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| 1 | Fluid balance concepts in medicine:Principles and practice显示文摘The regulation of body fluid balance is a key concern in health and disease and comprises three concepts. The first concept pertains to the relationship between total body water(TBW) and total effective solute and is expressed in terms of the tonicity of the body fluids. Disturbances in tonicity are the main factor responsible for changes in cell volume, which can critically affect brain cell function and survival. Solutes distributed almost exclusively in the extracellular compartment(mainly sodium salts) and in the intracellular compartment(mainly potassium salts) contribute to tonicity, while solutes distributed in TBW have no effect on tonicity. The second body fluid balance concept relates to the regulation and measurement of abnormalities of sodium salt balance and extracellular volume. Estimation of extracellular volume is more complex and error prone than measurement of TBW. A key function of extracellular volume, which is defined as the effective arterial blood volume(EABV), is to ensure adequate perfusion of cells and organs. Other factors, including cardiac output, total and regional capacity of both arteries and veins, Starling forces in the capillaries, and gravity also affect the EABV. Collectively, these factors interact closely with extracellular volume and some of them undergo substantial changes in certain acute and chronic severe illnesses. Their changes result not only in extracellular volume expansion, but in the need for a larger extracellular volume compared with that of healthy individuals. Assessing extracellular volume in severe illness is challenging because the estimates of this volume by commonly used methods are prone to large errors in many illnesses. In addition, the optimal extracellular volume may vary from illness to illness, is only partially based on volume measurements by traditional methods, and has not been determined for each illness. Further research is needed to determine optimal extracellular volume levels in several illnesses. For these reasons, extracellular volume in severe illness merits a separate third concept of body fluid balance. | Maria-Eleni Roumelioti Robert H Glew Zeid J Khitan Helbert Rondon-Berrios Christos P Argyropoulos Deepak Malhotra Dominic S Raj Emmanuel I Agaba Mark Rohrscheib Glen H Murata Joseph I Shapiro Antonios H Tzamaloukas | 2018 | World Journal of Nephrology2018，7，1： | 3 |
| 2 | Rates and impact of hepatitis on human immunodeficiency virus infection in a large African cohort显示文摘AIM:To determine the rates and impact of hepatitis B virus(HBV) and hepatitis C virus(HCV) infections on response to long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART) in a large human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) population in Nigeria.METHODS:HBV and HCV as well as HIV infections are endemic in sub Saharan Africa.This was a retrospective cohort study of 19 408 adults who were recruited between June 2004 and December 2010 in the AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria in Nigeria programme at Jos University Teaching Hospital.Serological assays,including HBV surface antigen(HBsAg) and hepatitis C antibody were used to categorise hepatitis status of the patients.HBsAg was determined using enzyme immunoassay(EIA)(Monolisa HBsAg Ultra3;Bio-Rad).HCV antibody was tested using third generation EIA(DIA.PRO Diagnostic,Bioprobes srl,Milan,Italy).HIV RNA levels were measured using Roche COBAS Amplicor HIV-1 monitor test version 1.5(Roche Diagnostics,GmbH,Mannheim,Germany) with a detection limit of 400 copies/mL.Flow cytometry was used to determine CD4+ cell count(Partec,GmbH Munster,Germany).Comparison of categorical and continuous variables were achieved using Pearson's χ 2 and Kruskal Wallis tests respectively,on MedCalc for Windows,version 9.5.0.0(MedCalc Software,Mariakerke,Belgium).RESULTS:With an overall hepatitis screening rate of over 90% for each virus;HBV,HCV and HBV/HCV were detected in 3162(17.8%),1983(11.3%) and 453(2.5%) HIV infected adults respectively.The rate of liver disease was low,but highest among HIV monoinfected patients(29,0.11%),followed by HBV coinfected patients(15,0.08%).Patients with HBV coinfection and triple infection had higher log 10 HIV RNA loads(HBV:4.6 copies/mL vs HIV only:4.5 copies/mL,P<0.0001) and more severe immune suppression(HBV:645,55.4%;HBV/HCV:97,56.7%) prior to initiation of HAART compared to HIV mono-infected patients(1852,48.6%)(P<0.0001).Of 3025 patients who were 4.4 years on HAART and whose CD4 cell counts results at baseline and end of follow up were available for analyses,CD4 increase was significantly lower in those with HBV co-infection(HBV:144 cells/mm3 ;HBV/HCV:105 cells/mm3) than in those with HCV co-infection(165 cells/mm3) and HIV mono-infection(150 cells/mm3)(P=0.0008).CONCLUSION:High rates of HBV and HCV infections were found in this HIV cohort.CD4 recovery was significantly diminished in patients with HBV co-infection. | Nimzing Gwamzhi Ladep Patricia Aladi Agaba Oche Agbaji Auwal Muazu Placid Ugoagwu Godwin Imade Graham Cooke Sheena McCormack Simon David Taylor-Robinson John Idoko Phyllis Kanki | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，10： | 3 |
| 3 | Hypertonicity:Clinical entities,manifestations and treatment显示文摘Hypertonicity causes severe clinical manifestations and is associated with mortality and severe short-term and longterm neurological sequelae. The main clinical syndromes of hypertonicity are hypernatremia and hyperglycemia.Hypernatremia results from relative excess of body sodium over body water. Loss of water in excess of intake,gain of sodium salts in excess of losses or a combination of the two are the main mechanisms of hypernatremia.Hypernatremia can be hypervolemic,euvolemic or hypovolemic. The management of hypernatremia addresses both a quantitative replacement of water and,if present,sodium deficit,and correction of the underlying pathophysiologic process that led to hypernatremia.Hypertonicity in hyperglycemia has two components,solute gain secondary to glucose accumulation in the extracellular compartment and water loss through hyperglycemic osmotic diuresis in excess of the losses of sodium and potassium. Differentiating between these two components of hypertonicity has major therapeutic implications because the first component will be reversed simply by normalization of serum glucose concentration while the second component will require hypotonic fluid replacement. An estimate of the magnitude of the relative water deficit secondary to osmotic diuresis is obtained by the corrected sodium concentration,which represents a calculated value of the serum sodium concentration that would result from reduction of the serum glucose concentration to a normal level. | Helbert Rondon-Berrios Christos Argyropoulos Todd S Ing Dominic S Raj Deepak Malhotra Emmanuel I Agaba Mark Rohrscheib Zeid J Khitan Glen H Murata Joseph I Shapiro Antonios H Tzamaloukas | 2017 | World Journal of Nephrology2017，6，1： | 2 |
| 4 | Respiratory failure in diabetic ketoacidosis显示文摘Respiratory failure complicating the course of diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA)is a source of increased morbidity and mortality.Detection of respiratory failure in DKA requires focused clinical monitoring,careful interpretation of arterial blood gases,and investigation for conditions that can affect adversely the respiration.Conditions that compromise respiratory function caused by DKA can be detected at presentation but are usually more prevalent during treatment.These conditions include deficits of potassium,magnesium and phosphate and hydrostatic or non-hydrostatic pulmonary edema.Conditions not caused by DKA that can worsen respiratory function under the added stress of DKA include infections of the respiratory system,pre-existing respiratory or neuromuscular disease and miscellaneous other conditions.Prompt recognition and management of the conditions that can lead to respiratory failure in DKA may prevent respiratory failure and improve mortality from DKA. | Nikifor K Konstantinov Mark Rohrscheib Emmanuel I Agaba Richard I Dorin Glen H Murata Antonios H Tzamaloukas | 2015 | World Journal of Diabetes2015，6，8： | 2 |
| 5 | Stroke in persons with diabetes mellitus in Jos, Nigeria显示文摘 | Ugoya OS Ugoya AT Agaba IE | 2006 | Niger J Med2006，15，： | 1 |
| 6 | Cloning and functional characterization of polyunsaturated fatty acid elongases of marine and freshwater teleost fish 显示文摘 | AGABA M K TOCHER DR ZHENG X | 2005 | Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology: Part B2005，142，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Peak expiratory flow rates in healthy Nigerian children显示文摘 | Agaba PA Thacher TD Angyo IA Agaba EI | 2003 | J Trop Pediatr2003，49，3： | 1 |
| 8 | Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of Fatty Acyl Desaturase and Elongase cDNAs Involved in the Production of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids from α-Linolenic Acid in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)显示文摘 | Nicola Hastings Morris K. Agaba Douglas R. Tocher Xiaozhong Zheng Cathryn A. Dickson James R. Dick Alan J. Teale | 2004 | Marine Biotechnology2004，，5： | 1 |
| 9 | A vertebrate fatty acid desaturase with △5 and △6 activities 显示文摘 | HASTINGS N AGABA M TOCHER D R | 2001 | Proc Natl Acad Sci2001，98，25： | 1 |
| 10 | 显示文摘 | Huttermann A Orikiriza L J B Agaba H | 2009 | Clean-Soil Air Water2009，37，7： | 1 |
| 11 | Neurological manifestations of uraemia and chronic dialysis显示文摘 | Tzamaloukas AH Agaba EI | 2004 | Niger J Med2004，13，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Molecular cloning and functional characterization of fatty acyl desaturase and elongase cDNAs involved in the production of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids from α-Linolenic acid in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) 显示文摘 | HASTINGS N AGABA M K TOCHER D R | 2005 | Marine Biotechnology2005，6，5： | 1 |
| 13 | Application of superabsorbent polymers for improving the ecological chemistry of degraded or polluted lands 显示文摘 | Hnnermann A Orikiriza L Agaba H | 2009 | Clean2009，37，7： | 1 |
| 14 | Amending soils with hydrogels increases the biomass of nine tree species under non-water stress conditions 显示文摘 | Orikiriza L Agaba H Tweheyo M | 2009 | Clean2009，37，8： | 1 |
| 15 | Application of superabsorbent polymers for improving the ecological chemistry of degraded or polluted lands显示文摘 | Htittermann A Orikiriza L J B Agaba H | 2009 | Clean-Soil Air Water2009，37，7： | 1 |
| 16 | Cloning andfunctional characterisation of polyunsaturated fatty acid elongases of marine and freshwater teleost fish显示文摘 | Agaba M K Tocher D R Zheng X Z | 2005 | CompBiochem Physiol B: Biochem Mol Biol2005，142，34： | 1 |
| 17 | Meigs' syndrome presenting as haemorrhagic pleural effusion显示文摘 | Agaba EI Ekwempu CC Ugoya SO | | 0，，03： | 1 |
| 18 | Zebrafish cDNAencoding multifunctional fatty acid elongase involved inproduction of eicosapentaenoic (20: 5n-3) and docosahexaenoic(22: 6n-3) acids显示文摘 | Agaba M Tocher D R Dickson C A | 2004 | Mar Biotechnol2004，6，25： | 1 |
| 19 | A vertebrate fatty acid desaturase with A5 and A6 activities显示文摘 | Hastings N Agaba M Tocher D R | 2001 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2001，98，14： | 1 |
| 20 | Cloning andfunctional characterisation of polyunsaturated fatty acidelongases from marine and freshwater teleost fish显示文摘 | Agaba M K Tocher D R Zheng X Z | 2005 | CompBiochem Physiol B: Biochem Mol Biol2005，142，34： | 1 |
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