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| 1 | T-PBFT: An EigenTrust-Based Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Consensus Algorithm显示文摘Blockchain with these characteristics of decentralized structure, transparent and credible, time-series and immutability, has been considering as a promising technology. Consensus algorithm as one of the core techniques of blockchain directly affects the scalability of blockchain systems. Existing probabilistic finality blockchain consensus algorithms such as PoW, PoS, suffer from power consumptions and low efficiency;while absolute finality blockchain consensus algorithms such as PBFT, HoneyBadgerBFT, could not meet the scalability requirement in a largescale network. In this paper, we propose a novel optimized practical Byzantine fault tolerance consensus algorithm based on EigenTrust model, namely T-PBFT, which is a multi-stage consensus algorithm. It evaluates node trust by the transactions between nodes so that the high quality of nodes in the network will be selected to construct a consensus group. To reduce the probability of view change, we propose to replace a single primary node with a primary group. By group signature and mutual supervision, we can enhance the robustness of the primary group further. Finally, we analyze T-PBFT and compare it with the other Byzantine fault tolerant consensus algorithms. Theoretical analysis shows that our T-PBFT can optimize the Byzantine fault-tolerant rate,reduce the probability of view change and communication complexity. | Sheng Gao Tianyu Yu Jianming Zhu Wei Cai | 2019 | China Communications2019，16，12： | 40 |
| 2 | Blockchain: a secure, decentralized, trusted cyber infrastructure solution for future energy systems显示文摘Modern power systems are rapidly evolving into complex cyber-physical systems. The increasingly complex interaction among different energy entities calls for a secure, efficient, and robust cyber infrastructure. As an emerging distributed computing technology, Blockchain provides a secure environment to support such interactions.This paper gives a prospective on using Blockchain as a secure, distributed cyber infrastructure for the future grid.Firstly, the basic principles of Blockchain and its state-ofthe-art are introduced. Then, a Blockchain based smart grid cyber-physical infrastructure model is proposed. Afterwards, some promising application domains of Blockchain in future grids are presented. Following this, some potential challenges are discussed. | Zhaoyang DONG Fengji LUO Gaoqi LIANG | 2018 | Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy2018，6，5： | 24 |
| 3 | A systematic review of blockchain显示文摘Blockchain is considered by many to be a disruptive core technology.Although many researchers have realized the importance of blockchain,the research of blockchain is still in its infancy.Consequently,this study reviews the current academic research on blockchain,especially in the subject area of business and economics.Based on a systematic review of the literature retrieved from the Web of Science service,we explore the top-cited articles,most productive countries,and most common keywords.Additionally,we conduct a clustering analysis and identify the following five research themes:“economic benefit,”“blockchain technology,”“initial coin offerings,”“fintech revolution,”and“sharing economy.”Recommendations on future research directions and practical applications are also provided in this paper. | Min Xu Xingtong Chen Gang Kou | 2019 | Financial Innovation2019，5，1： | 21 |
| 4 | The outlook of blockchain technology for construction engineering management显示文摘Current construction engineering management suffers numerous challenges in terms of the trust,information sharing, and process automation. Blockchain which is a decentralised transaction and data management technology, has attracted increasing interests from both academic and industrial aspects since 2008. However,most of the existing research and practices are focused on the blockchain itself(i.e. technical challenges and limitations) or its applications in the finance service sector(i.e.Bitcoin). This paper aims to investigate the potential of applying blockchain technology in the construction sector.Three types of blockchain-enabled applications are proposed to improve the current processes of contract management, supply chain management, and equipment leasing, respectively. Challenges of blockchain implementation are also discussed in this paper. | Jun WANG Peng WU Xiangyu WANG Wenchi SHOU | 2017 | Frontiers of Engineering Management2017，4，1： | 20 |
| 5 | Blockchain-based sharing services:What blockchain technology can contribute to smart cities显示文摘Background:The notion of smart city has grown popular over the past few years.It embraces several dimensions depending on the meaning of the word“smart”and benefits from innovative applications of new kinds of information and communications technology to support communal sharing.Methods:By relying on prior literature,this paper proposes a conceptual framework with three dimensions:(1)human,(2)technology,and(3)organization,and explores a set of fundamental factors that make a city smart from a sharing economy perspective.Results:Using this triangle framework,we discuss what emerging blockchain technology may contribute to these factors and how its elements can help smart cities develop sharing services.Conclusions:This study discusses how blockchain-based sharing services can contribute to smart cities based on a conceptual framework.We hope it can stimulate interest in theory and practice to foster discussions in this area. | Jianjun Sun Jiaqi Yan Kem Z.K.Zhang | 2016 | Financial Innovation2016，2，1： | 20 |
| 6 | Identity-based public auditing for cloud storage systems against malicious auditors via blockchain显示文摘Cloud storage systems provide users with convenient data storage services, which allow users to access and update outsourced data remotely. However, these cloud storage services do not guarantee the integrity of the data that users store in the cloud. Thus, public auditing is necessary, in which a third-party auditor(TPA) is delegated to audit the integrity of the outsourced data. This system allows users to enjoy on-demand cloud storage services without the burden of continually auditing their data integrity. However,certain TPAs might deviate from the public auditing protocol and/or collude with the cloud servers. In this article, we propose an identity-based public auditing(IBPA) scheme for cloud storage systems. In IBPA,the nonces in a blockchain are employed to construct unpredictable and easily verified challenge messages,thereby preventing the forging of auditing results by malicious TPAs to deceive users. Users need only to verify the TPAs' auditing results in batches to ensure the integrity of their data that are stored in the cloud.A detailed security analysis shows that IBPA can preserve data integrity against various attacks. In addition,a comprehensive performance evaluation demonstrates that IBPA is feasible and efficient. | Jingting XUE Chunxiang XU Jining ZHAO Jianfeng MA | 2019 | Science China(Information Sciences)2019，62，3： | 17 |
| 7 | Overview of business innovations and research opportunities in blockchain and introduction to the special issue显示文摘Blockchain has become a new frontier of venture capitals that has attracted the attention of banks,governments,and other business corporations.The recent blockchain related attempts included legal blockchains by Fadada.com and Microsoft and pork tracking blockchains by Walmart and IBM.Blockchain is poised to become the most exciting invention after the Internet;while the latter connects the world to enable new business models based on online business processes,the former will help resolve the trust issue more efficiently via network computing.In this paper,we give an overview on blockchain research and development as well as introduce the papers in this special issue.We show that while blockchain has enabled Bitcoin,the most successful digital currency,its widespread adoption in finance and other business sectors will lead to many business innovations as well as many research opportunities. | J.Leon Zhao Shaokun Fan Jiaqi Yan | 2016 | Financial Innovation2016，2，1： | 17 |
| 8 | Analysis and outlook of applications of blockchain technology to equity crowdfunding in China显示文摘Equity crowdfunding via the Internet is a new channel of raising money for startups.It features low barriers to entry,low cost,and high speed,and thus encourages innovation.In recent years,equity crowdfunding in China has experienced some developments.However,some problems remain unsolved in practice.Blockchain is a decentralized and distributed ledger technology to ensure data security,transparency,and integrity.Because it cannot be tampered with or forged,the technology is deemed to have great potential in the finance industry.This study examines current problems in the practice of equity crowdfunding in China.Based on the analysis of the characteristics of blockchain technology,this study further explores its practical applications in equity crowdfunding.1)Blockchain technology may be a secure,efficient,low-cost solution for the registration of stocks and shares of a firm financed by crowdfunding;2)Blockchain technology simplifies the transaction and transfer of crowdfunding equities,and thus facilitates their circulation;3)Blockchain technology enables peer to peer transactions between investors and entrepreneurs,and solves the problems of regulatory compliance and security of fund management;Blockchain technology can be used to develop a voting system for crowdfunders,which enables them to be involved in corporate governance.This helps protect the rights and interests of small investors;5)Blockchain technology helps regulators know about market conditions,and supports regulatory activities such as managing investors and fighting money laundering. | Huasheng Zhu Zach Zhizhong Zhou | 2016 | Financial Innovation2016，2，1： | 15 |
| 9 | Performance analysis and comparison of PoW,PoS and DAG based blockchains显示文摘In the blockchain,the consensus mechanism plays a key role in maintaining the security and legitimation of contents recorded in the blocks.Various blockchain consensus mechanisms have been proposed.However,there is no technical analysis and comparison as a guideline to determine which type of consensus mechanism should be adopted in a specific scenario/application.To this end,this work investigates three mainstream consensus mechanisms in the blockchain,namely,Proof of Work(PoW),Proof of Stake(PoS),and Direct Acyclic Graph(DAG),and identifies their performances in terms of the average time to generate a new block,the confirmation delay,the Transaction Per Second(TPS)and the confirmation failure probability.The results show that the consensus process is affected by both network resource(computation power/coin age,buffer size)and network load conditions.In addition,it shows that PoW and PoS are more sensitive to the change of network resource while DAG is more sensitive to network load conditions. | Bin Cao Zhenghui Zhang Daquan Feng Shengli Zhang Lei Zhang Mugen Peng Yun Li | 2020 | Digital Communications and Networks2020，6，4： | 15 |
| 10 | State-of-the-Art Analysis and Perspectives for Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading显示文摘As a promising solution to address the“energy trilemma”confronting human society,peer-to-peer(P2P)energy trading has emerged and rapidly developed in recent years.When carrying out P2P energy trading,customers with distributed energy resources(DERs)are able to directly trade and share energy with each other.This paper summarizes and analyzes the global development of P2P energy trading based on a comprehensive review of related academic papers,research projects,and industrial practice.Key aspects in P2P energy trading are identified and discussed,including market design,trading platforms,physical infrastructure and information and communication technology(ICT)infrastructure,social science perspectives,and policy.For each key aspect,existing research and practice are critically reviewed and insights for future development are presented.Comprehensive concluding remarks are provided at the end,summarizing the major findings and perspectives of this paper.P2P energy trading is a growing field with great potential and opportunities for both academia and industry across the world. | Yue Zhou Jianzhong Wu Chao Long Wenlong Ming | 2020 | Engineering2020，6，7： | 12 |
| 11 | A survey of Blockchain consensus algorithms:mechanism,design and applications显示文摘In 2008,Blockchain was introduced to the world as the underlying technology of the Bitcoin system.After more than a decade of development,various Blockchain systems have been proposed by both academia and industry.This paper focuses on the consensus algorithm,which is one of the core technologies of Blockchain.In this paper,we propose a unified consensus algorithm process model that is suitable for Blockchains based on both the chain and directed acyclic graph(DAG)structure.Subsequently,we analyze various mainstream Blockchain consensus algorithms and classify them according to their design in different phases of the process model.Additionally,we present an evaluation framework of Blockchain consensus algorithms and then discuss the security design principles that enable resistance from different attacks.Finally,we provide some suggestions for selecting consensus algorithms in different Blockchain application scenarios. | Xiang FU Huaimin WANG Peichang SHI | 2021 | Science China(Information Sciences)2021，64，2： | 11 |
| 12 | Trust Access Authentication in Vehicular Network Based on Blockchain显示文摘Data sharing and privacy securing present extensive opportunities and challenges in vehicular network.This paper introducestrust access authentication scheme’as a mechanism to achieve real-time monitoring and promote collaborative sharing for vehicles.Blockchain,which can provide secure authentication and protected privacy,is a crucial technology.However,traditional cloud computing performs poorly in supplying low-latency and fast-response services for moving vehicles.In this situation,edge computing enabled Blockchain network appeals to be a promising method,where moving vehicles can access storage or computing resource and get authenticated from Blockchain edge nodes directly.In this paper,a hierarchical architecture is proposed consist of vehicular network layer,Blockchain edge layer and Blockchain network layer.Through a authentication mechanism adopting digital signature algorithm,it achieves trusted authentication and ensures valid verification.Moreover,a caching scheme based on many-to-many matching is proposed to minimize average delivery delay of vehicles.Simulation results prove that the proposed caching scheme has a better performance than existing schemes based on central-ized model or edge caching strategy in terms of hit ratio and average delay. | Shaoyong Guo Xing Hu Ziqiang Zhou Xinyan Wang Feng Qi Lifang Gao | 2019 | China Communications2019，16，6： | 10 |
| 13 | Blockchain-based multiple groups data sharing with anonymity and traceability显示文摘Group data sharing enables information sharing between multiple parties for cooperative purposes.However,the existing schemes only consider scenarios in which all parties in the same organization want to share data.Achieving secure data sharing between users of different groups is also a relevant research issue.In this paper,we propose a blockchain-based data sharing scheme for multiple groups with anonymity and traceability.Owing to the consortium blockchain technique,any user in the system can easily verify the validity of the shared data without interacting with a third-party auditor.Additionally,the proposed scheme can not only enable data sharing between different groups with enhanced security anonymously but also achieve traceability and non-frameability. | Hui HUANG Xiaofeng CHEN Jianfeng WANG | 2020 | Science China(Information Sciences)2020，63，3： | 9 |
| 14 | Cyber-secure decentralized energy management for IoT-enabled active distribution networks显示文摘This paper provides a strategic solution for enhancing the cybersecurity of power distribution system operations when information and operation technologies converge in active distribution network(ADN). The paper first investigates the significance of Internet of Things(IoT) in enabling fine-grained observability and controllability of ADN in networked microgrids. Given severe cybersecurity vulnerabilities embedded in conventionally centralized energy management schemes, the paper then proposes a cyber-secure decentralized energy management framework that applies a distributed decision-making intelligence to networked microgrids while securing their individual mandates for optimal operation. In particular,the proposed framework takes advantage of software-defined networking technologies that can secure communications among IoT devices in individual microgrids, and exploits potentials for introducing blockchain technologies that can preserve the integrity of communications among networked microgrids in ADN. Furthermore, the paperpresents the details of application scenarios where the proposed framework is employed to secure peer-to-peer transactive energy management based on a set of interoperable blockchains. It is finally concluded that the proposed framework can play a significant role in enhancing the efficiency, reliability, resilience, and sustainability of electricity services in ADN. | Zhiyi LI Mohammad SHAHIDEHPOUR Xuan LIU | 2018 | Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy2018，6，5： | 9 |
| 15 | A Two-stage Autonomous EV Charging Coordination Method Enabled by Blockchain显示文摘Increasing electric vehicle(EV) penetration in distribution networks necessitate EV charging coordination. This paper proposes a two-stage EV charging coordination mechanism that frees the distribution system operator(DSO) from extra burdens of EV charging coordination. The first stage ensures that the total charging demand meets facility constraints,and the second stage ensures fair charging welfare allocation while maximizing the total charging welfare via Nash-bargaining trading. A decentralized algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM) is proposed to protect individual privacy. The proposed mechanism is implemented on the blockchain to enable trustworthy EV charging coordination in case a third-party coordinator is absent. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach. | Jian Ping Zheng Yan Sijie Chen | 2021 | Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy2021，9，1： | 8 |
| 16 | Blockchain and the related issues:a review of current research topics显示文摘The blockchain represents emerging technologies and future trends.For the traditional social organization and mode of operation,the development of the blockchain is a revolution.As a decentralized infrastructure and distributed general ledger agreement,the blockchain presents us with a great opportunity to establish data security and trust for automation and intelligence development in the Internet of Things(IoT)and it creates a new un-centralized programmable smart ecosystem.Our research synthesizes and analyses extant articles that focus on blockchain-related perspectives which will potentially play an important role in sustainable development in the world.Blockchain applications and future directions always attract more attention.Blockchain technology provides strong scalability and interoperability between the intelligent and the physical worlds. | Yang Lu | 2018 | Journal of Management Analytics2018，5，4： | 8 |
| 17 | OpenKG Chain:A Blockchain Infrastructure for Open Knowledge Graphs显示文摘The early concept of knowledge graph originates from the idea of the semantic Web,which aims at using structured graphs to model the knowledge of the world and record the relationships that exist between things.Currently publishing knowledge bases as open data on the Web has gained significant attention.In China,Chinese Information Processing Society of China(CIPS)launched the OpenKG in 2015 to foster the development of Chinese Open Knowledge Graphs.Unlike existing open knowledge-based programs,OpenKG chain is envisioned as a blockchain-based open knowledge infrastructure.This article introduces the first attempt at the implementation of sharing knowledge graphs on OpenKG chain,a blockchain-based trust network.We have completed the test of the underlying blockchain platform,and the on-chain test of OpenKG’s data set and tool set sharing as well as fine-grained knowledge crowdsourcing at the triple level.We have also proposed novel definitions:K-Point and OpenKG Token,which can be considered to be a measurement of knowledge value and user value.1,033 knowledge contributors have been involved in two months of testing on the blockchain,and the cumulative number of on-chain recordings triggered by real knowledge consumers has reached 550,000 with an average daily peak value of more than 10,000.For the first time,we have tested and realized on-chain sharing of knowledge at entity/triple granularity level.At present,all operations on the data sets and tool sets at OpenKG.CN,as well as the triplets at OpenBase,are recorded on the chain,and corresponding value will also be generated and assigned in a trusted mode.Via this effort,OpenKG chain looks forward to providing a more credible and traceable knowledge-sharing platform for the knowledge graph community. | Huajun Chen Ning Hu Guilin Qi Haofen Wang Zhen Bi Jie Li Fan Yang | 2021 | Data Intelligence2021，3，2： | 7 |
| 18 | Coordinating EV Charging via Blockchain显示文摘The increasing electric vehicle(EV) penetration in a distribution network triggers the need for EV charging coordination. This paper firstly proposes a hierarchical EV charging coordination model and an algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation. A barrier to the implementation of the coordination algorithm is that there usually does not exist a reliable coordinator of charging stations. This paper shows that an unreliable coordinator may collude with some charging stations and behave dishonestly by disobeying the coordination algorithm. Thus, the collusion coalition can gain more profits while lowering the profits of others and the total social welfare. To provide reliable coordination of charging stations, a novel blockchain-based coordination platform via Ethereum is established, including a coordination structure and a smart contract. A mathematical analysis is given to show that the proposed platform can mitigate the collusion behaviors in the coordination. Simulation results show the consequence of collusion and how blockchain can prevent the collusion. | Jian Ping Zheng Yan Sijie Chen Liangzhong Yao Minhui Qian | 2020 | Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy2020，8，3： | 7 |
| 19 | Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry显示文摘Blockchain technology is a core,underlying technology with promising application prospects in the banking industry.On one hand,the banking industry in China is facing the impact of interest rate liberalization and profit decline caused by the narrowing interest-rate spread.On the other hand,it is also affected by economic transformation,Internet development,and financial innovations.Hence,the banking industry requires urgent transformation and is seeking new growth avenues.As such,blockchains could revolutionize the underlying technology of the payment clearing and credit information systems in banks,thus upgrading and transforming them.Blockchain applications also promote the formation of“multi-center,weakly intermediated”scenarios,which will enhance the efficiency of the banking industry.However,despite the permissionless and self-governing nature of blockchains,the regulation and actual implementation of a decentralized system are problems that remain to be resolved.Therefore,we propose the urgent establishment of a“regulatory sandbox”and the development of industry standards. | Ye Guo Chen Liang | 2016 | Financial Innovation2016，2，1： | 6 |
| 20 | Trading platform for cooperation and sharing based on blockchain within multi-agent energy internet显示文摘With the release of the electricity sales side,large-scale small-capacity distributed power generation units are connected to the distribution side,forming multi-type market entities such as microgrids,integrated energy systems,and virtual power plants.With the large-scale integration of distributed energy,the energy market under the energy internet is different from a traditional transmission grid.It is currently developing in the direction of diversified entities and commodities,a flat structure,and a flexible and competitive multi-agent market mechanism.In this context,this study analyzes the value of combining blockchain and the electricity market presents the design of a blockchain trading framework for multi-agent cooperation and sharing of the energy internet.The nodes in market transactions are modeled through power system modeling in the physical layer and the transaction consensus strategy in the cyber layer;moreover,the nodes are verified in a modified IEEE 13 testing feeder of a distribution network.A transaction example is demonstrated using the multi-agent cooperation and sharing transaction platform based on the Ethereum private blockchain. | Xiaohui Wang Peng Liu Zhixiang Ji | 2021 | Global Energy Interconnection2021，4，4： | 6 |
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