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| 1 | MongoDB数据库中Sharding技术应用研究显示文摘非关系型数据库的出现,对于解决面向文档的超大规模和高并发的问题提供了卓有成效的解决方案。MongoDB为了提高处理大数据量的性能,提供了分片集群的功能,支持自动分片和划分架构,可以利用它构建一个水平扩展的数据库集群系统,将数据库分表存储在各个Sharding节点上。文中在研究MongoDB特性的基础上,着重分析Sharding技术的应用,通过比较普通和分片这两种情况下的性能测试,提出使用MongoDB中的Sharding技术来解决随着数据量增加带来的数据库的读写性能和效率的问题。 | 梁海 | 2014 | 计算机技术与发展2014，24，7： | 17 |
| 2 | 基础设施即服务层企业私有云平台构建显示文摘随着企业信息化进程的不断推进和业务复杂性的提升,企业信息系统主要面临业务连续性无法保障、硬件资源利用率低、运维复杂性高等问题。本文提出了基于VMware v Sphere的基础设施即服务层企业云平台构建方案,并在某企业部署实施应用于生产系统中,通过Sharding技术实现了数据库的扁平化。运行结果表明,私有云平台保障了业务连续性,实现了服务器、存储及网络资源的整合及动态按需分配,提升了资源利用率和运维效率,更好地满足了企业信息化发展的需求。 | 宋梦馨 冯得福 | 2015 | 信息系统工程2015，28，9： | 3 |
| 3 | AWI-BS: An adaptive weight incentive for blockchain sharding显示文摘The sharding technique enables blockchain to process transactions in parallel by dividing blockchain nodes into small groups,each of which handles a subset of all transactions.One of the issues with blockchain sharding is generating a large number of cross-shard transactions that need to be checked on the output shard as well as the destination shard.Our analysis suggests that the processing efficiency of cross-shard transactions is consistent with the barrel effect,i.e.,that efficiency is more dependent on slower processing shard.Most of the existing studies focus on how to deal with cross-shard transactions,but neglecting the fact that the relative independence between sharding results in different incentive costs between sharding.We perform a sharding analysis on 100,000 real transactions data on Ethereum,and the results show that there is a large difference in gas prices between different shards indeed.In this paper,we propose an Adaptive Weight Incentive(AWI)for Blockchain Sharding,which uses adaptive weight in place of traditional incentive,to address the problem of differing incentive costs for each shard.Take Ethereum as an example,AWI-BS computes the weight of a transaction as a function of a combination of the underlying gas price,the latency of the transaction,and the urgency of the transaction.Then the node chooses which transaction to pack based on the AWI-BS.Lastly,we also perform an in-depth analysis of AWI-BS's security and effectiveness.The evaluation indicates that AWI-BS outperforms the other alternatives in terms of transaction confirmation latency,transaction hit rate,and system throughput. | Zuobin Ying Laican Song Deng Chen Wusong Lan Ximeng Liu | 2023 | Journal of Information and Intelligence2023，1，2： | 1 |
| 4 | A load balance optimization framework for sharded-blockchain enabled Internet of Things显示文摘Recently,sharded-blockchain has attracted more and more attention.Its inherited immutabili-ty,decentralization,and promoted scalability effectively address the trust issue of the data sharing in the Internet of Things(IoT).Nevertheless,the traditional random allocation between validator groups and transaction pools ignores the differences of shards,which reduces the overall system per-formance due to the unbalance between computing capacity and transaction load.To solve this prob-lem,a load balance optimization framework for sharded-blockchain enabled IoT is proposed,where the allocation between the validator groups and transaction pools is implemented reasonably by deep reinforcement learning(DRL).Specifically,based on the theoretical analysis of the intra-shard consensus and the final system consensus,the optimization of system performance is formed as a Markov decision process(MDP),and the allocation of the transaction pools,the block size,and the block interval are jointly trained in the DRL agent.The simulation results show that the proposed scheme improves the scalability of the sharded blockchain system for IoT. | 杨兆鑫 YANG Ruizhe LI Meng YU Richard Fei ZHANG Yanhua | 2022 | High Technology Letters2022，28，1： | 1 |
| 5 | MQTT and blockchain sharding:An approach to user-controlled data access with improved security and efficiency显示文摘The rapid growth of the Internet of Things(IoT)has raised security concerns,including MQTT protocol-based applications that lack built-in security features and rely on resource-intensive Transport Layer Security(TLS)protocols.This paper presents an approach that utilizes blockchain technology to enhance the security of MQTT communication while maintaining efficiency.This approach involves using blockchain sharding,which enables higher scalability,improved performance,and reduced computational overhead compared to traditional blockchain approaches,making it well-suited for resource-constrained IoT environments.This approach leverages Ethereum blockchain’s smart contract mechanism to ensure trust,accountability,and user privacy.Specifically,we introduce a shard-based consensus mechanism that enables improved security while minimizing computational overhead.We also provide a user-controlled and secured algorithm using Proof-of-Access implementation to decentralize user access control to data stored in the blockchain network.The proposed approach is analyzed for usability,including metrics such as bandwidth consumption,CPU usage,memory usage,delay,access time,storage time,and jitter,which are essential for IoT application requirements.The analysis demonstrated that the approach reduces resource consumption,and the proposed system outperforms TLS and existing blockchain approaches in these metrics,regardless of the choice of the MQTT broker.Additionally,thoroughly addressing future research directions,including issues and challenges,ensures careful consideration of potential advancements in this domain. | P.S.Akshatha S.M.Dilip Kumar | 2023 | Blockchain(Research and Applications)2023，4，4： | 0 |
| 6 | A Sharding Scheme Based on Graph Partitioning Algorithm for Public Blockchain显示文摘Blockchain technology,with its attributes of decentralization,immutability,and traceability,has emerged as a powerful catalyst for enhancing traditional industries in terms of optimizing business processes.However,transaction performance and scalability has become the main challenges hindering the widespread adoption of blockchain.Due to its inability to meet the demands of high-frequency trading,blockchain cannot be adopted in many scenarios.To improve the transaction capacity,researchers have proposed some on-chain scaling technologies,including lightning networks,directed acyclic graph technology,state channels,and shardingmechanisms,inwhich sharding emerges as a potential scaling technology.Nevertheless,excessive cross-shard transactions and uneven shard workloads prevent the sharding mechanism from achieving the expected aim.This paper proposes a graphbased sharding scheme for public blockchain to efficiently balance the transaction distribution.Bymitigating crossshard transactions and evening-out workloads among shards,the scheme reduces transaction confirmation latency and enhances the transaction capacity of the blockchain.Therefore,the scheme can achieve a high-frequency transaction as well as a better blockchain scalability.Experiments results show that the scheme effectively reduces the cross-shard transaction ratio to a range of 35%-56%and significantly decreases the transaction confirmation latency to 6 s in a blockchain with no more than 25 shards. | Shujiang Xu Ziye Wang Lianhai Wang Miodrag J.Mihaljevi′c Shuhui Zhang Wei Shao Qizheng Wang | 2024 | Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences2024，139，6： | 0 |
| 7 | 一种改进的数据库Sharding方法显示文摘Sharding是用于开源数据库的一种水平扩展解决方案,包含两个主要步骤:逻辑划分和物理映射.对于前者,现有机制通常根据Shard Key采取基于Range或是Hash的方式来实现.然而,基于Range的方法不能够保证数据值域的均衡;基于Hash的方法不适用于范围查询,且当Shard Key不均匀时无法保证数据量的均衡.对于后者,现有机制通常采用一致性哈希来确保存储节点的动态扩展,然而该方法并未考虑数据增减导致Chunk大小变化时的数据均衡机制.为此,提出一种新的负载均衡的Sharding方法:一方面综合考虑上述两种划分方式的优缺点提出一种新的逻辑划分方法,另一方面给出一种Chunk大小变化而导致的不均衡处理机制.实验证明本文提出的方法能够有效保证数据的负载均衡. | 李甜甜 于戈 王智 宋杰 | 2017 | 小型微型计算机系统2017，38，12： | 0 |
| 8 | Multi-level sharded blockchain system for edge computing显示文摘Blockchain technology is used in edge computing(EC) systems to solve the security problems caused by single point of failure(SPOF) due to data loss, task execution failure, or control by malicious nodes. However, the disadvantage of blockchain is high latency, which contradicts the strict latency requirements of EC services. The existing single-level sharded blockchain system(SLSBS) cannot provide different quality of service for different tasks. To solve these problems, a multi-level sharded blockchain system(MLSBS) based on genetic algorithm(GA) is proposed. The shards are classified according to the delay of the service, and the parameters such as the shard size of different shards are different. Using the GA, the MLSBS obtains the optimal resource allocation strategy that achieves maximum security. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms SLSBS. | Liu Qiao Tang Bihua Chen Xue Wu Fan Fan Wenhao | 2021 | The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications2021，28，5： | 0 |
| 9 | Application of Blockchain Sharding Technology in Chinese Medicine Traceability System显示文摘Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)is one of the most promising programs for disease prevention and treatment.Meanwhile,the quality of TCM has garnered much attention.To ensure the quality of TCM,many works are based on the blockchain scheme to design the traceability scheme of TCM to trace its origin.Although these schemes can ensure the integrity,sharability,credibility,and immutability of TCM more effectively,many problems are exposed with the rapid growth of TCM data in blockchains,such as expensive overhead,performance bottlenecks,and the traditional blockchain architecture is unsuitable for TCM data with dynamic growth.Motivated by the aforementioned problems,we propose a novel and lightweight TCM traceability architecture based on the blockchain using sharding(LBS-TCM).Compared to the existing blockchain-based TCM traceability system,our architecture utilizes sharding to develop a novel traceability mechanism that supports more convenient traceability operations for TCM requirements such as uploading,querying,and downloading.Specifically,our architecture consists of a leader shard blockchain layer as its main component,which employs a sharding mechanism to conveniently TCM tracing.Empirical evaluations demonstrated that our architecture showed better performance in many aspects compared to traditional blockchain architectures,such as TCM transaction processing,TCM transaction querying,TCM uploading,etc.In our architecture,tracing TCM has become a very efficient operation,which ensures the quality of TCM and provides great convenience for subsequent TCM analysis and retrospective research. | Fuan Xiao Tong Lai Yutong Guan Jiaming Hong Honglai Zhang Guoyu Yang Zhengfei Wang | 2023 | Computers, Materials & Continua2023，，7： | 0 |
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