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| 1 | Unexpected fast radical production emerges in cool seasons:implications for ozone pollution control显示文摘Ozone is a crucial air pollutant that damages human health and vegetation.As it is related to the photo-oxidation of the nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds,the summertime reduction of these precursors is the primary focus of current ozone mitigation strategies.During ozone pollution episodes in eastern China,an observed accumulation of daily total oxidants(O_(x)=NO_(2)+O_(3))in cool seasons(spring and autumn:60 ppb and winter 40 ppb)is comparable to that in summer(60 ppb),indicating fast photochemical production of secondary pollutants including ozone over the year.Unrecognized fast radical primary productions are found to counteract the increased termination of hydroxyl radical and unfavorable meteorological conditions to maintain the rapid total oxidant formations in cool seasons.Elucidating and regulating the primary radical sources may be critical for the secondary air pollution control in cool seasons. | Hongli Wang Yanhui Liu Xiaorui Chen Yaqin Gao Wanyi Qiu Shengao Jing Qian Wang Shengrong Lou Peter MEdwards Cheng Huang Keding Lu | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，2： | 2 |
| 2 | Digital medical education empowered by intelligent fabric space显示文摘Medical education plays an important role in promoting the development of global medical science.Nevertheless,the intrinsic gap existing between institutional medical teaching and practical clinical tasks causes low education efficiency and students’weak initiative.Recent developments of sensing fabric and embedded computing,along with the advances in artificial intelligence(AI)and digital twin technology are paving the way for the transformation of medical research towards digitization.In this work,we present an intelligent fabric space based on novel functional fabric materials and digital twin networking enabled by 5G and internet of things(IoT)technologies.In this space,medical students can learn knowledge with collaborative mapping of the digital and real world,cyber-physical interaction and real-time tactile feedback.And the proposed service system will evaluate and feedback students’operational behaviors to improve their experimental skills.We provide four typical applications of intelligent fabric space for medical education,including medical education training,health and behavior tracking,operation playback and reproduction,as well as medical knowledge popularization.The proposed intelligent fabric space has the potential to promote innovative technologies for training cutting-edge medical students by effective and efficient ways. | Min Chen Rui Wang Rui Wang Yingting Zhou Zicheng He Xiaojuan Liu Muyao He Jiaxi Wang Chaolin Huang Huamin Zhou Ping Hong Chong Hou Ning Zhou Dingyu Zhang Guangming Tao | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，1： | 2 |
| 3 | Cell-in-cell:an emerging player in COVID-19 and immune disorders显示文摘Cell-in-cell is a unique phenomenon mostly documented in human cancer tissues.A recent study demonstrated that cell-in-cell might promote lymphopenia by internalizing and killing immune cells in COVID-19,which implicates cell-in-cell as an emerging player in a broader spectrum of pathological processes,such as immune dysregulation. | Qiang Sun Wei Chen | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Broadly neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants显示文摘Antibody response plays a critical role in protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease progression[1–3].As the current COVID-19 pandemic continues to rage around the world,there is growing concern that new SARS-CoV-2 variants may emerge that are antigenically distinct from the prototype strain,rendering the current antibody and vaccine strategies ineffective[4–15]. | Linqi Zhang | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，1： | 1 |
| 5 | Towards robust immune responses after heterologous COVID-19 vaccination and its application perspectives显示文摘The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)[1],has seriously impacted the global health and economy.Effective vaccination,with homologous or heterologous prime-boost strategies,is the key to controlling the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic[2].Homologous vaccinations,which are the administration of the same type of COVID-19 vaccine,have been shown to be highly efficient in inducing robust immune responses[3–7]. | Yong Lin Ailong Huang | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Anti-viral memory T cell responses in the absence of IgG production in a COVID-19 convalescent individual显示文摘Cellular and humoral immunity are both important in host defense against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).Although defects in SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity have been found in patients with severe lung pathology,it is still largely unclear whether virus-specific T cells are sufficient for host protection.Here,we found that in a previously characterized cohort of convalescent subjects,one individual,though lacking detectable anti-viral neutralizing IgG antibodies,showed virus-specific T cell responses,both in CD4^(+)and CD8^(+)T cells.SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in this and other individuals are maintained for up to 10 months.This study thus further supports a critical role of T cells in host defense against SARS-CoV-2,offering new insights into the design and evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines. | Ling Ni Fang Ye Qin Qiao Yu Feng Yazheng Yang Hui Zhao Li-Nan Zhang Meng-Li Cheng Gengzhen Zhu Xiaoli Li Xuan Zhong Ruifeng Li Cheng-Feng Qin Fang Chen Chen Dong | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Direct laser writing of graphene oxide for ultra-low power consumption memristors in reservoir computing for digital recognition显示文摘A memristor is a promising candidate of new electronic synaptic devices for neuromorphic computing.However,conventional memristors often exhibit complex device structures,cumbersome manufacturing processes,and high energy consumption.Graphene-based materials show great potential as the building materials of memristors.With direct laser writing technology,this paper proposes a lateral memristor with reduced graphene oxide(rGO)and Pt as electrodes and graphene oxide(GO)as function material.This Pt/GO/rGO memristor with a facile lateral structure can be easily fabricated and demonstrates an ultra-low energy consumption of 200 nW.Typical synaptic behaviors are successfully emulated.Meanwhile,the Pt/GO/rGO memristor array is applied in the reservoir computing network,performing the digital recognition with a high accuracy of 95.74%.This work provides a simple and low-cost preparation method for the massive production of artificial synapses with low energy consumption,which will greatly facilitate the development of neural network computing hardware platforms. | Min Chen Zhengfen Wan Hao Dong Qinyu Chen Min Gu Qiming Zhang | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，3： | 1 |
| 8 | Liquid-based materials显示文摘Advanced materials are the material basis for social development.Solid materials have the characteristics of stability,durability,and processability,but it is often difficult for them to have a large-scale and rapid dynamic response[1].Liquid materials are usually smooth,defect-free,and self-healing,with dynamic response and high mass transfer efficiency,but they cannot be self-supporting and are unlikely to be fabricated into fixed shapes themselves[2,3].Liquid-based materials are rising for breaking the limitations of conventional materials.They are composed of solids and liquids,which endows them with the characteristics of both solid and liquid materials and unique advantages in fast dynamic response,soft interface,structural plasticity,etc.[2–6].The solid materials offer frameworks and confinements for stabilizing liquid materials.Based on the structure types,the solid framework in the liquid-based materials can be roughly divided into the non-supporting structure,soft supporting structure,and hard supporting structure,although in some conditions,coupled structure types exist(Figure 1).Various liquids with different properties including waterbased liquids,organic liquids,ionic liquids,liquid metals,and other responsive liquids have been widely used[6–10]. | Yunmao Zhang Xu Hou | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Recent advances in carbon-supported non-precious metal singleatom catalysts for energy conversion electrocatalysis显示文摘Non-precious metal single-atom catalysts(NPM-SACs)with unique electronic structures and coordination environments have gained much attention in electrocatalysis owing to their low cost,high atomic utilization,and high performance.NPM-SACs on carbon support(NPM-SACs/CS)are promising because of the carbon substrate with a large surface area,excellent electrical conductivity,and high chemical stability.This review provides an overview of recent developments in NPM-SACs/CS for the electrocatalytic field.First,the state-of-the-art synthesis methods and advanced characterization techniques of NPM-SACs/CS are discussed in detail.Then,the structural adjustment strategy of NPM-SACs/CS for optimizing electrocatalytic performance is introduced concisely.Furthermore,we provide a comprehensive summary of recent advances in developing NPM-SACs/CS for important electrochemical reactions,including carbon dioxide reduction reaction,hydrogen evolution reaction,oxygen evolution reaction,oxygen reduction reaction,and nitrogen reduction reaction.In the end,the existing challenges and future opportunities of NPM-SACs/CS in the electrocatalytic field are highlighted. | Li-Xia Liu Yangyang Ding Linan Zhu Jin-Cheng Li Huitong Du Xiang Li Zhaoyuan Lyu Dan Du Fuqiang Liu Yuanyuan Wang Wenlei Zhu Yuehe Lin | 2023 | National Science Open2023，2，2： | 1 |
| 10 | Recent advances in the development of perovskite@metal-organicframeworks composites显示文摘Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have received considerable attention because of their advantages of adjustable structure,high porosity,and rich active centers.Meanwhile,perovskite has attracted research interest due to its unique highemission quantum yield and excellent optoelectronic properties.However,the instability of perovskites under certain conditions hinders their more comprehensive development.A novel strategy encapsulates perovskite in the pores of MOFs to protect it from external interference and increase the active centers,thus improving the performance of perovskite@MOF composites.In this review,the latest research progress in the synthesis strategy,function,and application of perovskite@MOF composites is systematically summarized.Additionally,the challenges of further developing perovskite@MOF composites are discussed.Hopefully,this review provides creative inspiration to advance future studies on perovskite@MOF composites in this emerging field. | Qian Li Yanfei Zhang Guangxun Zhang Yixuan Wang Huan Pang | 2023 | National Science Open2023，2，3： | 1 |
| 11 | How to commercialize solid-state batteries:a perspective from solid electrolytes显示文摘Lithium-ion batteries with flammable liquid electrolytes and graphite anodes suffer from insufficient energy density and potential safety risks.Solid electrolytes are very promising to completely address these issues[1,2],because solid electrolytes that are electrochemically stable with Li metal anodes and compatible with high-voltage cathodes can simultaneously achieve high safety and high energy density.Generally,solid electrolytes can be classified into two groups:solid polymers and inorganic solids,including oxides,sulfides and halides[3]. | Zhuo Li Jialong Fu Xin Guo | 2023 | National Science Open2023，2，1： | 1 |
| 12 | DeceFL:a principled fully decentralized federated learning framework显示文摘Traditional machine learning relies on a centralized data pipeline for model training in various applications;however,data are inherently fragmented.Such a decentralized nature of databases presents the serious challenge for collaboration:sending all decentralized datasets to a central server raises serious privacy concerns.Although there has been a joint effort in tackling such a critical issue by proposing privacy-preserving machine learning frameworks,such as federated learning,most state-of-the-art frameworks are built still in a centralized way,in which a central client is needed for collecting and distributing model information(instead of data itself)from every other client,leading to high communication burden and high vulnerability when there exists a failure at or an attack on the central client.Here we propose a principled decentralized federated learning algorithm(DeceFL),which does not require a central client and relies only on local information transmission between clients and their neighbors,representing a fully decentralized learning framework.It has been further proven that every client reaches the global minimum with zero performance gap and achieves the same convergence rate O(1=T)(where T is the number of iterations in gradient descent)as centralized federated learning when the loss function is smooth and strongly convex.Finally,the proposed algorithm has been applied to a number of applications to illustrate its effectiveness for both convex and nonconvex loss functions,time-invariant and time-varying topologies,as well as IID and Non-IID of datasets,demonstrating its applicability to a wide range of real-world medical and industrial applications. | Ye Yuan Jun Liu Dou Jin Zuogong Yue Tao Yang Ruijuan Chen Maolin Wang Chuan Sun Lei Xu Feng Hua Yuqi Guo Xiuchuan Tang Xin He Xinlei Yi Dong Li Guanghui Wen Wenwu Yu Hai-Tao Zhang Tianyou Chai Shaochun Sui Han Ding | 2023 | National Science Open2023，2，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Uncover landfilled antimicrobial resistance:a critical review of antibiotics flux,resistome dynamics and risk assessment显示文摘Municipal solid waste(MSW)landfill is one of the most important reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance(AMR)in urban environments.By reviewing~120 published cases worldwide,we found that leachate-borne antibiotics were at theμg/L level,and meanwhile,around 8 tons of antibiotics(including the clinically relevant ones)annually leached from the MSW landfills in China.During a decade-long landfilling process,the leachate-borne bacteria mainly originating from humanassociated waste(>40%)formed a community network being versatile to the drastic environmental changes.Among them,the keystone species(Proteobacteria subtaxa)functioned for metabolizing the most available substrate in leachates and were also the hosts of mobile antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs),which suggested the enduring and close associations between bacterial community and resistome.These leachate-borne ARGs were highly mobile via plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfer,especially in less aged leachates(<10 yr).MetaCompare showed that the AMR-hazard index of landfill-specific airborne particles(index=20.5)was significantly higher than that of drinking water(index=17.81,P<0.01).Human daily exposure of ARGs amounted to an inhalation of(5.83±0.16)×105 copies of ARGs,being tenfold higher than that ingestion of drinking water,which implies landfills as a non-ignorable AMR source. | Dong Wu Yinglong Su Panliang Wang Jue Zhao Jiawen Xie Bing Xie | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，2： | 1 |
| 14 | South-hemispheric marine aerosol Hg and S isotope compositions reveal different oxidation pathways显示文摘Particle-bound mercury(PBM)records the oxidation of elemental mercury,of which the main oxidation pathways(Br∙/Cl∙/OH∙/O3)remain unclear,especially in the Southern Hemisphere.Here,we present latitudinal covariations of Hg and Sisotopic anomalies in cross-hemispheric marine aerosols that evidence an equator-to-poleward transition of Hg oxidants from OH∙/O3 in tropics to Br∙/Cl∙in polar regions highlighting thus the presence of distinct oxidation processes producing PBM.The correlations between Hg,S and O-isotopic compositions measured in PBM,sulfates and nitrates respectively within the aerosols highlight the implication of common oxidants in their formations at different latitudes.Our results open a new window to better quantify the present-day atmospheric Hg,S and N budgets and to evaluate the influences of aerosols on climate and ecosystems once the isotopic fractionations associated with each process have been determined. | David AuYang Jiubin Chen Wang Zheng Yanxu Zhang Guitao Shi Jeroen ESonke Pierre Cartigny Hongming Cai Wei Yuan Liangzhi Liu Pengxue Gai Congqiang Liu | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Metagenomic insights into the variation of bacterial communities and potential pathogenic bacteria in drinking water treatment and distribution systems显示文摘High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons was conducted to characterize the changing patterns of bacterial community and potential pathogens in full-scale drinking water treatment and distribution systems.Results showed that Actinobacteria was the predominant phylum in source water,while Proteobacteria dominated after chlorine disinfection and its relative abundance increased from 40.88%±9.45%to 67.86%±27.10%.The genera Pseudarthrobacter,Arenimonas,and Limnohabitans were effectively removed by chlorination,while Phreatobacter,Undibacterium,Pseudomonas,and Sphingomonas within the Proteobacteria phylum were greatly enriched after chlorination.Metagenomic analyses revealed the occurrence of 56 species of potential pathogenic bacteria within 17 genera in drinking water,mainly including Pseudomonas fluorescens and five mycobacteria species,which were also persistent in tap water samples.The bacteria were found to be involved in various pathways,among which considerable groups were related to human diseases,including infectious diseases and even cancers. | Ruiming Jiang Zihan Li Qisheng Li Yunqi Liu Yuning Zhu Zimo Chen Peng Liu Shuyu Jia Hongqiang Ren Xu-Xiang Zhang | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，2： | 1 |
| 16 | Advances and challenges of photocatalytic technology for air purification显示文摘With the acceleration of the urban industrialization process,air pollutant emission has increased sharply,which seriously endangers the ecological environment and human beings.Solar-driven photocatalysis has the broad-spectrum activity for various inorganic to organic pollutants at ambient temperature without harsh reaction conditions,which shows a very broad application prospect in air purification.However,the photocatalysis technology suffers from the unrevealed reaction me-chanism and the deactivation of photocatalysts,which severely limits its practical application.Currently,there is still a huge gap between basic research and industrial application in the field of photocatalytic air purification.This review summarizes recent progress on photocatalytic degradation of air pollutants and categorizes them based on the types of photocatalytic materials and air pollutants,with a focus on photocatalytic reaction mechanisms and the application scenarios of photocatalytic air purification to identify this gap.We also critically discussed the major challenges for promoting applications of photo-catalytic technology and put forward the development prospect. | Qin Geng Hong Wang Ruiming Chen Lvcun Chen Kanglu Li Fan Dong | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Antibiotics in global rivers显示文摘Antibiotics have received extensive attention due to their sophisticated effects on human health and ecosystems.However,there is an extreme scarcity of information on composition,content,geographic distribution,and risk of riverine antibiotics at a large spatial scale.Based on a systematic review of over 600 pieces of literature(1999-2021),we established a global dataset containing more than 90,000 records covering 169 antibiotics and their metabolites in surface water and sediment across 76 countries.The occurrence of prioritized antibiotics largely depended on socioeconomic developmental levels,and the current“hotspots”of polluted rivers were found mostly in less developed countries or emerging economies(e.g.,some in Africa,South America,and Asia).By developing the screening protocol for risk-based prioritization of antibiotics,we advanced a rank list of antibiotics for guiding formulation of region-specific strategies,which highlighted the importance of whole life cycle management of antibiotics in health maintenance of the world’s rivers. | Si Li Yi Liu Yang Wu Jingrun Hu Yiqing Zhang Qian Sun Weiling Sun Jiagen Geng Xiaoying Liu Dantong Jia Xiuqi You Dianqing Qi Moran Tang Yitao Lyu Fanguang Kong Leilei Cai Yufan Ai Yichu Wang Jinren Ni | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，2： | 1 |
| 18 | Building blocks for one-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures显示文摘We recently demonstrated experimentally the synthesis of one-dimensional(1D)van der Waals(vdW)heterostructure,where single-crystal hexagonal boron nitride or molybdenum disulfide nanotubes seamlessly wrapped a singlewalled carbon nanotube and formed a coaxial hetero-nanotube with the diameter typically being 1–5 nm.1D vdW heterostructures have created large room for fundamental research from synthesis to application,but most directions are still at their initial stages.The materials that can be employed to construct 1D vdW heterostructures are limited to only a few types.In this review,we provide an outlook to the question:what are the building blocks available now and could be available in the future for the fabrication of 1D vdW heterostructures? | Rong Xiang Shigeo Maruyama Yan Li | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，3： | 0 |
| 19 | Diverse cellular strategies for the export of leaderless proteins显示文摘Unconventional protein export/secretion(UPE/UPS),in contrast to the classical ER-Golgi-dependent export/secretion of proteins with a leader sequence(signal peptide),employs multiple means to release leaderless cargoes(and in some special cases,cargoes with a leader sequence)to the extracellular space.By far,two major types of UPE have been classified,vesicle-independent UPE and vesicle-dependent UPE.In the former,UPE cargoes can directly translocate across the plasma membrane from the cytoplasm without the assistance of a vesicle carrier.In the latter,UPE cargoes translocate into the lumen of a vesicle which then delivers them out of the cell through membrane trafficking.Both types of UPE require multiple unconventional solutions to complete secretion.Here,we briefly discuss the multiple strategies for a UPE cargo release,focusing on two key steps of leaderless cargoes release in UPE:protein translocation and membrane trafficking. | Jianfei Zheng Liang Ge | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，3： | 0 |
| 20 | Programmable unitary operations for orbital angular momentum encoded states显示文摘We have proposed and demonstrated a scalable and efficient scheme for programmable unitary operations in orbital angular momentum(OAM)domain.Based on matrix decomposition into diagonal and Fourier factors,arbitrary matrix operators can be implemented only by diagonal matrices alternately acting on orbital angular momentum domain and azimuthal angle domain,which are linked by Fourier transform.With numerical simulations,unitary matrices with dimensionality of 3×3 are designed and discussed for OAM domain.Meanwhile,the parallelism of our proposed scheme is also presented with two 3×3 matrices.Furthermore,as an alternative to verify our proposal,proof of principle experiments have been performed on path domain with the same matrix decomposition method,in which an average fidelity of 0.97 is evaluated through 80 experimental results with dimensionality of 3×3. | Shikang Li Xue Feng Kaiyu Cui Fang Liu Wei Zhang Yidong Huang | 2022 | National Science Open2022，1，3： | 0 |
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