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| 1 | Blood pressure,prevalence of hypertension and hypertension related complications in Nigerian Africans:A review显示文摘To review studies on hypertension in Nigeria over the past five decades in terms of prevalence,awareness and treatment and complications.Following our search on Pubmed,African Journals Online and the World Health Organization Global cardiovascular infobase,1060 related references were identified out of which 43 were found to be relevant for this review.The overall prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria ranges from 8%-46.4% depending on the study target population,type of measurement and cut-off value used for defining hypertension.The prevalence is similar in men and women(7.9%-50.2% vs 3.5%-68.8%,respectively) and in the urban(8.1%-42.0%) and rural setting(13.5%-46.4%).The pooled prevalence increased from 8.6% from the only study during the period from 1970-1979 to 22.5%(2000-2011).Awareness,treatment and control of hypertension were generally low with attendant high burden of hypertension related complications.In order to improve outcomes of cardiovascular disease in Africans,public health education to improve awareness of hypertension is required.Further epidemiological studies on hypertension are required to adequately understand and characterize the impact of hypertension in society. | Okechukwu S Ogah Ikechi Okpechi Innocent I Chukwuonye Joshua O Akinyemi Basden JC Onwubere Ayodele O Falase Simon Stewart Karen Sliwa | 2012 | World Journal of Cardiology2012，4，12： | 13 |
| 2 | Household catastrophic payments for tuberculosis care in Nigeria: incidence, determinants, and policy implications for universal health coverage显示文摘Background:Studies on costs incurred by patients for tuberculosis(TB)care are limited as these costs are reported as averages,and the economic impact of the costs is estimated based on average patient/household incomes.Average expenditures do not represent the poor because they spend less on treatment compared to other economic groups.Thus,the extent to which TB expenditures risk sending households into,or further into,poverty and its determinants,is unknown.We assessed the incidence and determinants of household catastrophic payments for TB care in rural Nigeria.Methods:Data used were obtained from a survey of 452 pulmonary TB patients sampled from three rural health facilities in Ebonyi State,Nigeria.Using household direct costs and income data,we analyzed the incidence of household catastrophic payments using,as thresholds,the traditional>10%of household income and the≥40%of non-food income,as recommended by the World Health Organization.We used logistic regression analysis to identify the determinants of catastrophic payments.Results:Average direct household costs for TB were US$157 or 14%of average annual incomes.The incidence catastrophic payment was 44%;with 69%and 15%of the poorest and richest household income-quartiles experiencing catastrophic activity,respectively.Independent determinants of catastrophic payments were:age>40 years(adjusted odds ratio[aOR]3.9;95%confidence interval[CI],2.0,7.8),male gender(aOR 3.0;CI 1.8,5.2),urban residence(aOR 3.8;CI 1.9,7.7),formal education(aOR 4.7;CI 2.5,8.9),care at a private facility(aOR 2.9;1.5,5.9),poor household(aOR 6.7;CI 3.7,12),household where the patient is the primary earner(aOR 3.8;CI 2.2,6.6]),and HIV co-infection(aOR 3.1;CI 1.7,5.6).Conclusions:Current cost-lowering strategies are not enough to prevent households from incurring catastrophic out-of-pocket payments for TB care.Financial and social protection interventions are needed for identified at-risk groups,and community-level interventions may reduce inefficiencies in the care-seeking pathway.These observations should inform post-2015 TB strategies and influence policy-making on health services that are meant to be free of charge. | Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja Isaac Alobu Seye Abimbola Philip Christy Hopewell | 2013 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2013，2，1： | 7 |
| 3 | Burden of diabetic foot ulcer in Nigeria: Current evidence from the multicenter evaluation of diabetic foot ulcer in Nigeria显示文摘BACKGROUND Nigeria bears the greatest burden of diabetes prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa. Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes. Significant improvements in diabetic foot incidence and outcomes have been recorded in many Western countries in the past decade. However, the current burden of DFU in Nigeria is largely unknown. AIM To evaluate the patients’ profile, ulcer characteristics, associated co-morbidities and outcome of patients with DFU in Nigeria. METHODS Multicenter evaluation of diabetic foot ulcer in Nigeria was a one year multicenter observational study of patients hospitalized for DFU in six tertiary health institutions in Nigeria from March 2016 to March 2017. Demographic and diabetes information, ulcer characteristics and associated co-morbidities were assessed. Relevant laboratory and imaging studies were performed. All patients received appropriate multi-disciplinary care and were followed up until discharge or death. Outcome variables of interest were ulcer healing, lower extremity amputation (LEA), duration of hospitalization and mortality. RESULTS A total of 336 patients (55.1% male) with mean age of 55.9 ± 12.5 years were enrolled into this study. Majority (96.1%) had type 2 diabetes. Only 25.9% of the subjects had prior foot care knowledge. Most of the subjects presented late to the hospital and median (IQR) duration of ulcer at presentation was 39 (28-54) d. Ulcers were already advanced (Wagner grades ≥ 3) in 79.2% of the subjects while 76.8% of the ulcers were infected at the time of admission. The commonest comorbidities were systemic hypertension, anemia and hyperglycemic emergencies. One hundred and nineteen subjects (35.4%) suffered LEA while 10.4% left against medical advice. The median (IQR) duration of hospitalization was 52.0 (29-66) d with case fatality rate of 20.5%. CONCLUSION The burden of DFU in Nigeria is very high. The major gaps include low level of foot care knowledge among diabetic patients, overdependence on self-medication and unorthodox medicine following development of foot ulceration, late hospital presentation, and high amputation and mortality rates. Extensive foot care education within the framework of a multi-disciplinary foot care team is highly desirable. | Ejiofor Ugwu Olufunmilayo Adeleye Ibrahim Gezawa Innocent Okpe Marcelina Enamino Ignatius Ezeani | 2019 | World Journal of Diabetes2019，10，3： | 5 |
| 4 | Occurrence,seasonal variation and human exposure to pharmaceuticals and personal care products in surface water,groundwater and drinking water in Lagos State,Nigeria显示文摘The occurrence of 28 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)was investigated in 17 surface water samples(rivers,canals,and lagoons),12 groundwater samples(wells and boreholes,which can also be consumed for drinking)and 8 drinking water samples(bottles and sachets)during dry and rainy seasons in Lagos state,Nigeria.The most prevalent compound detected in all samples was amoxicillin(an antibiotic)at median concentrations of 1614,238 and 358 ng/L in surface water,ground water and drinking water,respectively.This is of concern due to potential impact on development of antibioticresistant microbial strains.Other frequently-detected compounds include acetaminophen,nicotine,ibuprofen,and codeine with detection frequencies of more than 70%.Investigation of seasonal variability revealed that glyburide,caffeine,naproxen and diclofenac concentrations were significantly(P<0.05)higher during the dry season(winter),while Nicotine and Codeine levels were higher during the rainy season(summer).The factors influencing such seasonal variability include:dilution by extensive rainfall,agricultural activity(for nicotine)and usage patterns of pharmaceuticals among the local community.Measured concentrations in drinking water samples were used to assess inadvertent human exposure to PPCPs in Nigerian adults.Results revealed average daily exposures of 81,14 and 3 ngƩPPCPs/kg BW/day via drinking borehole,sachet water and bottled water,respectively.While there exists no health-based limit value(HBLV)for chronic exposure to mixtures of PPCPs,our results raise concern and warrant further investigation of the potential health implications of such unintended PPCPs exposure. | Anekwe Jennifer Ebele Temilola Oluseyi Daniel S.Drage Stuart Harrad Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah | 2020 | Emerging Contaminants2020，6，1： | 4 |
| 5 | 为在尼日利亚的平淡的诊断上面的胃肠的内视镜检查法的镇静惯例显示文摘 AIM:To determine the sedation practices and preferences of Nigerian endoscopists for routine diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.METHODS:A structured questionnaire containing questions related to sedation practices and safety procedures was administered to Nigerian gastrointestinal endoscopists at the 2011 annual conference of the Society for Gastroenterology and Hepatology in Nigeria which was held at Ibadan,June 23-35,2011.RESULTS:Of 35 endoscopists who responded,17(48.6%) used sedation for less than 25% of procedures,while 14(40.0%) used sedation for more than 75% of upper gastrointestinal endoscopies.The majority of respondents(22/35 or 62.9%) had less than 5 years experience in gastrointestinal endoscopy.The sedative of choice was benzodiazepine alone in the majority of respondents(85.7%).Opioid use(alone or in combination with benzodiazepines) was reported by only 5 respondents(14.3%).None of the respondents had had any experience with propofol.Non-anaesthesiologist-directed sedation was practiced by 91.4% of endoscopists.Monitoring of oxygen saturation during sedation was practiced by only 57.1% of respondents.Over half of the respondents(18/35 or 51.4%) never used supplemental oxygen for diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.CONCLUSION:Sedation for routine diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in Nigeria is characterized by lack of guidelines,and differs markedly from that in developed countries. | Sylvester Chuks Nwokediuko Olive Obienu | 2012 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2012，4，6： | 3 |
| 6 | Efficacy of praziquantel in the treatment of Schistosoma haematobium infection among school-age children in rural communities of Abeokuta, Nigeria显示文摘Background:Chemotherapy with praziquantel(PZQ)has been the cornerstone of schistosomiasis control over the last two decades.Being the only available drug for the treatment of over 200 million people worldwide,continuous monitoring of PZQ efficacy under the pressure of widespread use is therefore advocated.Methods:The efficacy of taking two doses of oral PZQ for the treatment of Schistosoma haematobium was examined among school children in Nigeria.Urine specimens were collected from 350 school children and examined using the filtration technique.Blood was collected for packed cell volume(PCV)estimation,and the weight and height of each child were estimated.S.haematobium egg positive pupils were treated with two oral doses of PZQ at 40 mg/kg with a four-week interval in between.Drug efficacy was determined based on the egg reduction rate(ERR).Results:Among 350 school children,245(70.0%)-of which 132 were males and 113 were females,with an age range of 4 to 15 years-were diagnosed with S.haematobium.All the 245 infected children received a single oral dose of 40 mg/kg PZQ twice with a four-week interval in between and were followed up for 12 weeks.At four,eight and twelve weeks post treatment,the ERR was 57.1%,77.6%and 100%,respectively.The ERR was significantly higher among the children with a light infection compared to those with a heavy infection.One hundred and twenty-one children were egg negative at four weeks post treatment,among which 1(6.3)and 120(52.4%)had heavy and light infections,respectively.Following the second round of treatment,the cure rate at eight weeks and twelve weeks was 85.3%and 100%,respectively.Conclusion:This study demonstrated the efficacy of taking two doses of oral PZQ for the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis among school children in Nigeria. | Olusola Ojurongbe Olawunwi Risqat Sina-Agbaje Abass Busari Patricia Nkem Okorie Taiwo Adetola Ojurongbe Akeem Abiodun Akindele | 2014 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2014，3，1： | 3 |
| 7 | Performance of microhaematuria and proteinuria as measured by urine reagent strips in estimating intensity and prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection in Nigeria显示文摘Objective:To assess if microhaematuria and proleinuria as measured by reagent strips could estimate intensity of Schistosoma haematobium(S.haematobium) infection in endemic areas and evaluate their screening performance among children in Benue State,Nigeria.Methods:A lolal of 1124 urine samples were collected,screened for microhaematuria and proteinuria using reagent strips(Combi 9) and results were compared to filtration technique,the gold standard method.Results:A significant correlation was ohserved between microhaematuria(rho= 0.66. P<0.01).proteinuria(rho = 0.71.P<0.01) and intensity of.S.haematobium eggs.Proteinuria had sensitivity of 95.7%and specificity of 67.2%.while microhaematuria had sensitivity of 64.8%and specificity of 89.6%.The proportion of false positive diagnoses was higher in proleinuria(19.2%) than microliaematuria(6.0%).Conclusios:The findings suggest that use of urine reagent strips could potentially estimate intensity of.S.haematobium infection and their performance to screen urinary schistosomiasis agreed with previous observations. | Houmsou RS Kela SL Suleiman MM | 2011 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine2011，4，12： | 2 |
| 8 | Therapeutic efficacy and effects of artemisinin-based combination treatments on uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria-associated anaemia in Nigerian children during seven years of adoption as first-line treatments显示文摘Background:Artemisinin-based combination treatments(ACTs)are the first-line treatments of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in many endemic areas but there are few evaluation of their efficacy in anaemic malarious children.Methods:Therapeutic efficacy of 3-day regimens of artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine was evaluated in 437 anaemic and 909 non-anaemic malarious children following treatment during a seven-year period(2008-2014).Patterns of temporal changes in haematocrit were classified based on haematocrit values<30%and≥30%.Kinetics of the disposition of the deficit in haematocrit from 30%following treatment were evaluated using a non-compartment model.Results:PCR-corrected parasitological efficacy 28 days after start of treatment was significantly higher in artesunateamodiaquine-compared to artemether-lumefantrine-treated children[97%(95%CI:92.8-100)versus 96.4%(95%CI:91.3-99.4),P=0.02],but it was similar in non-anaemic and anaemic children.Fall in haematocrit/1000 asexual parasites cleared from peripheral blood was significantly greater at lower compared to higher parasitaemias(P<0.0001),and in non-anaemic compared to anaemic children(P=0.007).In anaemic children at presentation,mean anaemia recovery time(AnRT)was 15.4 days(95%CI:13.3-17.4)and it did not change over the years.Declines in haematocrit deficits from 30%were monoexponential with mean estimated half-time of 1.4 days(95%CI:1.2-1.6).Anaemia half-time(t_(1/2anaemia))correlated positively with AnRT in the same patients(r=0.69,P<0.0001).Bland-Altman analysis of 10 multiples of t_(1/2anaemia) and AnRT showed narrow limit of agreement with insignificant bias(P=0.07)suggesting both can be used interchangeably in the same patients.Conclusions:Artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine remain efficacious treatments of uncomplicated P.falciparum infections in non-anaemic and anaemic Nigerian children in the last 7 years of adoption as first-line treatments.These ACTs may also conserve haematocrit at high parasitaemias and in anaemic children.Trials registration:Pan African Clinical Trial Registry PACTR201508001188143,3 July 2015;PACTR201510001189370,3 July 2015;PACTR201508001191898,7 July 2015 and PACTR201508001193368,8 July 2015. | Akintunde Sowunmi Kazeem Akano Godwin Ntadom Adejumoke I.Ayede Folasade O.Ibironke Temitope Aderoyeje Elsie O.Adewoye Bayo Fatunmbi Stephen Oguche Henrietta U.Okafor Ismaila Watila Martin Meremikwu Philip Agomo William Ogala Chimere Agomo Onikepe A.Folarin Grace O.Gbotosho Christian T.Happi | 2017 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2017，6，1： | 2 |
| 9 | Palynology and stratigraphy of the Upper Miocene Chad Formation, Bornu Basin,northeastern Nigeria显示文摘Both lithological and palynological analyses were employed to decipher sedimentary stacking patterns and to date the sediments within the interval 50—325 m in Kemar-1 well,Bornu Basin,northeastern Nigeria.Eight different lithofacies units deposited in various environments were recognized.They are:(1) the grayish sandy claystone,rich in organic matter and associated with lignite,deposited in a continental to lacustrine environment;(2) the micaceous claystone,rich in muscovite flakes and organic matter,deposited in a lacustrine environment;(3) the lithified claystone which intercalates the dark gray shale,and deposited in a marine setting;(4) the shale;(5) the micaceous sandstone,which is characterized by presence of muscovite,silty to granular grain sizes,well sorted and deposited in a meandering setting;(6) the poorly-sorted sandstone.It is poorly sorted,poorly-graded,and coarse-grained,with erosive surfaces to underlying facies,and deposited in a fluvial environment;(7) the heterolithic clayey sandstone,poorly graded,grayish,with a degree of organic richness,suggesting an anoxic lacustrine environment;and(8) the grayish claystone which is nonlithic and rarely ferruginized marking the Upper Miocene/Eocene boundary.One main palynological zone,i.e.,the Echitricolporites spinosus assemblage zone,has been established.The base of the studied section at 385 m is characterized by the last up-hole occurrence of Grimsdalea magnaclavata suggestive of Eocene boundary while the overlying sediments are characterized by Late Miocene marker species such as E.spinosus,Elaeis guineensis,Anthocerus sp.,Nymphaea lotus,and Retistepho.nocolpites gracilis.The Chad Formation is dated as Late Miocene age unconformably overlying the Eocene Kerri-Kerri Formation which indicated that the Chad Formation was probably deposited during an alternation of lacustrine and continental settings,due to climatic change. | A. Olatunji Ola-Buraimo Yunusa Abdulganiyu | 2017 | Journal of Palaeogeography2017，6，2： | 2 |
| 10 | Misinformation on salt water use among Nigerians during 2014 Ebola outbreak and the role of social media显示文摘Objective: To determine the spread of misinformation on salt water among Nigerians, salt water use for Ebola prophylaxis, and the role played by the social media during the 2014 Ebola outbreak.Methods: Information was collected from the general Nigerian population through online Google forms which were majorly disseminated via Facebook and WhatsApp platforms. The data retrieved was analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression.Results: A total of 703 questionnaires were included in the final analysis. The respondents' mean age was(30.2±6.7) years, predominantly male(73.2%). Almost all of them(95.0%) had received some message to use salt water, 37.4% of whom received such message on social media. Around a half of them ever made an attempt to verify the health information they received on social media(50.9%), and about a quarter(24.0%) of them had used salt water during the outbreak. Many of them had used salt water because they believed it would not harm them(52.0%). Salt water was less likely to be used by those who had received such message on social media, as well as by those who had received some contrary information to salt use.Conclusions: Social media could serve as an effective tool in propagating health information and should be actively engaged by health agencies, to spread accurate information. | Ahmed Dahiru Balami Hadiza Umar Meleh | 2019 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine2019，12，4： | 2 |
| 11 | Rare-earth and trace elements and hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of Cretaceous kaolinitic sediments from the Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria: provenance and paleoclimatic significance显示文摘This study evaluated the Cretaceous(Campanian–Maastrichtian) kaolinitic sediments of the Ajali/Mamu and Enugu/Nkporo Formations from the Lower Benue Trough of Nigeria. A combined method of inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry was used to investigate trace and rareearth element geochemistry and hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions. These data were then used to infer the sediments' provenance and paleoclimatic conditions during their deposition. The sediments contained low concentrations of most trace elements, with the exceptions of Zr(651–1352 ppm), Ba(56–157 ppm), V(38–90 ppm),and Sr(15.1–59.6 ppm). Average values of Co and Ni were1.5 and 0.7 ppm, respectively. Trace and rare earth element values were lower than corresponding values for upper continental crust and Post-Archean Australian Shale, with the exception of Zr. The samples showed only slight light rare-earth enrichment and nearly flat heavy rare-earth depletion patterns, with negative Eu and Tm anomalies,typical of felsic sources. Geochemical parameters such as La/Sc, Th/Sc, and Th/Co ratios support that the kaolinitic sediments were derived from a felsic rock source, likely deposited in an oxic environment.^(18 )O values ranged from+ 15.4 to + 21.2% for the investigated samples, consistent with a residual material derived from chemicalweathering of felsic rock and redeposited in a sedimentary basin(typical values of + 19 to + 21.2%). While in the basin, the sediments experienced extended interactions with meteoric water enriched in d D and d16 O. However,the variation in d D and d16 O values for the investigated samples is attributed to the high temperature of formation(54–91 °C). The d D and d^(18 )O values suggest that the sediments, although obtained from different localities within the Lower Benue Trough, formed under similar hot,tropical climatic conditions. | Anthony T.Bolarinwa Sunday O.Idakwo David L.Bish | 2019 | Acta Geochimica2019，38，3： | 2 |
| 12 | Low prevalence of epilepsy and onchocerciasis after more than 20 years of ivermectin treatment in the Imo River Basin in Nigeria显示文摘Background:High epilepsy prevalence and incidence have been reported in areas with high onchocerciasis transmission.Recent findings suggest that proper community-directed treatment with ivermectin(CDTI)is potentially able to prevent onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy(OAE).We assessed the epilepsy prevalence and onchocerciasis transmission in two Nigerian villages following more than 20 years of CDTI.Methods:A cross-sectional door-to-door survey was performed in two villages in the Imo River Basin reported to be mesoendomic for onchocerciasis(Umuoparaodu and Umuezeala).Individuals were screened for epilepsy using a validated 5-item questionnaire.Persons suspected to have epilepsy were examined by a neurologist or a physician with training in epilepsy for confirmation.Onchocerciasis was investigated via skin snip microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests for Ov16 antibodies.Results were compared with previous findings from the Imo river basin.Results:A total of 843 individuals from 257 households in the two villages were encountered.We detected four persons with epilepsy(PWE)giving a crude epilepsy prevalence of 0.5%.This finding differs from observations reported 14 years ago which showed an epilepsy prevalence of 2.8%in the neighbouring village of Umulolo(P=0.0001),and 1.2%from 13 villages in the Imo river basin(P=0.07).The seroprevalence of Ov16 antibodies was found to be 0%.Only 4.6%of skin snips were positive compared to 26.8%in previous surveys(P<0.0001).Ivermectin mass distribution coverage in the study sites in 2017 was 79.7%.Conclusions:A low epilepsy and onchocerciasis prevalence was observed following more than 20 years of CDTI in the Imo River Basin.Absence of Ov16 antibodies indicates minimal transmission of onchocerciasis.These results contrast with observations from areas of high onchocerciasis transmission,where epilepsy prevalence and incidence remain high.Findings from this study suggest that sustained efforts could eventually achieve elimination of onchocerciasis in these villages. | Joseph N.F.Siewe Chinyere N.Ukaga Ernest O.Nwazor Murphy O.Nwoke Modebelu C.Nwokeji Blessing C.Onuoha Simon O.Nwanjor Joel Okeke Kate Osahor Lilian Chimechefulam Ann I.Ogomaka Augustine A.Amaechi Chika I.Ezenwa Monika N.Ezike Chidimma I.kpeama Ogechi Nwachukwu Austine I.Eriama-Joseph Berthram E.B.Nwoke Robert Colebunders | 2019 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2019，8，1： | 2 |
| 13 | Pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines profiles among Nigerian children infected with Plasmodium falciparum malaria显示文摘Objective:To examine array of some pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines,namely, interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-10(IL-10),interferon-γ(IFN-γ),interleukin-5(IL-5), interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-12(IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) concentrations in some Nigerians with falciparum malaria.Methods:Sera were obtained from the blood samples of 96 Nigerian children with Plasmodium falciparum infection.The sera were subjected to cytokine evaluation using commercial standard enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits(Abcam,UK).Results:Mean pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum of children with uncomplicated and complicated malaria were IL-5 482.2 pg/mL versus 526.7 pg/mL,IL-6 98.8 pg/mL versus 82.6 pg/mL,IL-12 24.1 pg/mL versus 15.9 pg/mL,TNF-α107 pg/mL versus 511.7 pg/mL and IFN- 7 2.1 pg/mL versus 2.5 pg/mL.The anti-inflammatory cytokines status of IL-4 were 4.7 pg/mL versus 20.3 pg/mL,and IL-10 were 216 pg/mL versus 143.8 pg/mL in uncomplicated versus complicated/severe malaria cases.Participants with uncomplicated malaria had mean parasitaemia level of 3 158.9 parasites/μL while mean parasitaemia level for participants with complicated malaria was 12 550.5 parasite/μL and this difference was statistically significant(χ~2 =5 614.6,P<0.05).The difference between mean haemoglobin level for uncomplicated malaria(9.6 g/dL) and severe malaria(3.9 g/dL) was statistically significant (χ~2 = 2.3,P<0.05).The relationship between serum level of IL-6,IL-12,IFN-γ,IL-10 and IL-4 and ages showed positive correlation at r=0.92,0.99,0.86,0.95 and 0.85,respectively;while IL-5 and TNF-αhad negative correlation at r=-0.99 and -0.99,respectively.Conclusion: IL-4,IL-5,IL-6,IL-10,IL-12,TNF-αand IFN-γare involved in the immunopathology and immunoregulation of uncomplicated and complicated malaria infections.IL-6,IL-12,IFN-γand IL-10 depressed in complicated/severe malaria may not provide any protective immunity and may be indicators of poor prognosis in Plasmodium falciparum infected Nigerian children. | Nmorsi OPG Isaac C Ukwandu NCD Ohaneme BA | 2010 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine2010，3，1： | 2 |
| 14 | Urogenital schistosomiasis and associated determinant factors among senior high school students in the Dutsin-Ma and Safana Local Government Areas of Katsina State, Nigeria显示文摘Background:Human schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitic disease of poverty caused by the cercariae of digenetic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma.The disease is a major source of morbidity and mortality in 77 low-and middle-income countries in the tropics where 700 million people are at risk.In a bid to provide relevant epidemiological information to boost control of urogenital schistosomiasis at the state level in Nigeria,we conducted this study with the aim of investigating the disease’s prevalence and intensity,and the determinant factors responsible for its endemicity.Methods:Data on risk factors were obtained from a total of 645 students aged 12─25 years using well-designed questionnaires.Samples were collected between 09:45 and 14:00 in universal bottles.Each10μl centrifuged sample was examined for the eggs of S.haematobium using Motic®(Binocular)Light Microscope(model S-10-P)with a x10 objective.Average infection intensity was recorded as number of eggs per 10 ml of urine sample.Survey data were entered into Microsoft Excel 2010 and analyzed using Epi Info™7.Associations among variables were determined using the chi square test and bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions.Results:Prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis was 30.54%among the study population,with a mean infection intensity of 30.27 eggs/10 ml of urine.Prevalence and average intensity were higher in males(28.37%and 32.21 eggs/10 ml of urine respectively)than in females(2.17%and 5 eggs/10 ml of urine respectively).Water contact activities(χ^(2)=29.031,P=0.0000),sex(male)[χ^(2)=109.82;P<0.0001],location(Dutsin─Ma)[χ^(2)=7.19;P=0.0073],age group 18-20(χ^(2)=4.819,P=0.0281),altitude(531─560 m)[χ^(2)=6.84,p=0.0089],fathers doing other brown─collar jobs(χ^(2)=8.449,P=0.0037)and mothers’occupation(χ^(2)=9.470,P=0.0021)were found to be significantly associated with urogenital schistosomiasis.Boys were six times more likely to be infected with the cercariae of S.haematobium compared to girls[AOR(95%CI):6.34(4.89─8.22)].Conclusions:Dutsin-Ma and Safana were classified as moderate-risk Local Government Areas for urogenital schistosomiasis.The strong association between the disease and mother’s occupation is of utmost importance and suggests a promising control measure:that is,directing health education as well as grassroots mass chemotherapeutic intervention with praziquantel at mothers.A good network including treated pipe-borne water,drainage system,and sewage disposal facilities available should be improved upon.Molluscicides should be provided at highly subsidized rate to help control the disease. | Tolulope Ebenezer Atalabi Umar Lawal Francis Omowonuola Akinluyi | 2016 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2016，5，1： | 2 |
| 15 | Hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol-A in indoor dust from France, Kazakhstan and Nigeria: Implications for human exposure显示文摘Concentrations of hexabromocyclododecane isomers(α-,β-and γ-HBCDs)and tetrabromobisphenol-A(TBBP-A)were measured-for the first time-in indoor dust from homes,offices and cars from France,Kazakhstan and Nigeria.∑HBCDs in French and Kazakhstani house dust(median=1351 and 280 ng g^-1,respectively)were consistent with previous reports from the UK and Romania,respectively.Concentrations of ∑HBCDs in Nigerian domestic dust(median=394 ng g^-1)were substantially higher than those reported from Egyptian homes.In general,concentrations of ∑HBCDs in the studied microenvironments were higher than those of TBBP-A,which may be attributed to the major application of TBBP-A as a reactive flame retardant;rendering its release to dust more difficult.Statistical analysis revealed significantly lower ∑HBCDs in French houses than those found in both offices and cars,while ∑HBCDs in cars from Kazakhstan were higher(P<0.05)than those in homes and offices.Moreover,TBBP-A concentrations in car dust from Nigeria were lower than those found in homes and offices.Exposure estimates revealed higher intake of HBCDs and TBBP-A by toddlers via indoor dust ingestion compared to adults.Combined with their low body weight,this can raise concerns over the potential adverse health effects of such high exposure in toddlers. | Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah Michael Bressi Temilola Oluseyi Stuart Harrad | 2016 | Emerging Contaminants2016，2，2： | 2 |
| 16 | Main immunomodulatory constituents of Eastern Nigeria Mistletoe,Loranthus micranthus Linn显示文摘Objective:In our continued efforts to isolate the active immunomodulatory and antiviral constituents of Loranthus micranthus Linn parasitic on Kola acuminata,we set out to fractionate the crude aqueous methanol extract of the plant.The establishment of the most potent fraction(s) as well as the isolation of the pure active secondary metabolite responsible for the immune stimulatory and antiviral activities in Eastern Nigeria mistletoe has become very needful.This will enable us prove our assumption that this particular specie is different from the European version,Viscum album.Methods:Five solvents of varying polarity namely n-hexane,chloroform, ethylacetate,acetone and methanol were successively employed in the complete fractionation of the crude aqueous -methanol extract of Eastern Nigerian mistletoe,Loranthus micranthus Linn.,harvested from Kola acuminata in that order.The fractions were dried in-vacuo using a rotary evaporator maintained at a temperature of(40±5)℃.The different fractions were screened for immunomodulatory activity using a universal model:the cellular - mediated delayed type hypersensivity test in experimental mice.This was performed by administering two different dose levels:250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of each fraction against standard positive and negative control. Results:Results of the study established dose-dependent immunostimulatory(upregulatory) effects of the five fractions of the extract as the model used in the study with different percentage stimulations compared to controls.At the dose levels of 500 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg body weight,the percentage stimulation observed were as following:chloroform fraction 311.11%and 122.22%,ethyl acetate fraction 193.38%and 95. 56%,n-hexane 155.56%and 3.50%,acetone fraction 95.56%and 51.11%and methanol fraction 68. 89%and 24.44%respectively.Levamisole,a known potent immunostimulant,afforded a stimulation of 68. 89%at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg.Conclusion:The study showed that the order of immunomodulatory potency is chloroform fraction > ethylacetate fraction > hexane fraction > acetone fraction > methanol fraction.Bioassayguided fractionation and purification of the active extracts led to the isolation of pure compounds phytochemically characterized as sterols and flavonoids.This work indicates that the main constituents of our local mistletoe responsible for immunostimulation are the flavonoids,terpenoids and or steroids.Glycosides,carbohydrates, tannins and alkaoids appear to augment the measured activities. | P.O.Osadebe E.O.Omeje | 2009 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine2009，2，4： | 2 |
| 17 | Fatal case of newborn Lassa fever virus infection mimicking late onset neonatal sepsis: a case report from northern Nigeria显示文摘Background:Lassa fever is a zoonotic viral infection endemic to the West Africa countries.It is highly fatal during pregnancy and as such reports of neonatal onset Lassa fever infections are rare in scientific literature.We report a fatal case of Lassa fever in a 26-day-old neonate mimicking the diagnosis of late-onset neonatal sepsis.Case presentation:The patient is a 26-day-old neonate who was admitted with a day history of fever,poor feeding,pre-auricular lymphadenopathy and sudden parental death.He was initially evaluated for late onset neonatal sepsis.He later developed abnormal bleeding and multiple convulsions while on admission,prompting the need to evaluate for Lassa fever using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).He died 31 h into admission and RT-PCR result was positive for Lassa fever.Conclusions:Neonatal Lassa fever infection is highly fatal and can mimic neonatal sepsis.High index of suspicion is needed particularly for atypical presentations of neonatal sepsis in Lassa fever endemic areas. | Taofik Oluwaseun Ogunkunle Surajudeen Oyeleke Bello Chinwe Immaculata Anderson Rashida Musa Rasaq Olaosebikan Abdulazeez Imam | 2020 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2020，9，4： | 2 |
| 18 | Lead levels in Chromolaena odorata (Compositae) along rural and urban roads in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria显示文摘Concentrations of lead(Pb) were determined in leaf samples of \%Chromolaena adorata\% from a rural road and an urban road in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria in relation to vehicular traffic density. Mixed results were obtained wich no trend to indict automobile exhaust fumes. Lead was not detected in rain water from these areas and leaf lead levels seemed to relate more to soil lead concentrations. There was no significant difference in mean leaf lead levels between rural and urban leaf samples and between washed and unwashed leaf samples. It was suggested that the lack of concordance between vehicular traffic density and lead levels in leaves along the highways indicates either a low level use of tetraethyl leaded petrol or, a relatively low vehicular traffic density with lead from exhaust fumes not reaching a threshold to affect levels in plants or be detected in the atmosphere. Implications of concentrations obtained in leaves to consumers when compared with international standards were discussed. | Essien D. Udosen\+1, Okon M. Udodiong\+2 (1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Uyo, Nigeria 2.Department of Zoology, University of Uyo, Nigeria) | 1999 | Journal of Environmental Sciences1999，11，4： | 2 |
| 19 | 实时荧光RT-PCR鉴别小反刍兽疫病毒疫苗株和野毒株显示文摘为快速鉴别小反刍兽疫病毒的疫苗株和野毒株,本研究通过分析Gen Bank中已发布的小反刍兽疫病毒全基因组序列,设计了1对通用引物以及疫苗株和野毒株特异性探针各1条,建立了小反刍兽疫病毒鉴别实时荧光RT-PCR方法。结果显示,该方法对疫苗株和野毒株的检测灵敏度均可以检测至10拷贝/反应,在108至101拷贝/反应之间具有良好的线性关系,扩增效率均接近1。该方法具有良好的特异性,能够区分不同谱系的野毒株株和疫苗株。使用该方法对136份临床疑似样品检测,检出的阳性数量与普通RT-PCR相同,并且测序后的区分结果也相同。本方法的建立为该病的实验室鉴别检测和流行病学调查提供了技术支持。 | 李林 吴晓东 刘春菊 王清华 包静月 王志亮 | 2016 | 中国动物检疫2016，33，2： | 2 |
| 20 | Relationship between glycemic control and perceived family support among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus seen in a rich kinship network in Southwest Nigeria显示文摘Objective:The practice of diabetes self-care behaviors has been cited as a foundation for achieving optimal glycemic control.Proper motivation of people with diabetes mellitus is,howev-er,needed for the performance of these behaviors.It is therefore pertinent to know if motivation by the family will improve glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.This study aimed to investigate the relationship between glycemic control and perceived family support among Ni-gerians with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conduced on 316 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus who attended a medical outpatient clinic.Data were collected through a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire and a standardized tool(Perceived Social Support-Family scale).Hemoglobin A1c level was used as an indicator of glycemic control.Results:The proportion of participants with good glycemic control was 40.6%.Most of the participants(137,43.8%)had strong perceived family support.Strong perceived family support(P=0.00001,odds ratio 112.51)was an independent predictor of good glycemic control.Conclusion:This study shows that strong perception of family support is a predictor of gly-cemic control among the adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus studied.Physicians working in sub-Saharan African countries with rich kinship networks should harness the available family support of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in their management. | Nnenna A.Osuji Oluwaseun Solomon Ojo Sunday O.Malomo Peter T.Sogunle Ademola O.Egunjobi Olufisayo O.Odebunmi | 2018 | Family Medicine and Community Health2018，6，4： | 2 |
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