| 1 | Pacing and predictors of performance during cross-country skiing races:A systematic review显示文摘Background: Cross-country skiing(XCS) racing, a popular international winter sport, is complex and challenging from physical, technical, and tactical perspectives. Despite the vast amount of research focusing on this sport, no review has yet addressed the pacing strategies of elite XCS racers or the factors that influence their performance. The aim was to review the scientific literature in an attempt to determine the effects of pacing strategy on the performance of elite XCS racers.Methods: Four electronic databases were searched using relevant subject headings and keywords. Only original research articles published in peerreviewed journals and the English language and addressing performance, biomechanics, physiology, and anthropometry of XCS racers were reviewed.Results: All 27 included articles applied correlative designs to study the effectiveness of different pacing strategies. None of the articles involved the use of an experimental design. Furthermore, potential changes in external conditions(e.g., weather, ski properties) were not taken into consideration. A comparable number of studies focused on the skating or classical technique. In most cases, positive pacing was observed, with certain indications that higher-level athletes and those with more endurance and strength utilized a more even pacing strategy. The ability to achieve and maintain a long cycle length on all types of terrain was an important determinant of performance in all of the included studies, which was not the case for cycle rate. In general, uphill performance was closely related to overall race performance, with uphill performance being most closely correlated to the success of female skiers and performance on flat terrain being more important for male skiers. Moreover, pacing was coupled to the selection and distribution of technique during a race, with faster skiers employing more double poling and kick double poling,less diagonal stride, and more V2(double dance) than V1(single dance) skating across a race.Conclusion: We propose that skiers at all levels can improve their performance with more specific training in techniques(i.e., maintaining long cycles without compromising cycle rate and selecting appropriate techniques) in combination with training for endurance and more strength. Furthermore, we would advise less experienced skiers and/or those with lower levels of performance to apply a more even pacing strategy rather than a positive one(i.e., starting the race too fast). | thomas stoggl barbara pellegrini hans-christer holmberg | 2018 | Journal of Sport and Health Science2018，7，4： | 6 |
| 2 | Methodological Guidelines Designed to Improve the Quality of Research on Cross-Country Skiing显示文摘Cross-country(XC)ski races involve a variety of formats,two different techniques and tracks with highly variable topography and environmental conditions.In addition,XC skiing is a major component of both Nordic combined and biathlon competi-tions.Research in this area,both in the laboratory and field,encounters certain difficulties that may reduce the reliability and validity of the data obtained,as well as complicate comparisons between studies.Here,13 international experts propose specific guidelines designed to enhance the quality of research and publications on XC skiing,as well as on the biathlon and Nordic combined skiing.We consider biomechanical(kinematic,kinetic and neuromuscular)and physiological methodology(at the systemic and/or muscle level),providing recommendations for standardization/control of the experimental setup.We describe the types of measuring equipment and technology that are most suitable in this context.Moreover,we also deal with certain aspects of nomenclature of the classical and skating sub-techniques.In addition to enhancing the quality of stud-ies on XC skiing,Nordic combined and biathlon,our guidelines should also be of value for sport scientists and coaches in other disciplines where physiological and/or biomechanical measurements are performed in the laboratory and/or outdoors. | Barbara Pellegrini Øyvind Sandbakk Thomas Stoggl Matej Supej NielsØrtenblad Axel Schürer Thomas Steiner Angelica Lunina Chris Manhard Hui Liu Olli Ohtonen Chiara Zoppirolli Hans-Christer Holmberg | 2021 | Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise2021，3，3： | 1 |
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