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| 1 | 水洞沟旧石器考古研究的新进展与新认识显示文摘水洞沟遗址在中国旧石器考古学研究中倍受关注的同时也倍受争议。争议的核心是其旧石器遗存的技术特点、文化属性、来龙去脉和与西方旧石器文化的关系。争议缘起于对核心遗址——第1地点地层、时代和文化演替了解与认识的局限性与模糊性。本文在近年来对遗址区系统调查和多个地点系统发掘与研究的基础上,对水洞沟遗址群的旧石器时代文化及相关问题提出一系列新的认识,包括水洞沟是一个由多处地点构成的大型露天遗址群;先民生存活动不局限在一个时期,文化遗存至少分属7个时段,据此可建立4万年来区域人群演化序列;遗址保留的人类文化遗产丰富多样,除不同技术体系的石制品,还有骨器、装饰品、复杂用火遗存,以及对居址复杂利用、对石料热处理和采食植物性食材的诸多信息,反映古人群具有很强的生存能力和特定的行为方式;该地区在旧石器时代晚期不同时段存在不同技术体系的考古学文化组合,出现过勒瓦娄哇+石叶的技术体系与小石片技术体系的交替,反映末次冰期期间东北亚人群复杂、能动的适应、迁徙、交流过程;该地区的勒瓦娄哇+石叶的技术体系与本土传统石器工业不存在渊源关系,应是从西方—西北方向迁移过来的古人群的遗留,其出现的时间可能早于原先的认定,而且在消失后没有对本土文化产生明显的影响;石叶技术组合固然代表一支来自西方的早期现代人群的迁徙和扩散,但移居者没有对本土人群实现整体替代,反而被后者取代;后者在石器技术上保持固有的传统,但文化遗存中出现小型精制石器、装饰品、石料热处理等早期现代人的行为表征,反映出这里的现代人起源与扩散模式不是简单的外来移民替代,相反,本土人群连续演化是主旋律。因而,'连续进化附带杂交'理论在该地区有着更坚实的考古学基础。 | 高星 王惠民 关莹 | 2013 | 人类学学报2013，32，2： | 27 |
| 2 | Modern human behaviors during the late stage of the MIS3 and the broad spectrum revolution:Evidence from a Shuidonggou Late Paleolithic site显示文摘The last glacial period was vital for the distribution and evolution of early modern humans in Asia. The Shuidonggou Late Paleolithic site, dated at 30-20 ka BP, accumulated cultural remains during the important late stage of MIS 3 period in the last glacial. These remains represent characteristics of typical Late Paleolithic conditions in North China:high degree of standardization and morphological variability of tool types, exploitation of bone materials, systematic use of body decorations, extensive use of earth-pit hearths, distinct functional spatial organization within habitations, and conversion of subsistence patterns. These characteristics illustrate early modern human behaviors during the late MIS3 period, and provide clues and perspectives for the analysis of early modern human origins in China. At the same time, the conversion of subsistence patterns is considered to be a combination of multiple early modern human behaviors, as well as the result of the Broad Spectrum Revolution. In this paper, we argue for the dynamic mechanism of Broad Spectrum Revolution from a human behavioral and ecological perspective. | GUAN Ying GAO Xing LI Feng PEI ShuWen CHEN FuYou ZHOU ZhenYu | 2012 | Chinese Science Bulletin2012，57，4： | 10 |
| 3 | Technology diffusion and population migration reflected in blade technologies in northern China in the Late Pleistocene显示文摘In recent years, the origin and evolution of modern human behaviors have become a common topic of research in Paleolithic archaeology. One important part of modern human behavior, blade technology, was once thought to be unique to modern humans. Recent studies have suggested that variations in blade technology do not fully correspond to modern populations. However, the standardization, diversity, discontinuity in terms of time distribution, and differences in spatial distribution of blade technology give it an important role in discussions of modes of adaptation, diffusion of technology, and population migration of hominins. By categorizing the major blade assemblages in China, we show that there were two blade reduction methods in northern China: the Levallois method and the prismatic method. Dating back 40000–30000 years, the Levallois and prismatic blade method combined to form the characteristics of the early stage of the Upper Paleolithic. Artifacts bearing such characteristics are located in Northwest China, Northeast China, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The unearthed blades are similar in technological organization and are connected geographically with those discovered in Siberia and Mongolia, which also indicates a distinct border from those discovered in northern China. This fact is suggestive of population immigration. About 29000–25000 years ago, a combination of prismatic blades and microblades was developed in the hinterland of China; however whether it can be regarded as the representative of population migration or only a technological adaption remains undetermined. We suggest that the system of production of different blades should be distinguished in the study of blade assemblages and that different blade methods should not be integrated into a single technical system to discuss technology diffusion and population dispersal. | LI Feng CHEN FuYou WANG YingHua GAO Xing | 2016 | Science China Earth Sciences2016，59，8： | 9 |
| 4 | 宁夏水洞沟遗址第7地点发掘报告显示文摘水洞沟遗址第7地点发现于2002年,位于水洞沟遗址核心区,2003年至2005年共进行三次系统发掘,揭露35个水平层,面积25m^2,出土包含石制品、动物化石、鸵鸟皮及装饰品等文化遗物上万件。遗址埋藏在边沟河左岸第二级基座阶地,文化层为灰白一灰黄一灰绿色粉砂及黏土质粉砂,厚度在3m以上,遗址堆积后期局部受到小规模水流改造,但石制品组合基本保留了制作完成后的总体面貌。石制品原料取自附近的河流和湖泊成因的砾石;石制品是一个包含石核、废片、石器、砸击品和打制工具但以废片为主体的组合,个体以小型居多;锤击法为剥片的基本方法,砸击法被偶尔使用,刮削器为石器的主要类型,石器为锤击法简单修理而成。石器工业总体显示北方小型石片石器传统。光释光年代初步测定表明古人类在该遗址活动的时间大致发生在27-25kaBP,属旧石器时代晚期。 | 裴树文 牛东伟 高星 陈福友 冯兴无 张双权 张乐 张晓凌 马宁 彭菲 周振宇 关莹 王惠民 | 2014 | 人类学学报2014，33，1： | 9 |
| 5 | An engraved artifact from Shuidonggou,an Early Late Paleolithic Site in Northwest China显示文摘Cognition and symbolic thinking are viewed as important features of modern human behavior.Engraved objects are seen as a hallmark of cognition and symbolism,and even as evidence for language.Accumulated evidences including engraved bones,ochre,ostrich eggshells and stone artifacts were unearthed from Africa,Europe,Levant even Siberia Paleolithic sites.But the archaeological evidence for this,including beads,ornaments,burials,performed objects and engraved objects,is rarely discovered in the Pleistocene of East Asia.The present paper reports an engraved stone object unearthed in the Early Late Paleolithic levels about 30 ka BP at the Shuidonggou site(SDG) in northwestern China.It was unearthed in the 1980's excavation from Lower culture unit of SDG1 but was identified in 2011 when the first author of this article observed the collection from the 1980's excavations stored in the Institute of Archaeology of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region for further detailed lithic analysis.This lithic artifact is the first engraved non-organic object of the Paleolithic period found in China.In order to clarify the details of the incisions and to document the human intentional modifications,we used a KEYENCE VHX-600 Digital Microscope to measure and observe all the incisions in 3-dimensional perspective.Comparing the natural cracks and analyzing many details of the incisions,we argue that incisions on this stone artifact are the result of intentional behaviors by ancient humans.Also,we exclude the possible other causes including animal-induced damages,post-depositional phenomenon and unintentional by-products.Combining all these features,we suggest that the incisions were made by an intentional behavior and were probably of a non-utilitarian character.Because the nature of most other engraved objects in China is debate,we cannot get a clear scenario of the emergence and progress of modern human behavior in North China.But we infer the possible existence of a counting or recording system,or other symbolic behaviors,which reflect considerably evolved cognitive capacities or modern human behavior in the Early Late Paleolithic of East Asia. | PENG Fei GAO Xing WANG HuiMin CHEN FuYou LIU DeCheng PEI ShuWen | 2012 | Chinese Science Bulletin2012，57，35： | 8 |
| 6 | 水洞沟遗址第7地点石制品原料开发与利用策略研究显示文摘水洞沟遗址位于宁夏回族自治区灵武市临河乡,是中国较早发现并且最早发掘的旧石器遗址。该遗址自1923年发现以来便因其出土较多具有欧洲旧石器时代中晚过渡期特征的石叶制品而受到国内外学者的广泛关注。水洞沟遗址第7地点(SDG7)位于该遗址群核心区,发掘出土万余件古人类活动留下的石制品、动物化石、鸵鸟蛋皮串珠等文化遗物,光释光年代为30±3~23±2 ka B.P.。本文从原料的开发策略和利用策略两个方面对SDG7出土的石制品组合进行系统的原料分析,进而探讨该地点古人类在原料开发利用过程中表现出来的行为特征以及流动策略。研究表明,水洞沟遗址第7地点出土石制品的原料总体以硅质白云岩、燧石和硅质灰岩为主,原料种类及相关特征的对比显示其主要取自遗址附近阶地底部的砾石层,体现出古人类就地取材、着重开发本地资源的原料开发策略。遗址内主要石制品类型的原料总体利用状况与阶地内原料的分布状况呈现一致性,但不同类型的石制品所用原料往往呈现一定的倾向性。该地点出土石核、石片以及工具的利用程度分析显示,古人类对石质原料的总体利用率并不高,这可能与长时间的遗址占据导致古人类流动性降低有关,但复杂剥片技术、精致石器的存在以及部分优质原料的高效利用依然体现出该地点古人类在原料利用方面的选择性和灵活性。综合原料、技术和流动性特征,SDG7呈现出'装备地点'与'装备人员'相结合的技术装备策略。该地点原料利用研究为探求古人类于旧石器时代晚期在水洞沟遗址区的适应行为具有重要意义。 | 牛东伟 裴树文 王惠民 高星 | 2019 | 第四纪研究2019，39，6： | 7 |
| 7 | Spatial analysis of intra-site use at a Late Paleolithic site at Shuidonggou, Northwest China显示文摘Intra-site spatial analysis provides an alternative perspective for understanding the functions of a site, and the occupational organization of early human living and activities associated with it. We examined features and cultural remains recovered from Locality 2 at Shuidonggou, a Late Paleolithic site, focusing on early occupants' survival behaviors and settlement patterns, as indicated by evidence regarding the functional organization of the site. Three-dimensional data from unearthed remains (including lithic assemblages, faunal remains, ornaments, etc) were used to reconstruct intra-site use patterns of Cultural Layer 2, which yielded seven earth-pit hearths and tens of thousands of artifacts and bones. We discuss the population size and group composition, as well as the functions of the living spaces, based on the analysis of the hearth patterns and the ostrich eggshell ornaments surround the hearths. In conclusion, Cultural Layer 2 of SDG Locality 2 appears to have functioned as a base camp for ancient foragers, where occupants produced tools, as well as preparing and consuming food. | GUAN Ying GAO Xing WANG HuiMin CHEN FuYon PEI ShuWen ZHANG XiaoLing ZHOU ZhenYu | 2011 | Chinese Science Bulletin2011，56，32： | 6 |
| 8 | 光释光年代学对腾格里沙漠化机制及风沙物源的指示显示文摘腾格里沙漠地处东亚夏季风现代影响区的西北边缘,长期以来被认为是东亚沙尘暴多发中心之一。近年来的研究较明确地支持腾格里沙漠晚更新世以来的沉积环境发生了巨大变化,但该区沙漠化的机制仍需进一步研究。文章基于石英矿物的光释光测年技术,研究了腾格里沙漠南部腹地系列剖面的沉积年代,结合已有研究结果,重建了该区风沙堆积历史,获得如下认识:1)腾格里沙漠末次冰盛期以来的风沙堆积主要集中在16~10 ka及约1.5 ka以来两个时段;2)腾格里地区16~10 ka的风沙堆积发生在区域由干变湿的时段,而7.3 ka、5.1 ka和3.8~3.3 ka的风沙堆积发生于区域湿度较高背景下的干旱时段。由于这些时段的气候环境有利于风沙的堆积与固定而不利于风沙的产生,因而推断16.0~3.3 ka时段腾格里地区的风沙主要来自上风向地区的输入;3)腾格里大面积地区的沙丘/沙山堆积于最近0.37 ka以来降水较少的时段,略晚于区域高强度的人类工程活动,表明现今可见的沙丘/沙山地貌景观的形成是人类高强度工程活动触发、就地起沙的结果。 | 范育新 张青松 蔡青松 高敏敏 颜雪域 杨光亮 | 2022 | 第四纪研究2022，42，2： | 6 |
| 9 | Zooarchaeological perspective on the Broad Spectrum Revolution in the Pleistocene-Holocene transitional period,with evidence from Shuidonggou Locality 12,China显示文摘Based on optimal foraging theory,prey animals from the Shuidonggou Locality 12(SDG12) are divided into three types according to body size and defense traits:high-ranked large game,low-ranked slow small game,and low-ranked fast small game.Application of the Reciprocal of Simpson's Index to the three types of animals from SDG12 yields a relatively high level of evenness,which implies a broader meat diet of the SDG12 hominids.Compared to values of taxonomic evenness from Mediterranean sites,it is suggested that this dietary expansion probably resulted from the occurrence of the Broad Spectrum Revolution rather than from climatic changes in the Shuidonggou area.Comparative studies between the Natufian phases in Hayonim Cave and the SDG12 validate this argument. | ZHANG Yue ZHANG ShuangQuan XU Xin LIU DeCheng WANG ChunXue PEI ShuWen WANG HuiMin GAO Xing | 2013 | Science China Earth Sciences2013，56，9： | 5 |
| 10 | Heat treatment and associated early modern human behaviors in the Late Paleolithic at the Shuidonggou site显示文摘Unearthed artifacts and cultural relics from the Shuidonggou site revealed extensive information and insights regarding the activities of early modern humans.A series of experimental research and physical analysis suggest that stone artifacts from Locality 2 and Locality 12 have undergone heat treatment.The utilization ratio and knapping properties of raw materials were consequently enhanced.Heat treatment technology reflects the production capacities and the survival strategies in the Upper Paleolithic period.This discovery indicates the earliest existence of this technology in the East Asia and thus confirms a wider geographic distribution of this technology which provides new perspectives and evidence for understanding the associated early modern human behaviors. | ZHOU ZhenYu GUAN Ying GAO Xing WANG ChunXue | 2013 | Chinese Science Bulletin2013，58，15： | 3 |
| 11 | New progress in understanding the origins of modern humans in China显示文摘Hypotheses concerning the origins of modern humans have been intensively debated, and two competing models, the recent 'Out-of-Africa' and 'Multiregional Evolution' paradigms, have dominated research and discussions for decades. Evidence from China has played a fundamental role in this debate: regional continuity and replacement by populations in-migrated from Africa have both been suggested and supported mainly by paleoanthropologists and geneticists, respectively. As more evidence has accumulated, new results obtained, and more scholars from various disciplines become involved, supporters of the recent 'Out-of-Africa' model agree more or less with the 'Multiregional Evolution' model regarding the complex history of modern humans and their interbreeding with other archaic populations(e.g., Neandertals). Recent discoveries of new human fossils, Paleolithic archaeological materials, and ancient DNA evidence in China have yielded a large body of information regarding the formation and development of modern humans in this region. However, controversies continue, including that most molecular biologists insist on the replacement of archaic populations by modern humans dispersed from Africa, while most paleoanthropologists and archaeologists propose an enhanced 'Continuity with Hybridization' model. In this paper, we compile new results and progress in China and present the current debates and issues on the origins of modern humans. Finally, we offer several suggestions for future studies. | GAO Xing PENG Fei FU QiaoMei LI Feng | 2017 | Science China Earth Sciences2017，60，12： | 2 |
| 12 | 银川盆地35.0ka以来古植被演化的类脂分子记录显示文摘为了更好地了解干旱-半干旱区的植被类型及其演化规律,利用气相色谱仪对银川盆地冰沟剖面河湖相沉积物中的正构烷烃进行了检测,结果显示其正构烷烃碳数分布范围为C_(15)~C_(34),奇碳优势明显,以C_(29)或C_(31)为主峰的单峰型为主,但少量样品也出现双峰型分布模式。通过对冰沟剖面正构烷烃分布特征、碳优势指数CPI和L/H(∑C_(21-)/∑C_(22+))指标的详细分析,得知其有机质来源以陆生高等植物占主导优势。结合年代数据、有机碳同位素、长链正构烷烃平均链长ACL和C_(33)/(C_(33+)C_(27))值,重建出35. 0ka以来银川盆地植被类型以C_3植物为主,并且C_3和C_4植物的相对比例变化主导受温度制约,而木本和草本植被的演化主要受控于水分条件。 | 张慧娟 杨桂芳 陈正洪 | 2019 | 地质与勘探2019，55，1： | 1 |
| 13 | 韩国旧石器时代晚期石叶工业的年代与特征(英文)显示文摘本文介绍了韩国石叶组合的区域特征,并在近期研究的基础上对人类向朝鲜半岛的迁移进行了概述。除了西伯利亚的阿尔泰地区等及华北的水洞沟外,石叶组合在东亚地区的旧石器遗址中十分罕见。1990年底,韩国密阳市的Koreri遗址发现了一个典型的石叶石器工业遗存。在过去的十年间,韩国还发现了数个重要的遗址。朝鲜半岛的砾石石器工业一直持续到旧石器时代晚期的较早阶段,而在大约40kaBP,朝鲜半岛出现了石叶组合。在这些典型的石叶地点中,未发现大多数种类的重型工具。这些特征表明,朝鲜半岛的石叶工业可能是人类迁移的结果。目前还没有证据表明韩国的石叶工具工业在25~10kaBP被细石叶工业取代,相反,这两种文化可能是由移居朝鲜半岛的不同人群产生的,在细石叶的使用用群体迅速扩散到整个朝鲜半岛时,石叶工业仍然延续,在25~15kaBP的时间里与细石叶工业并存。 | LEE Heonjong LEE Sangseok | 2019 | 人类学学报2019，38，3： | 0 |
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