的主要公共卫生问题之一。肺炎发病率与死亡率估计的变化差异大。继续降低发病率与死亡率需要可靠的监测数据和新的预防措施的实施,特别是在农村等高发地区。 | 官旭华 Benjamin J Silk Wenkai Li Aaron T. Fleishchauer 邢学森 蒋晓清 余宏杰 Sonja J. Olsen Adam L. Cohen | 2011 | 公共卫生与预防医学2011，22，1： | 54 |
| 6 | Endoscopic ultrasound elastography for evaluation of lymph nodes and pancreatic masses:A multicenter study显示文摘AIM:To evaluate the ability of endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) elastography to distinguish benign from malignant pancreatic masses and lymph nodes.METHODS:A multicenter study was conducted and included 222 patients who underwent EUS examination with assessment of a pancreatic mass(n=121) or lymph node(n=101).The classification as benign or malignant,based on the real time elastography pattern,was compared with the classif ication based on the B-mode EUS images and with the fi nal diagnosis obtained by EUS-guided fi ne needle aspiration(EUS-FNA) and/or by surgical pathology.An interobserver study was performed.RESULTS:The sensitivity and specificity of EUS elastography to differentiate benign from malignant pancreatic lesions are 92.3% and 80.0%,respectively,compared to 92.3% and 68.9%,respectively,for the conventional B-mode images.The sensitivity and specificity of EUS elastography to differentiate benign from malignant lymph nodes was 91.8% and 82.5%,respectively,compared to 78.6% and 50.0%,respectively,for the B-mode images.The kappa coefficient was 0.785 for the pancreatic masses and 0.657 for the lymph nodes.CONCLUSION:EUS elastography is superior compared to conventional B-mode imaging and appears to be able to distinguish benign from malignant pancreatic masses and lymph nodes with a high sensitivity,specificity and accuracy.It might be reserved as a second line examination to help characterise pancreatic masses after negative EUS-FNA and might increase the yield of EUS-FNA for lymph nodes. | Marc Giovannini Botelberge Thomas Bories Erwan Pesenti Christian Caillol Fabrice Esterni Benjamin Monges Geneviève Arcidiacono Paolo Deprez Pierre Yeung Robert Schimdt Walter Schrader Hanz Szymanski Carl Dietrich Christoph Eisendrath Pierre Van Laethem Jean-Luc Devière Jacques Vilmann Peter Saftoiu Andrian | 2009 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2009，15，13： | 48 |
| 7 | A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns显示文摘发展史长通知了蕨类植物分类。当我们推断进化的树的能力改善了,针对认出生来的组的分类变得逐渐地预兆、稳定。这里,我们为 lycophytes 和蕨纲植物提供一个现代、全面分类,在下面,利用一条基于社区的途径类水平。我们 monophyly 用作主要标准让 taxa,而且目的识别保存两个广泛地被接受的存在 taxa 和界限并且与我们蕨类植物发展史的理解一致。总共,这个分类对待一在 337 个类, 51 个家庭, 14 目,和二个班估计了 11 916 种类。这个分类没在 lycophyte 和蕨纲植物上作为最后的词被打算分类,而是当前的假设的概括陈述,源于最好的可得到的数据并且在问题由熟悉植物的那些大多数塑造了。我们希望它将在蕨类植物上为最近的文学的那些想要的参考用作一个资源发展史和分类,为指导未来调查的一个框架,和推进讲话的刺激。 | Eric Schuettpelz Harald Schneider Alan R. Smith Peter Hovenkamp Jefferson Prado Germinal Rouhan Alexandre Salino Michael Sundue Thafs Elias Almeida Barbara Parris Emily B. Sessa Ashley R. Field Andre Luis de Gasper Carl J. Rothfels Michael D. Windham Marcus Lehnert Benjamin Dauphin Atsushi Ebihara Samuli Lehtonen Pedro Bond Schwartsburd Jordan Metzgar Li-Bing Zhang Li-Yaung Kuo Patrick J. Brownsey Masahiro Kato Marcelo Daniel Arana Francine C. Assis Michael S. Barker David S. Barrington Ho-Ming Chang Yi-Han Chang Yi-Shan Chao Cheng-Wei Chen De-Kui Chen Wen-Liang Chiou Vinicius Antonio de Oliveira Dittrich Yi-Fan Duan Jean-Yves Dubuisson Donald R. Farrar Susan Fawcett Jose Maria Gabriel y Galan Luiz Armando de Araujo Goes-Neto Jason R. Grant Amanda L. Grusz Christopher Haufler Warren Hauk Hai He Sabine Hennequin Regina Yoshie Hirai Layne Huiet Michael Kessler Petra Korall Paulo H. Labiak Anders Larsson Blanca Leen Chun-Xiang Li Fay-Wei Li Melanie Link-Perez Hong-Mei Liu Ngan Thi Lu Esteban I. Meza-Torres Xin-Yuan Miao Robbin Moran Claudine Massi Mynssens Nathalie Nagalingum Benjamin Ollgaard Alison M. Paul Jovani B. de S. Pereira Leon R. Perrie Monica Ponce Tom A. Ranker Christian Schulz Wataru Shinohara Alexander Shmakov Erin M. Sigel Filipe Soares de Souza Lana da Silva Sylvestre Weston Testo Luz Amparo Triana-Moreno Chie Tsutsumi Hanna Tuomisto IvAn A. Valdespino Alejandra Vasco Raquel Stauffer Viveros Alan Weakley Ran Wei Stina Weststrand Paul G. Wolf George Yatskievych Xiao-Gang Xu Yue-Hong Yan Liang Zhang Xian-Chun Zhang Xin-Mao Zhou | 2016 | Journal of Systematics and Evolution2016，54，6： | 44 |
| 8 | Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Epidemiology, biological mechanisms, treatment recommendations and future research显示文摘The incidence of diabetes mellitus(DM) continues to rise and has quickly become one of the most prevalent and costly chronic diseases worldwide. A close link exists between DM and cardiovascular disease(CVD), which is the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Cardiovascular(CV) risk factors such as obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia are common in patients with DM, placing them at increased risk for cardiac events. In addition, many studies have found biological mechanisms associated with DM that independently increase the risk of CVD in diabetic patients. Therefore, targeting CV risk factors in patients with DM is critical to minimize the long-term CV complications of the disease. This paper summarizes the relationship between diabetes and CVD, examines possible mechanisms of disease progression, discusses current treatment recommendations, and outlines future research directions. | Benjamin M Leon Thomas M Maddox | 2015 | World Journal of Diabetes2015，6，13： | 39 |
| 9 | An investigation of the formulation and nutritional composition of modern meat analogue products显示文摘Meat analogues,or plant-based products that simulate the properties of traditional meat products,have secured a position in the conversation of protein foods.Rapid growth of the meat analogue industry is occurring in the global food marketplace in both the retail and food service sectors.The purpose of this review was to investigate the ingredients used in the formulation of modern meat analogues,evaluate the nutrient specifications of modern meat analogue products,and then form a comparison with traditional meat products.Based on this investigation,it was determined–firstly,the ingredients used in the formulation of modern meat analogue products make these products fit under the classification of ultra-processed foods;and secondly,the nutrient specifications of popular meat analogue products can effectively simulate the nutrient specifications of the meat products they are attempting to simulate.Therefore,based on these findings,modern meat analogue products can offer roughly the same composition of nutrients as traditional meat products,albeit with many different ingredients and a high level of further processing. | Benjamin M.Bohrer | 2019 | Food Science and Human Wellness2019，8，4： | 32 |
| 10 | 冬虫夏草对巨噬细胞免疫活性的增强作用显示文摘目的:检测冬虫夏草对巨噬细胞免疫活性的影响,探讨其滋补强身作用机理。方法:采用不同浓度虫草水提液与J774巨噬细胞一起作细胞培养,观察细胞吞噬活性的变异情况。结果:细胞吞噬活性明显增强。在药物浓度100μg·ml-1到3000μg·ml-1范围内都有显著增强效果(P<0.05)。分别增强1.27倍到2.58倍,峰值在500μg·ml-1。结论:增强机体免疫功能,可能在虫草的滋补强身作用机制中起重要作用。 | 贾泰元 Benjamin HS Lau | 1997 | 中国药学杂志1997，32，3： | 30 |
| 11 | 食用菌主要病原真菌和细菌显示文摘食用菌已成为我国农业产业中的第五大作物。随着食用菌生产规模的扩大,病害日益严重,成为影响食用菌产量和品质的重要因素之一。本文概述了引起食用菌主要病害的病原真菌和细菌的种类、寄主范围、病害发生率以及发病症状,阐明了食用菌病害防治研究现状。同时也总结了一些病害的防治方法,为食用菌栽培、病害防治和抗病育种提供理论依据。 | 刘正慧 李丹 SOSSAH Frederick Leo 沈宏艳 OKORLEY Benjamin Azu 付永平 | 2018 | 菌物研究2018，16，3： | 30 |
| 12 | 2018加拿大心境障碍与焦虑障碍治疗协作组/国际双相障碍学会指南:双相障碍的管理显示文摘加拿大心境障碍与焦虑障碍治疗协作组(Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments,CANMAT)曾于2005年发布了第1版双相障碍管理指南,并分别于2007、2009和2013年对该指南进行了更新,其中最近的2次更新是与国际双相障碍学会(International Society for Bipolar Disorders,ISBD)合作完成。2018版CANMAT/ISBD双相障碍治疗指南(以下简称指南)反映了自2005年首版指南发表以来本领域取得的重大进展,包括疾病诊断与疾病管理的更新以及药物治疗与心理治疗的近期研究进展。这些前沿进展中综合考虑了循证证据的级别,并基于治疗疗效、临床实践经验、安全性、耐受性和药物导致的转相风险等,对一线、二线及三线治疗方案进行了简明而清晰的推荐。本指南中新增内容涵盖了双相Ⅰ型障碍(BD-Ⅰ)的躁狂发作急性期、抑郁发作急性期和双相障碍维持期的一线及二线治疗推荐等级划分。这种对治疗推荐等级的划分综合考虑了治疗方法对双相障碍不同时相的影响,将进一步帮助临床医生做出基于循证证据的治疗决策。锂盐、喹硫平、双丙戊酸盐、阿塞那平、阿立哌唑、帕利哌酮、利培酮和卡利拉嗪单药或联合使用被推荐为躁狂发作急性期的一线治疗选择。BD-Ⅰ抑郁期的一线治疗选择包括喹硫平、鲁拉西酮、锂盐、拉莫三嗪单药,鲁拉西酮联合锂盐或双丙戊酸盐或拉莫三嗪辅助治疗。尽管急性期治疗有效的药物通常应继续用于BD-Ⅰ的维持期治疗,但也存在一些特殊情况(例如抗抑郁药)。现有数据表明,锂盐、喹硫平、双丙戊酸盐、拉莫三嗪、阿塞那平和阿立哌唑单药或联合治疗应被视为维持治疗的初始或更换治疗方案时的一线选择。除了探讨BD-Ⅰ的相关问题外,本指南中还对双相Ⅱ型障碍(BD-Ⅱ)的临床管理进行了系统回顾并给予治疗推荐,同时针对特殊人群也有相关推荐,如处于各个生殖周期的女性、儿童、青少年和老年人。此外,本指南中还讨论了特定精神疾病及共病(如物质滥用、焦虑障碍和代谢性疾病)的影响。最后,本指南中概述了安全性和药物监测的相关问题。CANMAT/ISBD工作组希望本指南能够成为全球临床医生的实用工具。 | Lakshmi N Yatham Sidney H Kennedy Sagar V Parikh Ayal Sehaffer David J Bond Benicio N Frey Verinder Sharma Benjamin I Goldstein Soham Rej Serge Beaulieu Martin Alda Glenda MaeQueen Roumen V Milev Arun Ravindran Claire O'Donovan Diane Mclntosh Raymond W Lam Gustavo Vazquez Flavio Kapczinski Roger S Melntyre Jan Kozicky Shigenobu Kanba Beny Lafer Trisha Suppes Joseph R Calabrese Eduard Vieta Gin Malhi Robert M Post Michael Berk 胡晨(译) 王刚(译) | 2019 | 中华精神科杂志2019，52，1： | 25 |
| 13 | 法律的维度——从空间上解读法律失败显示文摘现代国家法追求统一性和确定性 ,它存在于非特定的地点和时间空间中。植根于特定地理和时间的地方性规范和地方正义会因地点和时间的不同而不同 ,所以现实社会中会存在现代国家法与地方性规范及地方正义的内部逻辑上的矛盾。它们之间的矛盾是无法消除的 ,只能被减小。我们可以通过建立在社会科学基础上的立法来从空间的角度考虑制定法律以减小矛盾 ,也可以 (为了发展目前没有案例法的民法系统 ) | Benjamin van Rooij 姚艳 | 2004 | 思想战线2004，30，4： | 22 |
| 14 | 亚太地区胃食管反流病的处理共识:更新版显示文摘背景与目的:自从2004年亚太地区胃食管反流病(GERD)共识发表以来,更多关于GERD流行病学和处理的文献资料相继出现。有必要对这些资料进行循证综述,对共识作出更新。方法:由多学科专家组应用德尔菲(Delphi)法制定共识条文,提呈相关资料,并对证据质量、推荐力度和共识水平进行分级。结果:亚洲GERD发生率日益增加。其危险因素包括老年、男性、种族、家族史、社会经济地位高、体重指数增加和吸烟。对于有典型症状而无报警症状的患者,对质子泵抑制剂(PPI)试验有症状应答具有诊断意义。如PPI试验失败,停止治疗后pH监测结果阴性可排除GERD。窄带成像、胶囊内镜检查和无线pH监测的作用尚未明确。亚洲诊断策略的制定须考虑到并存的胃癌和消化性溃疡。减轻体质量和抬高床头可改善反流症状。PPIs是最有效的内科治疗手段。对于非糜烂性反流病(NERD)患者,按需治疗较为适宜。有慢性咳嗽、喉炎和典型GERD症状的患者在排除非GERD病因后,应予PPI每天两次治疗。如有经验丰富的外科医师,GERD患者可行胃底折叠术。除临床试验外,GERD不应采用内镜治疗。结论:新的诊断方法和内镜治疗的作用有待进一步研究阐明。亚洲GERD诊断策略的制定须考虑到并存的胃癌和消化性溃疡。PPIs仍为治疗的基石。 | Kwong Ming Fock Nicholas J Talley Ronnie Fass Khean Lee Goh Peter Katelaris Richard Hunt Michio Hongo Tiing Leong Ang Gerald Holtmann Sanjay Nandurkar San Ren Lin Benjamin CY Wong Francis KL Chan Abdul Aziz Rani Young-Tae Bak Jose Sollano Khek Yu Ho Sathoporn Manatsathit 钱本余 | 2008 | 胃肠病学2008，13，7： | 21 |
| 15 | Novel insight into mechanisms of cholestatic liver injury显示文摘Cholestasis results in a buildup of bile acids in serum and in hepatocytes.Early studies into the mechanisms of cholestatic liver injury strongly implicated bile acidinduced apoptosis as the major cause of hepatocellular injury.Recent work has focused both on the role of bile acids in cell signaling as well as the role of sterile inflammation in the pathophysiology.Advances in modern analytical methodology have allowed for more accurate measuring of bile acid concentrations in serum,liver,and bile to very low levels of detection.Interestingly,toxic bile acid levels are seemingly far lower than previously hypothesized.The initial hypothesis has been based largely upon the exposure of μmol/L concentrations of toxic bile acids and bile salts to primary hepatocytes in cell culture,the possibility that in vivo bile acid concentrations may be far lower than the observed in vitro toxicity has far reaching implications in the mechanism of injury.This review will focus on both how different bile acids and different bile acid concentrations can affect hepatocytes during cholestasis,and additionally provide insight into how these data support recent hypotheses that cholestatic liver injury may not occur through direct bile acid-induced apoptosis,but may involve largely inflammatory cell-mediated liver cell necrosis. | Benjamin L Woolbright Hartmut Jaeschke | 2012 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2012，18，36： | 21 |
| 16 | Minimally invasive local therapies for liver cancer显示文摘Primary and metastatic liver tumors are an increasing global health problem,with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)now being the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide.Systemic treatment options for HCC remain limited,with Sorafenib as the only prospectively validated agent shown to increase overall survival.Surgical resection and/or transplantation,locally ablative therapies and regional or locoregional therapies have filled the gap in liver tumor treatments,providing improved survival outcomes for both primary and metastatic tumors.Minimally invasive local therapies have an increasing role in the treatment of both primary and metastatic liver tumors.For patients with low volume disease,these therapies have now been established into consensus practice guidelines.This review highlights technical aspects and outcomes of commonly utilized,minimally invasive local therapies including laparoscopic liver resection(LLR),radiofrequency ablation(RFA),microwave ablation(MWA),high-intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU),irreversible electroporation(IRE),and stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT).In addition,the role of combination treatment strategies utilizing these minimally invasive techniques is reviewed. | David Li Josephine Kang Benjamin J.Golas Vincent W.Yeung David C.Madoff | 2014 | Cancer Biology & Medicine2014，11，4： | 20 |
| 17 | 国际糖尿病足工作组:糖尿病足感染诊断与治疗指南——《国际糖尿病足工作组:糖尿病足防治国际指南(2019)》的一部分显示文摘国际糖尿病足工作组(IWGDF)从1999年开始发布糖尿病足病防治指南。本指南是有关糖尿病足感染的诊断和治疗的指南,是在2015年糖尿病足感染指南基础上更新的。糖尿病足感染指南编辑委员会基于患者-干预-比较-结局(PICO)原则,整合内部与外部专家顾问的建议,并对2016年以后有关糖尿病足感染和处治的文献进行系统评价后,提出了27条推荐要点。这些推荐要点涵盖了软组织与骨组织感染的诊断,包括感染的严重性分级。这是IWGDF15年以来第一次对这个分级表进行更新。此外,指南还评估了糖尿病足感染的微生物学,包括如何收集标本及如何识别致病菌。最后,指南讨论了治疗糖尿病足感染的方法,包括经验性抗生素的选择、软组织和骨组织感染的抗微生物治疗、何时和如何进行外科处理以及各种辅助治疗对糖尿病足感染的有效性。本版指南在原指南的基础上更新了4个表格和1个图。我们认为该指南可以为糖尿病足感染的临床诊断和治疗提供更好的帮助。 | Benjamin A.Lipsky Eric Senneville Zulfqarali G.Abbas Javier Aragón-Sánchez Mathew Diggle John M.Embil Shigeo Kono Lawrence A.Lavery Matthew Malone Suzanne A.van Asten Vilma Urbancic-Rovan Edgar J.G.Peters 无 徐俊(译) 许樟荣(审校) | 2019 | 感染.炎症.修复2019，20，4： | 18 |
| 18 | Immunobiology and immunotherapy of HCC:spotlight on innate and innate-like immune cells显示文摘Immune-based therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the systemic treatment of various cancer types.The therapeutic application of monoclonal antibodies targeting inhibitory pathways such as programmed cell death-1(PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1)and CTLA-4 to cells of the adaptive immune system has recently been shown to generate meaningful improvement in the clinical outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Nevertheless,current immunotherapeutic approaches induce durable responses in only a subset of HCC patients.Since immunologic mechanisms such as chronic inflammation due to chronic viral hepatitis or alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease play a crucial role in the initiation,development,and progression of HCC,it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms shaping the unique tumor microenvironment of liver cancer.The liver is an immunologic organ with large populations of innate and innate-like immune cells and is exposed to bacterial,viral,and fungal antigens through the gut-liver axis.Here,we summarize and highlight the role of these cells in liver cancer and propose strategies to therapeutically target them.We also discuss current immunotherapeutic strategies in HCC and outline recent advances in our understanding of how the therapeutic potential of these agents might be enhanced. | Benjamin Ruf Bernd Heinrich Tim F.Greten | 2021 | Cellular & Molecular Immunology2021，18，1： | 18 |
| 19 | An XA21-Associated Kinase (OsSERK2) Regulates Immunity Mediated by the XA21 and XA3 Immune Receptors显示文摘米饭 XA21 有免疫力的受体 kinase 和在结构上联系了 XA3 受体授与免疫到 Xanthomonas oryzae pv。oryzae (Xoo ) ,细菌的叶老家的原因的代理人。这里,我们报导 OsSERK2 的隔离(米饭体的 embryogenesis receptorkinase 2 ) 并且证明 OsSERK2 断然调整免疫由 XA21 和 XA3 以及米饭免疫者 receptorFLS2 (OsFLS2 ) 调停了。为 OsSerk2 显示的瑞斯植物 silenced 改变了形态学并且把敏感归结为荷尔蒙 brassinolide。OsSERK2 在酵母与每有免疫力的受体的 intracellulardomains 交往以一种 kinase 活动依赖者方式的二混血儿的系统。OsSERK2 在 vitro 与 XA21 经历 bidirectionaltransphosphorylation 并且在 vivo 与 XA21 形成组成的建筑群。这些结果在三米饭免疫者受体的功能为 OsSERK2 表明一个必要角色并且建议和米饭免疫者受体的 thatdirect 相互作用为他们的功能是批评的。一起拿,我们的调查结果建议米饭 XA21, XA3,和 FLS2 的反省 OsSERK2 的规定的 thatthe 机制不同于 AtSERK3/BAK1-mediated regulationof Arabidopsis FLS2 和 EFR.Key 词的: | Xuewei Chena Shimin Zuo Benjamin Schwessinger Mawsheng Chern Patrick E. Canlas Deling Ruan Xiaogang Zhou Jing Wang Arsalan Daudi Christopher J. Petzold Joshua L. Heazlewood Pamela C. Ronald | 2014 | Molecular Plant2014，7，5： | 17 |
| 20 | Reducing neonatal mortality and respiratory distress syndrome associated with preterm birth:a scoping review on the impact of antenatal corticosteroids in low-and middle-income countries显示文摘Background The most common cause of death among preterm infants in low-and middle-income countries is respiratory distress syndrome.The purpose of this review was to assess whether antenatal corticosteroids given to women at risk of preterm birth at≤34 weeks of gestation reduce rates of neonatal mortality and respiratory distress syndrome in low-and middle-income countries.Methods Two reviewers independently searched four databases including MEDLINE(through PubMed),CINAHL,Embase,and Cochrane Libraries.We did not apply any language or date restrictions.All publications up to April 2020 were included in this search.Results The search yielded 71 articles,10 of which were included in this review(3 randomized controlled trials,7 observa-tional studies,36,773 neonates).The majority of studies reported associations between exposure to antenatal corticosteroids and lower rates of neonatal mortality and respiratory distress syndrome.However,a few studies reported that antenatal corticosteroids were not associated with improved preterm birth outcomes.Conclusions Most of the studies in low-and middle-income countries showed that use of antenatal corticosteroids in hospitals with high levels of neonatal care was associated with lower rates of neonatal mortality and respiratory distress syndrome.However,the findings are inconclusive because some studies in low-resource settings reported that antenatal corticosteroids had no benefit in reducing rates of neonatal mortality or respiratory distress syndrome.Further research on the impact of antenatal corticosteroids in resource-limited settings in low-income countries is a priority. | Stanley Mwita Mary Jande Deogratias Katabalo Benjamin Kamala Deborah Dewey | 2021 | World Journal of Pediatrics2021，17，2： | 17 |
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