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| 1 | Source mechanism of strong aftershocks (M_s≥5.6) of the 2008/05/12 Wenchuan earthquake and the implication for seismotectonics显示文摘Dozens of >M5, hundreds of >M4, and much more >M3 aftershocks occurred after the 2008/05/12 Wenchuan earthquake, which were well recorded by permanent and portable seismic stations. After relocated with P arrival, the >M3 aftershocks show two trends of distribution, with most of the aftershocks located along the north-east strike consistent with Longmenshan fault system, yet there is a north-west trend around the epicenter. It seems that substantially more aftershocks occur in regions with crystalline bedrocks. Then we collected waveform data from National Digital Seismograph Network and regional seismograph network of China, and employed 'Cut and Paste' method to obtain focal mechanisms and depths of the big aftershocks (M≥5.6). While most of those aftershocks show thrust mechanism, there are some strike slip earthquakes in the northern-most end of the rupture. Focal mechanisms show that the events located on the southern part of central Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault (BY) are mainly thrust earthquakes, which is consistent with initial mechanism of the main shock rupture. In the north part the aftershocks along the BY are also dominated by thrust slip, which is quite different from the right slip rupture of the main shock. Around Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault, the focal mechanisms are dominated by right-slip rupture with large depths (~18 km). So we suspected that in the north part the main shock might rupture on two faults: Beichuan Fault and Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault. The complex pattern of aftershock mechanisms argues for presence of a complicated fault system in the Longmenshan area. | ZHENG Yong1,2,MA HongSheng3,Lü Jian4,NI SiDao5,LI YingChun6 & WEI ShengJi2 1 Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan 430077,China 2 Institute of Geophysics,Chinese Earthquake Administration,Beijing 100086,China 3 Institute of Earthquake Science,Chinese Earthquake Administration,Beijing 100086,China 4 Earthquake Administration of Jiangxi Province,Nanchang 330039,China 5 School of Earth and Space Science,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei 230026,China 6 Earthquake Administration of Jiangsu Province,Nanjing 210014,China | 2009 | Science China Earth Sciences2009，52，6： | 100 |
| 2 | GRADE指南:Ⅰ.导论--GRADE证据概要表和结果总结表显示文摘本文是GRADE(Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation)系列文章的导论。该系列文章为使用GRADE系统提供指导,介绍如何将该系统用于系统评价、卫生技术评估(HTAs)及临床实践指南中备选方案的证据质量评价和推荐强度评级。GRADE方法始于提出一个明晰的问题,包括对所有重要结果的详细说明。证据被收集和汇总后,GRADE提供了明确的标准来评价其质量,包括研究设计、偏倚风险、不精确性、不一致性、间接性及效应量大小。根据支撑证据质量及备选方案带来的预期和非预期结果间的平衡情况,推荐强度以强/弱(或表述为'有条件的'/'任意的')作为特征。GRADE建议用简洁、透明、信息量丰富的结果总结表来汇总证据(以显示证据质量及每一重要结果的相对效应量和绝对效应量),和(或)以证据概要表形式额外提供证据质量评价理由的详细信息。本系列的后续文章涉及如何采用GRADE方法明确构建问题、评价证据质量及形成推荐意见。 | Gordon Guyatt Andrew D.Oxman Elie Akl Regina Kunz Gunn Vist Jan Brozek Susan Norris Yngve Falck-Ytter Paul Glasziou Hans deBeer Roman Jaeschke David Rind Joerg Meerpohl Philipp Dahm Holger J.Schünemann GRADE工作组 李幼平 杨晓妍 蒋兰慧 沈建通 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，4： | 205 |
| 3 | Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy With Segmental Renal Artery Clamping:Technique and Clinical Outcomes显示文摘Background:Warm ischemic injury is one of the most important factors affecting renal function in partial nephrectomy(PN).The technique of segmental renal artery clamping emerges as an alternative to conventional renal artery clamping for renal hilar control.Objective:To evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of laparoscopic PN(LPN) with segmental renal artery clamping in comparison with the conventional technique.Design,setting,and participants:A total of 75 patients underwent LPN from June 2007 to November 2009.All patients had T1a or T1b tumor in one kidney and a normal contralateral kidney.Thirty-seven patients underwent surgeries with main renal artery clamping,and 38 underwent surgeries with segmental artery clamping.Intervention:All procedures were performed by the same laparoscopic surgeon.Measurements:Blood loss,operation time,warm ischemia(WI) time,and complications affected renal function before and after operation were recorded.Results and limitations:All LPNs were completed without conversion to open surgery or nephrectomy.The novel technique slightly increased WI time(p < 0.001) and intraoperative blood loss(p = 0.006),while it provided better postoperative affected renal function(p < 0.001) compared with the conventional technique.The total complication rate was 12%.Among the 38 cases where segmental renal artery clamping was performed,7 had to convert to the conventional method.Tumor size and location influenced the number of clamped segmental arteries.Long-term postoperative renal function is still awaited.Conclusions:LPN with segmental artery clamping is safe and feasible in clinical practice.It minimizes the intraoperative WI injury and improves early postoperative affected renal function compared with main renal artery clamping.(C) 2010 European Association of Urology.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. | Shao,P.F. Qin,C. Yin,C.J. Meng,X.X. Ju,X.B. Li,J. Lü,Q.A. Zhang,W. Xu,Z.Q.Shao,Pengfei Qin,Chao Yin,Changjun Meng,Xiaoxin Ju,Xiaobing Li,Jie Lü,Qiang Zhang,Wei Xu,Zhengquan] Nanjing Med Univ,Affiliated Hosp 1,Dept Urol,Nanjing,Peoples R China.Guangzhou Rd 300,Nanjing 210029,Peoples R China. | 2011 | 南京医科大学学报(自然科学版)2011，31，7： | 123 |
| 4 | 汽车用铝合金开发近况(英文)显示文摘介绍了汽车车身用轻质材料铝合金的研究近况,包括材料选择和车体设计新概念等方面。为满足经济和环境保护等方面不断增长的要求,对乘用车在使用已成熟的和最新研究开发的铝合金方面的进展进行了讨论。介绍了一些改进的具有更高的强度和更好的成形性能的5系和6系铝合金,使用这些合金能减轻汽车质量和提高防撞性能。以铝合金在'多材料超轻汽车'概念中的应用到达显著的减重效果为例,介绍了多材料轻质设计方面的研究进展。 | Jürgen HIRSCH | 2014 | Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China2014，24，7： | 84 |
| 5 | Cellular and molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis:An update显示文摘There have been considerable recent advances towards a better understanding of the complex cellular and molecular network underlying liver fibrogenesis.Recent data indicate that the termination of fibrogenic processes and the restoration of deficient fibrolytic pathways may allow the reversal of advanced fibrosis and even cirrhosis.Therefore,efforts have been made to better clarify the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are involved in liver fibrosis.Activation of hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)remains a central event in fibrosis,complemented by other sources of matrix-producing cells,including portal fibroblasts,fibrocytes and bone marrow-derived myofibroblasts.These cells converge in a complex interaction with neighboring cells to provoke scarring in response to persistent injury.Defining the interaction of different cell types,revealing the effects of cytokines on these cells and characterizing the regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression in activated HSCs will enable the discovery of new therapeutic targets.Moreover,the characterization of different pathways associated with different etiologies aid in the development of disease-specific therapies.This article outlines recent advances regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in liver fibrosis that may be translated into future therapies.The pathogenesis of liver fibrosis associated with alcoholic liver disease,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and viral hepatitis are also discussed to emphasize the various mechanisms involved in liver fibrosis. | Gülsüm ?zlem Elpek | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，23： | 82 |
| 6 | 从AO传统加压接骨板到新型内固定器原则显示文摘骨折内固定中生物学的重要性和保护骨和软组织,作为AO的第4项原则已受重视。AO传统加压接骨板对骨面的压迫会干扰骨皮质的血运,引起接骨板下方骨的结构性改变。有限接触动力加压接骨板(LC-DCP)可减小接骨板和骨的接触面积。锁定螺丝钉(LHS)、点接触固定器(PCFix)及微创固定系统(LISS)设计则因接骨板与骨面无接触和压迫,是新的一次变革。这种内固定器原理的概念可以用外固定支架来理解,可以防止任何对骨血运的破坏,其稳定性依赖于螺丝钉-接骨板组合的成角稳定性。带有锁定螺丝钉的新型微创固定系统(LISS)和锁定加压接骨板(LCP)可以为现代骨折手术治疗提供新的选择方法,是微创经皮接骨板技术(MIPO)的理想材料,并可以在疏松骨质内得到相当好的固定强度。然而,必须指出这些新型接骨板和螺丝钉并不能解决所有的问题,特别是在处理干骺端和骨干部骨折时,它们每一步的操作都需要有非常仔细的计划,包括重温AO经典的原则。 | Thomas P.Rüedi(托马斯.鲁迪) Christoph Sommer(克利斯托夫.邵墨) 罗炯 顾立强 | 2003 | 中华创伤骨科杂志2003，5，3： | 169 |
| 7 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus and CA 19-9 levels显示文摘AIM:To prospectively investigate serum CA 19-9 levels in type 2 diabetic patients in comparison with age-and gender-matched control subjects. METHODS:We recorded duration of diabetes and examined fasting glucose levels,HbA1c levels and serum CA 19-9 levels in 76 type 2 diabetic patients and 76 controls.Abdominal CT was performed in order to eliminate abdominal malignancy in the diabetic and control groups. RESULTS:The average CA 19-9 level was 46.0±22.4 U/mL for diabetic patients whereas it was 9.97±7.1 U/mL for the control group(P<0.001).Regression analysis showed a positive correlation between diabetes and CA 19-9 independent from age,gender,glucose level and HbA1c level(t=8.8,P<001).Two of the diabetic patients were excluded from the study because of abdominal malignancy shown by CT at the initial evaluation.For all patients,abdominal CT showed no pancreatic abnormalities. CONCLUSION:CA 19-9 is a tumor-associated antigen, which is elevated in pancreatic,upper gastrointestinal tract,ovarian hepatocellular,and colorectal cancers,as well as in inflammatory conditions of the hepatobiliary system,biliary obstruction and in thyroid diseases. Diabetes has been claimed to be a risk factor for pancreatic cancer,which is increasing its incidence and has one of the lowest survival rates of all cancers.CA 19-9 is used in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer but is also a marker of pancreatic tissue damage that might be caused by diabetes.We propose that a higher cut- off value of CA 19-9 should be used in diabetics to differentiate benign and malignant pancreatic disease, and subtle elevations of CA 19-9 in diabetics should be considered as the indication of exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. | Oya Uygur-Bayramicli Resat Dabak Ekrem Orbay Can Dolapclo■lu Mehmet Sargin Gamze Kilico■lu Yüksel Güleryüzlü Alpaslan Mayada■li | 2007 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2007，13，40： | 63 |
| 8 | GRADE指南:Ⅴ.证据质量评价--发表偏倚显示文摘GRADE方法中,随机试验起评即为高质量证据,观察性研究起评即为低质量证据;但若证据本身存在高发表偏倚风险,则两者证据质量级别都应降低。即使最佳证据汇总表纳入的各项研究仅有低发表偏倚风险,发表偏倚仍会极大高估效应值。当可得证据来自小样本研究、且多数由厂商资助时,作者应怀疑存在发表偏倚。若干基于检验数据类型的方法可用于评价发表偏倚,其中最常用的为漏斗图,但这些方法都有较大局限。发表偏倚可能较常见,必须特别关注早期结果、对样本量与事件数都很小的早期试验结果尤需小心。 | Gordon H.Guyatt Andrew D.Oxman Victor Montori Gunn Vist Regina Kunz Jan Brozek Pablo Alonso-Coello Ben Djulbegovic David Atkins Yngve Falck-Ytter John W.Williams Jr. Joerg Meerpohl Susan L.Norris Elie A.Akl Holger J.Schünemann 代表GRADE工作组 李幼平 王莉 钟大可 蒋兰慧 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，12： | 71 |
| 9 | Relocation of the mainshock and aftershock sequences of M_S7.0 Sichuan Lushan earthquake显示文摘The mainshock of April 20,2013 Sichuan Lushan MS7.0 earthquake was relocated using a 3-D velocity model.Double difference algorithm was applied to relocate aftershock sequences of Lushan earthquake.The locations of 2405 aftershocks were determined.The location errors in E-W,N-S and U-D direction were 0.30,0.29 and 0.59 km on average,respectively.The location of the mainshock is 102.983°E,30.291°N and the focal depth is 17.6 km.The relocation results show that the aftershocks spread approximately 35 km in length and 16 km in width.The dominant distribution of the focal depth ranges from 10 to 20 km.A few earthquakes occurred in the shallow crust.Focal depth profiles show fault planes dip to the northwest,manifested itself as a listric thrust fault.The dip angle is steep in the shallow crust and gentle in the deep crust.Although the epicenters of aftershocks distributed mainly along both sides of the Shuangshi-Dachuan fault,the seismogenic fault may be a blind thrust fault on the eastern side of the Shuangshi-Dachuan fault.Earthquake relocation results reveal that there is a southeastward tilt aftershock belt intersecting with the seismogenic fault with y-shape.We speculate it is a back thrust fault that often appears in a thrust fault system.Lushan earthquake triggered the seismic activity of the back thrust fault. | FANG LiHua WU JianPing WANG WeiLai Lü ZuoYong WANG ChangZai YANG Ting CAI Yan | 2013 | Chinese Science Bulletin2013，58，28： | 74 |
| 10 | 评估大气细颗粒物暴露引起的全球疾病负担的一个综合风险函数显示文摘[背景]评估由于环境空气中细颗粒物(PM2.5)长期暴露引起的疾病负担,需要了解相对风险度(RR)函数的图形和幅度。然而,在世界上很多观察到高PM2.5环境浓度的地方,都缺乏足够的直接证据确定死亡RR函数的图形。[目的]建立可用于全球PM2.5暴露范围内成人死因的RR函数:缺血性心脏病(IHD)、脑血管疾病(脑卒中)、慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)和肺癌(LC)。建立急性下呼吸道感染(ALRI)发病的RR函数,用于估算〈5岁的儿童中死亡率和健康生活损失年数。[方法]通过整合现有的来自于环境空气污染(AAP)、二手烟草烟雾、家用固体烹饪用燃料和主动吸烟(AS)等研究的RR信息,拟合综合暴露-反应(IER)模型。采用颗粒物质的吸入剂量,通过转化AS暴露来估计全年PM2.5的暴露当量。在估算全球环境PM2.5浓度的基础上,得出各国的人群归因分数(PAFs)。[结果]与以往负担评估中使用的其他7种模型相比,IER模型是一种优越的RR预测方法。在不同国家中,归因于AAP暴露的PAF百分数各不相同,分别为:IHD,2~41;脑卒中,1~43;COPD,〈1~21;LC,〈1~25;ALRI,〈1~38。[结论]我们建立了一种以细颗粒物为基础的RR模型,它通过整合来自不同类型的燃烧所产生颗粒物排放的RR信息,涵盖全球范围的暴露。当获得新的RR信息时,可以对这个模型进行更新。 | Richard T.Burnett C.Arden Pope III Majid Ezzati Casey Olives Stephen S.Lim Sumi Mehta Hwashin H.Shin Gitanjali Singh Bryan Hubbell Michael Brauer H.Ross Anderson Kirk R.Smith John R.Balmes Nigel G.Bruce Haidong Kan Francine Laden Annette Prüss-Ustün Michelle C.Turner Susan M.Gapstur W.Ryan Diver Aaron Cohen 何蓉 张伊人 金泰廙 | 2014 | 环境与职业医学2014，31，11： | 80 |
| 11 | Measurements of the center-of-mass energies at BESⅢ via the di-muon process显示文摘From 2011 to 2014,the BESIII experiment collected about 5 fb^(-1) data at center-of-mass energies around 4 GeV for the studies of the charmonium-like and higher excited charmonium states.By analyzing the di-muon process e^+e^- → Yisr/fsr μ^+μ^-,the center-of-mass energies of the data samples are measured with a precision of 0.8 MeV.The center-of-mass energy is found to be stable for most of the time during data taking. | 麦迪娜 M.N.Achasov 艾小聪 O.Albayrak M.Albrecht D.J.Ambrose A.Amoroso 安芬芬 安琪 白景芝 R.Baldini Ferroli 班勇 D.W.Bennett J.V.Bennett M.Bertani D.Bettoni 边渐鸣 F.Bianchi E.Boger I.Boyko R.A.Briere 蔡浩 蔡啸 O.Cakir A.Calcaterra 曹国富 S.A.Cetin 常劲帆 G.Chelkov 陈刚 陈和生 陈海云 陈江川 陈玛丽 陈申见 谌炫 陈旭荣 陈元柏 程和平 褚新坤 G.Cibinetto 代洪亮 代建平 A.Dbeyssi D.Dedovich 邓子艳 A.Denig I.Denysenko M.Destefanis F.De Mori 丁勇 董超 董静 董燎原 董明义 杜书先 段鹏飞 范荆州 方建 房双世 方馨 方易 L.Fava F.Feldbauer G.Felici 封常青 E.Fioravanti M.Fritsch 傅成栋 高清 高鑫磊 高旭阳 高原宁 高榛 I.Garzia K.Goetzen 龚文煊 W.Gradl M.Greco 顾旻皓 顾运厅 管颖慧 郭爱强 郭立波 郭玥 郭玉萍 Z.Haddadi A.Hafner 韩爽 郝喜庆 F.A.Harris 何康林 T.Held 衡月昆 侯治龙 胡琛 胡海明 胡继峰 胡涛 胡誉 黄光明 黄光顺 黄金书 黄性涛 黄勇 T.Hussain 纪全 姬清平 季晓斌 季筱璐 姜鲁文 江晓山 蒋兴雨 焦健斌 焦铮 金大鹏 金山 T.Johansson A.Julin N.Kalantar-Nayestanaki 康晓琳 康晓珅 M.Kavatsyuk B.C.Ke P.Kiese R.Kliemt B.Kloss O.B.Kolcu B.Kopf M.Kornicer W.Kühn A.Kupsc J.S.Lange M.Lara P.Larin C.Leng 李翠 李澄 李德民 李飞 李峰云 李刚 李海波 李家才 李瑾 李康 李科 李蕾 李培荣 李腾 李卫东 李卫国 李晓玲 李小梅 李小男 李学潜 李志兵 梁昊 梁勇飞 梁羽铁 廖广睿 D.X.Lin(lin) 刘北江 刘春秀 刘栋 刘福虎 刘芳 刘峰 刘宏邦 刘欢欢 刘汇慧 刘怀民 刘杰 刘建北 刘觉平 刘晶译 刘凯 刘魁勇 刘兰雕 刘佩莲 刘倩 刘树彬 刘翔 刘玉斌 刘振安 刘智清 H.Loehner 娄辛丑 吕海江 吕军光 卢宇 卢云鹏 罗成林 罗民兴 T.Luo 罗小兰 吕晓睿 马凤才 马海龙 马连良 马秋梅 马天 马旭宁 马骁妍 F.E.Maas M.Maggiora 冒亚军 毛泽普 S.Marcello J.G.Messchendorp 闵建 R.E.Mitchell 莫晓虎 莫玉俊 C.Morales Morales K.Moriya N.Yu.Muchnoi H.Muramatsu Y.Nefedov F.Nerling I.B.Nikolaev 宁哲 S.Nisar 牛顺利 牛讯伊 馬鵬 欧阳群 S.Pacetti 潘越 P.Patteri M.Pelizaeus 彭海平 K.Peters J.Pettersson 平加伦 平荣刚 R.Poling V.Prasad 祁鸣 钱森 乔从丰 秦丽清 覃拈 秦小帅 秦中华 邱进发 K.H.Rashid C.F.Redmer M.Ripka 荣刚 Ch.Rosner 阮向东 V.Santoro A.Sarantsev M.Savrie K.Schoenning S.Schumann 单葳 邵明 沈成平 沈培迅 沈肖雁 盛华义 宋维民 宋欣颖 S.Sosio S.Spataro 孙功星 孙俊峰 孙胜森 孙勇杰 孙永昭 孙志嘉 孙振田 唐昌建 唐晓 I.Tapan E.H.Thorndike M.Tiemens M.Ullrich I.Uman G.S.Varner 王斌 王东 王大勇 王科 王亮亮 王灵淑 王萌 王平 王佩良 王思广 王炜 王维平 王雄飞 王雅迪 王贻芳 王亚乾 王铮 王志刚 王志宏 王至勇 T.Weber 魏代会 韦江波 P.Weidenkaff 文硕频 U.Wiedner M.Wolke 伍灵慧 吴智 夏磊 夏力钢 夏宇 肖栋 肖浩 肖振军 谢宇广 修青磊 许国发 徐雷 徐庆君 徐新平 严亮 鄢文标 闫文成 颜永红 杨海军 杨洪勋 杨柳 杨迎 杨永栩 叶梅 叶铭汉 殷俊昊 俞伯祥 喻纯旭 俞洁晟 苑长征 袁文龙 袁野 A.Yuncu A.A.Zafar A.Zallo 曾云 曾哲 张丙新 张炳云 张弛 张长春 张达华 张宏浩 章红宇 张佳佳 张杰磊 张敬庆 张家文 张建勇 张景芝 张坤 张磊 张学尧 张瑶 张宇宁 张银鸿 张亚腾 张宇 张正好 张子平 张振宇 赵光 赵京伟 赵静宜 赵京周 赵雷 赵玲 赵明刚 赵强 赵庆旺 赵书俊 赵天池 赵豫斌 赵政国 A.Zhemchugov 郑波 郑建平 郑文静 郑阳恒 钟彬 周莉 周详 周晓康 周小蓉 周兴玉 朱凯 朱科军 朱帅 朱世海 朱相雷 朱莹春 朱永生 朱自安 庄建 L.Zotti 邹冰松 邹佳恒 | 2016 | Chinese Physics C2016，40，6： | 61 |
| 12 | The Open Quantum Materials Database (OQMD): assessing the accuracy of DFT formation energies显示文摘The Open Quantum Materials Database(OQMD)is a high-throughput database currently consisting of nearly 300,000 density functional theory(DFT)total energy calculations of compounds from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database(ICSD)and decorations of commonly occurring crystal structures.To maximise the impact of these data,the entire database is being made available,without restrictions,at www.oqmd.org/download.In this paper,we outline the structure and contents of the database,and then use it to evaluate the accuracy of the calculations therein by comparing DFT predictions with experimental measurements for the stability of all elemental ground-state structures and 1,670 experimental formation energies of compounds.This represents the largest comparison between DFT and experimental formation energies to date.The apparent mean absolute error between experimental measurements and our calculations is 0.096 eV/atom.In order to estimate how much error to attribute to the DFT calculations,we also examine deviation between different experimental measurements themselves where multiple sources are available,and find a surprisingly large mean absolute error of 0.082 eV/atom.Hence,we suggest that a significant fraction of the error between DFT and experimental formation energies may be attributed to experimental uncertainties.Finally,we evaluate the stability of compounds in the OQMD(including compounds obtained from the ICSD as well as hypothetical structures),which allows us to predict the existence of~3,200 new compounds that have not been experimentally characterised and uncover trends in material discovery,based on historical data available within the ICSD. | Scott Kirklin James E Saal Bryce Meredig Alex Thompson Jeff W Doak Muratahan Aykol Stephan Rühl Chris Wolverton | 2015 | npj Computational Materials2015，，1： | 62 |
| 13 | Gastroenteric tube feeding: Techniques, problems and solutions显示文摘Gastroenteric tube feeding plays a major role in the management of patients with poor voluntary intake,chronic neurological or mechanical dysphagia or gut dysfunction,and patients who are critically ill.However,despite the benefits and widespread use of enteral tube feeding,some patients experience complications.This review aims to discuss and compare current knowledge regarding the clinical application of enteral tube feeding,together with associated complications and special aspects.We conducted an extensive literature search on PubMed,Embase and Medline using index terms relating to enteral access,enteral feeding/nutrition,tube feeding,percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy/jejunostomy,endoscopic nasoenteric tube,nasogastric tube,and refeeding syndrome.The literature showed common routes of enteral access to include nasoenteral tube,gastrostomy and jejunostomy,while complications fall into four major categories:mechanical,e.g.,tube blockage or removal;gastrointestinal,e.g.,diarrhea;infectious e.g.,aspiration pneumonia,tube site infection;and metabolic,e.g.,refeeding syndrome,hyperglycemia.Although the type and frequency of complications arising from tube feeding vary considerably according to the chosen access route,gastrointestinal complications are without doubt the most common.Complications associated with enteral tube feeding can be reduced by careful observance of guidelines,including those related to food composition,administration rate,portion size,food temperature and patient supervision. | Irina Blumenstein Yogesh M Shastri Jürgen Stein | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，26： | 63 |
| 14 | Relationship between plasma D(-)-lactate and intestinal damage after severe injuries in rats显示文摘AIM To explore the kinetic changes in plasma D (-)lactate and lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) levels, and investigate whether D (-)-lactate could be used as a marker of intestinal injury in rats following gut ischemia/reperfusion, burn, and acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP).METHODS Three models were developed in rats:gut ischemia/reperfusion obtained by one hour of superior severe burn injury created by 30% of total body surface induced by continuous inverse infusion of sodium taurocholate and trypsin into main pancreatic duct.Plasma levels of D( - )-lactate in systemic circulation and LPS in portal circulation were measured by enzymaticspectrophotometric method and limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test kit, respectively. Tissue samples of intestine were taken for histological analysis.RESULTS One hour gut ischemia followed by reperfusion injuries resulted in a significant elevation in plasma D( - )lactate and LPS levels, and there was a significant correlation between the plasma D( - )-lactate and LPS (r =0.719, P<0.05). The plasma concentrations of D(-)lactate and LPS increased significantly at 6 h postburn,and there was also a remarkable correlation between them (r = 0.877, P < 0.01). D ( - )-lactate and LPS levels elevated significantly at 2 h after ANP, with a similar significant correlation between the two levels (r-0.798,P < 0.01 ). The desquamation of intestine villi and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria were observed in all groups.CONCLUSION The changes of plasma D( - )-lactate levels in systemic blood paralleled with LPS levels in the portal vein blood. The measurement of plasma D (-)-lactate level may be a useful marker to assess the intestinal injury and to monitor an increase of intestinal permeability and endotoxemia following severe injuries in early stage. | Xiao-Qing Sun Xiao-Bing Fu Rong-Zhan Yi Lü Qun Deng Xiao-Guo Jian Zhi-Yong Sheng Bum Institute, 304~(th)Hospital,Beijing 100037,China Department of General Surgery,Chinese PLA 304 Hospital,Beijing 100037,China | 2001 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2001，7，4： | 56 |
| 15 | Viral and host causes of fatty liver in chronic hepatitis B显示文摘AIM: To investigate the viral and host causes of fatty liver in chronic hepatitis B patients and the role of fat deposits in liver damage.METHODS: A total of 164 patients (113 males and 51 females, average age 35±11.3 years, and range 10-62 years) with previously untreated chronic hepatitis B were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups depending on the result of liver biopsy: group without steatosis (100 patients with <5% hepatosteatosis) and group with steatosis (64 patients with >5% hepatosteatosis). The groups were compared in terms of gender, body mass index (BMI), liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT), cholesterol, triglyceride, HBeAg, viral load, and histological findings. In the group with steatosis, the patients were subdivided depending on the degree of steatosis into mild group (45 patients with 5-24% steatosis), and severe group (19 patients with >25% steatosis). RESULTS: In the group of chronic hepatitis B with steatosis, the mean age, BMI, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly higher than those in the group without steatosis (P<0.05). Steatosis was found in 53 (46.9%) of male patients and 11 (22%) of female patients (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in the positivity of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, HBeAg, viral load, histological activity index (HAI) and stage between the two groups (P>0.05). In the group with severe steatosis, the BMI was significantly higher than that in the group with mild steatosis (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in the other parameters between the groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Steatosis in chronic hepatitis B appears to be a result of metabolic factors of the host rather than the effect of viruses. Steatosis is unrelated to the HAI and degree of fibrosis, which are considered as the histological indicators of liver damage. | Emin Altiparmak Seyfettin K(o|¨)klü Mesut Yalinkilic Osman Yüksel Bahattin Cicek Ertugrul Kayacetin Tülin Sahin | 2005 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2005，11，20： | 52 |
| 16 | GRADE:证据质量和推荐强度分级的共识显示文摘GRADE工作组致中国读者:推荐分级的评估、制定与评价(GRADE)工作组已取得长足进步。我们制定了系列指南文件,除发表文章外,该非正式组织已经发展成为一个评价证据、转化卫生保健领域知识用以指导决策者的智囊团。80余位国际专家研究和制定了该评价系统。正如其他科学一样,证据评价和指南制定科学不会停滞不前。经过十年发展,GRADE的工作将借助中国Cochrane中心的推广在中国的卫生保健领域更加广为人知。GRADE工作组的成员期待与中国的指南制定组织、方法学家、临床医生和决策者合作,实现我们的共同目标:人人享有更好的卫生保健。中国Cochrane中心翻译GRADE工作组在BMJ上发表的系列文章,是朝这个方向迈出的重要一步,也是对下一步在中国推广GRADE工作的直接贡献。感兴趣的读者可登录我们的网站www.gradeworkinggroup.org和在以下网址获取我们的软件GRADEprohttp://gffzz73f9075754ca43bbh5kqbww6nufc06fwx.ffgz.tsg.suse.edu.cn. | Gordon H Guyatt Andrew D Oxman Gunn E Vist Regina Kunz Yngve Falck-Ytter Pablo Alonso-Coello Holger J Schünemann GRADE工作组 陈佩贤 陈耀龙 李幼平 | 2009 | 中国循证医学杂志2009，9，1： | 60 |
| 17 | 等渗性碘克沙醇与非离子型低渗性对比剂的肾毒性比较:随机对照试验的Meta分析显示文摘目的 比较随机临床试验中等渗性碘克沙醇与非离子型低渗性对比剂(LOCM)的肾毒性。方法 本Meta分析系统地检索了MEDLINE、EMBASE、BIOSIS、Web of Science、ISI知网、Medizin近期期刊报道、Cochrane图书馆(截至2007年8月)、有关试验记录、会议记录及文献列表中的研究,也向所有的对比剂制造商咨询了未能检索到的研究。 | M.C.Heinrich L.Hberle V.Müller W.Bautz M.Uder 蒋涛 | 2009 | 国际医学放射学杂志2009，32，2： | 52 |
| 18 | GRADE指南:Ⅳ.证据质量分级--研究的局限性(偏倚风险)显示文摘在GRADE方法中,若多数相关证据来自高偏倚风险的研究,则起初被定为高质量证据的随机试验和低质量证据的观察性研究均有可能被降低质量等级。随机试验已确定的局限性包括:未进行分配隐藏、未实施盲法、未报告失访情况及未恰当考虑意向性治疗原则。最近提出的局限性包括:因明显获益而早期终止试验和基于结果选择性报告结局。观察性研究的主要局限性包括使用不合适的对照及未能充分调整预后的不平衡。偏倚风险可因不同结果而异(如全死因死亡率的失访远少于生命质量的失访),许多系统评价都容易忽略这一点。在决定是否因偏倚风险而降低质量等级时,不管是随机试验还是观察性研究,作者不应采用对各个研究取平均值的方法。相反,对任何单个结果,当同时存在高、低偏倚风险的研究时,则应考虑只纳入较低偏倚风险的研究。 | Gordon H.Guyatt Andrew D.Oxman Gunn Vist Regina Kunz Jan Brozek Pablo Alonso-Coello Victor Montori Elie A.Akl Ben Djulbegovic Yngve Falck-Ytter Susan L.Norris John W.Williams Jr. David Atkins Joerg Meerpohl Holger J.Schünemann GRADE工作组 李幼平 杨晓妍 李鸿浩 李玲 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，4： | 58 |
| 19 | Multiple genetic alterations and behavior of cellular biology in gastric cancer and other gastric mucosal lesions:H.pylori infection,histological types and staging显示文摘AIM To investigate the expression of multiplegenes and the behavior of cellular biology ingastric cancer(GC)and other gastric mucosallesions and their relations to Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection,tumor staging andhistological subtypes.METHODS Three hundred and twenty-sevenspecimens of gastric mucosa obtained viaendoscopy or surgical resection,and ABCimmunohistochemical staining were used todetect the expression of p53,p16,Bcl-2 andCOX-2 proteins.H.pylori was determined byrapid urea test combined with pathologicalstaining or14C urea breath test.Cellular image analysis was performed in 66 patients withintestinal metaplasia(IM)and/or dysplasia(Dys).In 30 of them,both cancer and theparacancerous tissues were obtained at the timeof surgery.Histological pattern,tumor staging,lymph node metastasis,grading ofdifferentiation and other clinical data werestudied in the medical records.RESULTS p16 expression of IM or Dys wassignificantly lower in positive H.pylori chronicatrophic gastritis(CAG)than those withnegative H.pylori(CAG:54.8% vs 88.0%,IM:34.4% vs 69.6%,Dys:23.8% vs 53.6%,allP<0.05),Bcl-2 or COX-2 expression of IM orDys in positive H.pylori cases was significantlyhigher than that without H.pylori(Bcl-2:68.8%vs23.9%,90.5% vs 60.7%;COX-2:50.0% vs10.8%,61.8% vs 17.8%;all P<0.05).Themean number of most parameters of cellularimage analysis in positive H.pylori group wassignificantly higher than that in negative H.pylori group(Ellipser:53±14,40±12μm,Area1:748±572,302±202 μm2,Area2:3050±1661,1681±1990 μm2,all P<0.05;Ellipseb:79±23,58±15 μm,Ratio1:22%±5%,13%±4%,Ratio2:79%±17%,53%±20%,all P<0.01).There was significant correlation between Bcl-2and histologic pattern of gastric carcinoma,andbetween COX-2 and tumor staging or lymph nodemetastasis(Bcl-2:75.0% vs 16.7%;COX-2:76.0% vs 20.0%,79.2% vs 16.7%;allP<0.05).CONCLUSION p1l6, Bcl-2, and COX-2 but not p53 gene may play a role in the early genesis/ progression of gastric carcinoma and are associated with H. pylori infection. p53 gene is relatively late event in gastric tumorigenesis and mainly relates to its progression. There is more cellular-biological behavior of malignant tumor in gastric mucosal lesions with H. pylori infection. Aberrant Bcl-2 protein expression appears to be preferentially associated with the intestinal type cancer. COX-2 seems to be related to tumor staging and lymph node metastasis. | Heng Jun Gao Lian Zhen Yu Jian Feng Bai Yan Shen Peng Gu Sun Han Lin Zhao Kun Miu Xiu Zhen Lü Xiao Yong Zhang Zhi Quan Zhao | 2000 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2000，6，6： | 52 |
| 20 | Molecular mechanism about lymphogenous metastasis of hepatocarcinoma cells in mice显示文摘AIM To investigate the correlation between lymphogenous metastasis and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity and the expression of Fas Iigand of tumor cells in lymph nodes.METHODES Fifty-six inbred 615-mice were equally divided into 2 groups and inoculated with Hca-F and Hca-P cells. Their lymph node metastatic rates were examined.Growth fraction of lymphocytes in host lymph nodes was detected by flow cytometry. The Hca-F and Hca-P cells were cultured with extract of lymph node, liver or spleen.The quantity of MMPs in these supernatants was examined by zymographic analysis. The expression of Fas ligand,PCNA, Bcl-2 protein of Hca-F and Hca-P cells in the mice were examined by immunohistochemistry. The apoptosis signals of macrophages in lymph nodes were observed with in situ DNA fragmentation.RESULTS On the 28th day post-inoculation, the lymph node metastatic rate of Hca-F was 80% (16/20), whereas that of Hca-P was 25% (5/20). The growth fraction of lymphocytes was as follows: in the Hca-F cells, the proliferating peak of lymphocytes appeared on the 14th day post-inoculation and then decreased rapidly, while in HcaP cells, the peak appeared on the 7th day post-inoculation and then kept at a high level. With the extract of lymph node, the quantity of the MMP-9 activity increased (P<0.01) and active MMP-9 and MMP-2 were produced by both Hca-F and Hca-P tumor cells, which did not produce MMPs without the extract of lymph node or with the extracts of the liver and spleen. The expression of Fas Ligand of Hca-F cells was stronger than that of Hca-P cells (P<0.01). The expressions of PCNA and Bcl-2 protein of Hca-F cells in the tumors of inoculated area were the same as that of Hca-P cells. In situ DNA fragmentation showed that the positive signals of macrophages were around HcaF cells.CONCLUSION Secretion of MMPs which was associated with metastatic ability of Hca-F and Hca-P tumor cells depends on the environment of lymph nodes. The increased expression of Fas ligand protein of Hca-F tumor cells with high lymphogenous metastatic potential in lymph nodes may help tumor cells escape from being killed by host lymphocytes. | Li Hou Ying Li Yong-Hua Jia Bo Wang Yi Xin Mao-Ying Ling Shen Lü Department of Pathology,Dalian Medical University,Dalian 116027,Liaoning Province,ChinaDepartment of Biochemistry,Dalian Medical University,Dalian 116027,Liaoning Province,China | 2001 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2001，7，4： | 47 |
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