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| 1 | Effects of Saccharomycesboulardiion fecal short-chain fatty acids and microflora in patients on long-term total enteral nutrition显示文摘AIM: To assess the effects of Sb on fecal flora and shortchain fatty acids (SCFA) in patients on long-term TEN.METHODS: Ten patients (3 females, 7 males, 59±5.5 years),on TEN for a median of 13 mo (1-125), and 15 healthy volunteers (4 females, 11 males, 32±2.0 years) received Sb (0.5 g bid PO) for 6 d. Two stool samples were taken before, on the last 2 d and 9-10 d after treatment, for SCFA measurement and for culture and bacterial identification.Values (mean±SE) were compared using sign tests and ANOVA.RESULTS: Fecal butyrate levels were lower in patients(10.1±2.9 mmol/kg) than in controls (19.2±3.9, P= 0.02).Treatment with Sb increased total fecal SCFA levels in patients (150.2±27.2 vs 107.5±18.2 mmol/kg, P = 0.02)but not in controls (129.0±28.6 vs 113.0±15.2 mmol/kg,NS). At the end of treatment with Sb, patients had higher fecal butyrate (16.0±4.4 vs 10.1 [2.9] mmol/kg, P = 0.004).Total SCFAs remained high 9 d after treatment was discontinued. Before the treatment, the anaerobe to aerobe ratio was lower in patients compared to controls (2.4±2.3 vs69.8±1.8, P = 0.003). There were no significant changes in the fecal flora of TEN patients.CONCLUSION: Sb-induced increase of fecal SCFA concentrations (especially butyrate) may explain the preventive effects of this yeast on TEN-induced diarrhea. | Stéphane M Schneider Fernand Girard-Pipau Jér(o|^)me Filippi Xavier Hébuterne Dominique Moyse Gustavo Calle Hinojosa Anne Pompei Patrick Rampal | 2005 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2005，11，39： | 26 |
| 2 | 崇明岛不同年龄水杉人工林生态系统碳储量的特点及估测显示文摘水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)是我国亚热带地区人工用材和城镇绿化的重要树种之一,由于生长速度快,种植广泛,水杉人工林在碳汇林经营中,也具有重要意义。本试验在上海崇明岛东平国家森林公园设置样地,调查分析了不同年龄阶段水杉人工林生态系统土壤碳密度和碳储量,测定了林地枯落物层和林下植被层碳储量,并用生物量方程法估测了树木生物量及各组分的碳储量。结果表明,水杉人工林生态系统碳储量随着生长年限的增加而增加,在8、15和30年生水杉人工林生态系统内,总碳储量分别为87.02、117.69和160.26t·hm-2;在8、15和30年生3个林分中,乔木层碳储量所占比重分别为5.3%、22.8%和41.0%,土壤层碳储量所占比重为88.8%、75.6%和57.1%。在8年生林分内,林下植被层碳储量(1.94t·hm-2)和枯落物层碳储量(3.19t·hm-2)占林分总碳储量比例最大,15年生和30年生水杉人工林林下植被碳储量近似相同(约为0.7t·hm-2),分别占总储量的0.6%和0.5%。在不同年龄的水杉人工林林分中,同一土壤深度层次,土壤碳含量高低顺序是30年>15年>8年,表明有机碳含量随林龄的增长而增加。在不同年龄水杉人工林林分中,土壤碳含量均随土壤深度的增加而呈下降趋势,0~20cm、20~40cm和40~60cm相邻层次之间碳含量差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。 | 肖春波 王海 范凯峰 Xavier Becuwe 韩玉洁 康宏樟 刘春江 | 2010 | 上海交通大学学报(农业科学版)2010，28，1： | 21 |
| 3 | Cytomegalovirus and ulcerative colitis:Place of antiviraltherapy显示文摘The link between cytomegalovirus(CMV) infection and inflammatory bowel diseases remains an important subject of debate. CMV infection is frequent in ulcerative colitis(UC) and has been shown to be potentially harmful. CMV reactivation needs to be diagnosed using methods that include in situ detection of viral markers by immunohistochemistry or by nucleic acid amplification techniques. Determination of the density of infection using quantitative tools(numbers of infected cells or copies of the genome) is particularly important. Although CMV reactivation can be considered as an innocent bystander in active flareups of refractory UC, an increasing number of studies suggest a deleterious role of CMV in this situation. The presence of colonic CMV infection is possibly linked to a decreased response to steroids and other immunosuppressive agents. Some treatments, notably steroids and cyclosporine A, have been shown to favor CMV reactivation, which seems not to be the case for therapies using anti-tumor necrosis factor drugs. According to these findings, in flare-ups of refractory UC, it is now recommended to look for the presence of CMV reactivation by using quantitative tools in colonic biopsies and to treat them with ganciclovir in cases of high viral load or severe disease. | Sylvie Pillet Bruno Pozzetto Xavier Roblin | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，6： | 19 |
| 4 | Hepatic encephalopathy:An approach to its multiple pathophysiological features显示文摘Hepatic encephalopathy(HE)is a neuropsychiatric complex syndrome,ranging from subtle behavioral abnormalities to deep coma and death.Hepatic encephalopathy emerges as the major complication of acute or chronic liver failure.Multiplicity of factors are involved in its pathophysiology,such as central and neuromuscular neurotransmission disorder,alterations in sleep patterns and cognition,changes in energy metabolism leading to cell injury,an oxidative/nitrosative state and a neuroinflammatory condition.Moreover,in acute HE,a condition of imminent threat of death is present due to a deleterious astrocyte swelling.In chronic HE,changes in calcium signaling,mitochondrial membrane potential and long term potential expression,N-methyl-D-aspartate-cGMP and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors alterations,and changes in the mRNA and protein expression and redistribution in the cerebral blood flow can be observed.The main molecule indicated as responsible for all these changes in HE is ammonia.There is no doubt that ammonia,a neurotoxic molecule,triggers or at least facilitates most of these changes.Ammonia plasma levels are increased two-to three-fold in patients with mild to moderate cirrhotic HE and up to ten-fold in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatic and inter-organ trafficking of ammonia and its metabolite,glutamine(GLN),lead to hyperammonemic conditions.Removal of hepatic ammonia is a differentiated work that includes the hepatocyte,through the urea cycle,converting ammonia into GLN via glutamine synthetase.Under pathological conditions,such as liver damage or liver blood bypass,the ammonia plasma level starts to rise and the risk of HE developing is high. Knowledge of the pathophysiology of HE is rapidly expanding and identification of focally localized triggers has led the development of new possibilities for HE to be considered.This editorial will focus on issues where, to the best of our knowledge,more research is needed in order to clarify,at least partially,controversial topics. | Juan Carlos Perazzo Silvina Tallis Amalia Delfante Pablo Andrés Souto Abraham Lemberg Francisco Xavier Eizayaga Salvador Romay | 2012 | World Journal of Hepatology2012，4，3： | 16 |
| 5 | Determining indoor air quality and identifying the origin of odour episodes in indoor environments显示文摘A methodology for identifying volatile organic compounds(VOCs) and determining air quality of indoor air has been developed.The air samples are collected using pump samplers by the inhabitants when they perceive odorous and/or discomfort episodes.Glass multi-sorbent tubes are connected to the pump samplers for the retention of VOC.The analysis is performed by automatic thermal desorption(ATD) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/MS).This methodology can be applied in cases of sick building syndrome(SBS) evaluation,in which building occupants experience a series of varied symptoms that appear to be linked to time spent in the building.Chemical pollutants concentrations(e.g.,VOC) have been described to contribute to SBS.To exemplify the methodology,a qualitative determination and an evaluation of existing VOC were performed in a dwelling where the occupants experienced the SBS symptoms.Higher total VOC(TVOC) levels were detected during episodes in indoor air(1.33 ± 1.53 mg/m3) compared to outdoor air(0.71 ± 0.46 mg/m3).The concentrations of individual VOCs,such as ethanol,acetone,isopropanol,1-butanol,acetic acid,acetonitrile and 1-methoxy-2-propanol,were also higher than the expected for a standard dwelling.The external source of VOC was found to be an undeclared activity of storage and manipulation of solvents located at the bottom of a contiguous building. | Eva Gallego Xavier Roca Jose Francisco Perales Xavier Guardino | 2009 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2009，21，3： | 14 |
| 6 | 不同年龄夜鹭卵中有机氯农药污染的生物指示显示文摘通过对太湖鼋头渚 2 0 0 0年采集的二龄、三龄和四龄夜鹭卵以及相应年龄组夜鹭的捕食物中有机氯残留的检测 ,发现捕食物中HCH和DDT的平均残留量随年龄增加而增加 .除γ HCH外 ,其它 15种有机氯农药在卵样中均有检出 ,残留水平最高的为p ,p′ DDE ,占有机氯农药残留总量的 85 %以上 .β HCH是六六六类中持留性最强的组分 ,其残留量仅次于p ,p′ DDE .研究发现 ,p ,p DDT和 β HCH检出率为 10 0 % ,而其它类型农药只有很低的检出率 ,这与我国有机氯农药使用的历史情况相吻合 .随着亲鸟年龄增加 ,卵中 β HCH残留量有所提高 ,p ,p′ DDE残留量似有先升后稍降的趋势 .统计结果表明 :各年龄组有机氯残留量差异不明显 ,因此在用夜鹭卵作有机氯污染的生物指示时可以不考虑年龄差异所带来的影响 . | 安琼 董元华 王辉 葛方龙 Fasola Mauro Ruiz Xavier 张迎梅 | 2004 | 环境科学学报2004，24，1： | 12 |
| 7 | 上海崇明岛水杉人工林生物量方程构建及固碳潜力研究显示文摘水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)因其生长快递、冠型优美、适应性强等特点,成为亚热带和温带地区最重要的用材林和景观林树种之一。在本研究中,以上海崇明岛东平国家森林公园不同龄级水杉林分为研究对象,构建水杉人工林异速生长方程,估测幼龄林(8年生)、中龄林(15年生)、成熟林(30年生)3个不同年龄阶段林分地上部分生物量、碳储量和年固碳量,并比较不同龄级林分的固碳能力。结果显示,水杉地上部分生物量及干、枝、叶部分生物量与胸径呈显著指数关系(r2=0.89~0.99,P<0.001)。2011年,水杉幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林地上部分生物量分别为13.11、29.76和64.93t/hm2,地上部分年固碳量分别为3.57、2.41和1.52t/hm2/a。对比相关研究发现,降雨量的差异可能是我国不同地区水杉生物量差异的主要因素。研究结果将为华东地区乃至全国营造和经营管理水杉人工林,尤其是水杉碳汇林,提供基础数据和理论依据。 | 庄红蕾 Xavier Becuwe 肖春波 王月华 王海 殷杉 刘春江 | 2012 | 上海交通大学学报(农业科学版)2012，30，2： | 11 |
| 8 | Preliminary investigation on the antibacterial activity of mango(Mangifera indica L:Anacardiaceae) seed kernel显示文摘Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of mango(Mangifera indica L) seed kernel.Methods:Chokanan mango seed kernel and seed kernels from assorted mango varieties were collected,cleaned,dried and powered.Crude methanolic extracts of mango seed kernel were analyzed for the phytochemical constituents.The free radical scavenging activity was determined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay.Antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion assay with three medically important bacterial pathogens such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)(MRSA),Escherichia coli(E.coli) and Vibrio vulnificus(V.vulnificus).Results:Qualitative phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of important phytochemical compounds such as glycosides,saponins,flavanoids, tannins and alkaloids.There was no significant difference in the phytochemical content between the single and assorted mango seed kernels.However,the free radical scavenging study indicated that the assorted mango kernels showed slighdy higher activity than the single species(P<0.05). The crude methanolic extract of mango seed kernel at a concentration of 100 mg/mL is found to have potential antimicrobial activity against MRSA and E.coli compared to V.vulnificus. Study on the antibacterial activity also indicated that there was no significant difference in the antibacterial activity of the single and assorted mango seed kernel extracts.Conclusions:The present study conclusively demonstrates the free radical scavenging activity and antibacterial activities of mango seed kernel.In addition,the results also indicated that there is no significant difference in the phytochemical content and biological activity of mango kernels from single and assorted mango varieties. | Jasminder Kaur Xavier Rathinam Marimuthu Kasi Khoo Miew Leng Rajasekaran Ayyalu Kathiresan S Sreeramanan Subramaniam | 2010 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine2010，3，9： | 11 |
| 9 | Retrograde intrarenal surgery:An expanding role in treatment of urolithiasis显示文摘During the past 3 decades,the surgical management of kidney stones has undergone many technological advances and one is the development of the flexible ureteroscopy.The development of this instrument as well as ancillary equipment such as baskets,graspers,and others,and improvements in lithotripsy with Holmium:YAG laser have led to expand its indications with diagnostic and therapeutic management of medical issues of the upper urinary tract such as urolithiasis and urothelial tumors.The objective of this review is to describe its indications and results in the different scenarios for the treatment of urinary stones. | Maria Rodriguez-Monsalve Herrero Steeve Doizi Etienne Xavier Keller Vincent De Coninck Olivier Traxer | 2018 | Asian Journal of Urology2018，5，4： | 11 |
| 10 | Fast Texture Segmentation Based on Semi-Local Region Descriptor and Active Contour显示文摘In this paper,we present an efficient approach for unsupervised segmentation of natural and textural images based on the extraction of image features and a fast active contour segmentation model.We address the problem of textures where neither the gray-level information nor the boundary information is adequate for object extraction.This is often the case of natural images composed of both homogeneous and textured regions.Because these images cannot be in general directly processed by the gray-level information,we propose a new texture descriptor which intrinsically defines the geometry of textures using semi-local image information and tools from differential geometry.Then,we use the popular Kullback-Leibler distance to design an active contour model which distinguishes the background and textures of interest.The existence of a minimizing solution to the proposed segmentation model is proven.Finally, a texture segmentation algorithm based on the Split-Bregman method is introduced to extract meaningful objects in a fast way.Promising synthetic and real-world results for gray-scale and color images are presented. | Nawal Houhou Jean-Philippe Thiran Xavier Bresson | 2009 | Numerical Mathematics(Theory,Methods and Applications)2009，2，4： | 10 |
| 11 | Overview of key operation factors and strategies for improving fermentative volatile fatty acid production and product regulation from sewage sludge显示文摘In recent years,volatile fatty acid(VFA)production through anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludge,instead of methane production,has been regarded as a high-value and promising roadmap for sludge stabilization and resource recovery.This review first presents the effects of some essential factors that influence VFA production and composition.In the second part,we present an extensive analysis of conventional pretreatment and co-fermentation strategies ultimately addressed to improving VFA production and composition.Also,the effectiveness of these approaches is summarized in terms of sludge degradation,hydrolysis rate,and VFA production and composition.According to published studies,it is concluded that some pretreatments such as alkaline and thermal pretreatment are the most effective ways to enhance VFA production from sewage sludge.The possible reasons for the improvement of VFA production by different methods are also discussed.Finally,this review also highlights several current technical challenges and opportunities in VFA production with spectrum control,and further related research is proposed. | Wei Fang Xuedong Zhang Panyue Zhang Jijun Wan Hongxiao Guo Dara S.M.Ghasimi Xavier Carol Morera Tao Zhang | 2020 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2020，32，1： | 9 |
| 12 | Adoptive immunotherapy for acute leukemia:New insights in chimeric antigen receptors显示文摘Relapses remain a major concern in acute leukemia. It is well known that leukemia stem cells(LSCs) hide in hematopoietic niches and escape to the immune system surveillance through the outgrowth of poorly immunogenic tumor-cell variants and the suppression of the active immune response. Despitethe introduction of new reagents and new therapeutic approaches, no treatment strategies have been able to definitively eradicate LSCs. However, recent adoptive immunotherapy in cancer is expected to revolutionize our way to fight against this disease, by redirecting the immune system in order to eliminate relapse issues. Initially described at the onset of the 90's, chimeric antigen receptors(CARs) are recombinant receptors transferred in various T cell subsets, providing specific antigens binding in a non-major histocompatibility complex restricted manner, and effective on a large variety of human leukocyte antigen-divers cell populations. Once transferred, engineered T cells act like an expanding 'living drug' specifically targeting the tumor-associated antigen, and ensure long-term antitumor memory. Over the last decades, substantial improvements have been made in CARs design. CAR T cells have finally reached the clinical practice and first clinical trials have shown promising results. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia, high rate of complete and prolonged clinical responses have been observed after anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy, with specific but manageable adverse events. In this review, our goal was to describe CAR structures and functions, and to summarize recent data regarding pre-clinical studies and clinical trials in acute leukemia. | Mael Heiblig Mohamed Elhamri Mauricette Michallet Xavier Thomas | 2015 | World Journal of Stem Cells2015，7，7： | 9 |
| 13 | Liver cell transplantation for Crigler-Najjar syndrome type Ⅰ: Update and perspectives显示文摘Liver cell transplantation is an attractive technique to treat liver-based inborn errors of metabolism. The feasibility and efficacy of the procedure has been demonstrated, leading to medium term partial metabolic control of various diseases. Crigler-Najjar is the paradigm of such diseases in that the host liver is lacking one function with an otherwise normal parenchyma. The patient is at permanent risk for irreversible brain damage. The goal of liver cell transplantation is to reduce serum bilirubin levels within safe limits and to alleviate phototherapy requirements to improve quality of life. Preliminary data on Gunn rats, the rodent model of the disease, were encouraging and have led to successful clinical trials. Herein we report on two additional patients and describe the current limits of the technique in terms of durability of the response as compared to alternative therapeutic procedures. We discuss the future developments of the technique and new emerging perspectives. | Philippe A Lysy Mustapha Najimi Xavier Stéphenne Annick Bourgois Franoise Smets Etienne M Sokal | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，22： | 9 |
| 14 | Hepatocyte cryopreservation:Is it time to change the strategy?显示文摘Liver cell transplantation presents clinical benefit in patients with inborn errors of metabolism as an alternative,or at least as a bridge,to orthotopic liver transplantation.The success of such a therapeutic approach remains limited by the quality of the transplanted cells.Cryopreservation remains the best option for long-term storage of hepatocytes,providing a permanent and sufficient cell supply.However, isolated adult hepatocytes are poorly resistant to such a process,with a significant alteration both at the morphological and functional levels.Hence,the aim of the current review is to discuss the state of the art regarding widely-used hepatocyte cryopreservation protocols,as well as the assays performed to analyse the post-thawing cell quality both in vitro and in vivo. The majority of studies agree upon the poor quality and efficiency of cryopreserved/thawed hepatocytes as compared to freshly isolated hepatocytes.Intracellular ice formation or exposure to hyperosmotic solutionsremains the main phenomenon of cryopreservation process,and its effects on cell quality and cell death induction will be discussed.The increased knowledge and understanding of the cryopreservation process will lead to research strategies to improve the viability and the quality of the cell suspensions after thawing.Such strategies,such as vitrification,will be discussed with respect to their potential to significantly improve the quality of cell suspensions dedicated to liver cell-based therapies. | Xavier Stéphenne Mustapha Najimi Etienne M Sokal | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，1： | 9 |
| 15 | 塔式大阳能热发电系统定日镜场的设计思考显示文摘化石燃料的有限储量及其燃烧产物对环境的污染,使得可再生能源的研究和开发日益迫切。太阳能热发电技术作为最有可能引起能源革命、实现大功率发电的可再生能源技术得到了广泛的关注。20世纪80年代以来,美国、以色列、西班牙等国相继建立了不同形式的太阳能热发电示范装置,促进了塔式太阳能热发电技术的发展。美国能源部主持的研究结果表明:在大规模发电方面,塔式太阳能热发电将是所有太阳能发电技术中成本最低的一种。据预测,到2020年,其发电成本约为每度5美分,具有很强的市场竞争力。 | 张宏丽 Daniel Favrat Xavier Pelet | 2007 | 太阳能2007，，11： | 9 |
| 16 | Digitized Outcrop Geomodeling of Ramp Shoals and its Reservoirs: as an Example of Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation of Eastern Sichuan Basin显示文摘Numerous hydrocarbon accumulations are found in ramp crest shoals worldwide and therefore this depositional setting has a high potential of being the hydrocarbon reservoir.In this paper,we combined digital outcrop geology and traditional geological mapping to build an outcrop-based geocellular model of the ramp-crest shoal complex of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the Eastern Sichuan Basin.The outcrop model serves as an analogue for the subsurface reservoir of the Feixianguan Formation and illustrates the complexity of the lithofacies types,stratigraphic architecture,and reservoir heterogeneities at a scale below conventional subsurface data resolution.The studied ramp-crest shoal complex consists of thirteen types of lithofacies that can be grouped into three facies-groups corresponding to subtidal intraclastic shoal,sub-to inter-tidal oolitic shoal,and tidal flat depositional environments respectively.The stratigraphic architecture of the shoal complex shows mostly a strong progradation of the high energy facies associated with an overall decrease of accommodation space associated with relative sea level still stand.Two reservoir facies associations have been recognized.The first one consists of supratidal dolomudstone and upper intertidal partially dolomitized oolitic packstone with anhydrite or nodules.These facies were deposited above the high energy oolitic grainstones and occurs as thin-bedded and laterally continuous layers,characterized by high porosity and low permeability.The second reservoir facies association is composed of intertidal crystalline dolomite and subtidal intraclastic bindstone that occurs stratigraphically below the oolitic grainstones.These deposits consist of massive laterally discontinuously beds,and are characterized by high porosity and high permeability.Both types of reservoir facies tend to be stacked vertically and migrated laterally with the progradation of the shoal complex.The construction of the outcrop-based 3D geological model provide a description and quantification of the facies distribution within a robust stratigraphic framework and the style and amount of reservoir heterogeneities associated with a ramp-crest shoal complex reservoir such as the one found in Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation and Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in Sichuan Basin or other ramp-crest reservoir worldwide. | QIAO Zhanfeng SHEN Anjiang ZHENG Jianfeng Xavier JANSON CHANG Shaoying WANG Xiaofang CHEN Yana LIAO Yisha | 2017 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2017，91，4： | 8 |
| 17 | Experimental Study of Corner Stall in a Linear Compressor Cascade显示文摘In order to gain a better knowledge of the mechanisms and to calibrate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools including both Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and large eddy simulation (LES),a detailed and accurate experimental study of corner stall in a linear compressor cascade has been carried out.Data are taken at a Reynolds number of 382 000 based on blade chord and inlet velocity.At first,inlet flow boundary layer is surveyed using hot-wire anemometry.Then in order to investigate the effects of incidence,measurements are acquired at five incidences,including static pressures on both blade and endwall surfaces measured by pressure taps and the total pressure losses of outlet flow measured by a five-hole pressure probe.The maximum losses as well as the extent of losses of the corner stall are presented as a function of the investigated incidences. | MA Wei OTTAVY Xavier LU Lipeng LEBOEUF Francis GAO Feng | 2011 | Chinese Journal of Aeronautics2011，24，3： | 8 |
| 18 | 睾丸后精子成熟,不育与高胆固醇血症显示文摘胆固醇是参与哺乳动物生理活动的重要分子,由于它是固醇类激素合成的通用前体物质,因而对生殖系统尤为重要。胆固醇不仅仅对于配子发生起到重要作用,它也是公认的精子功能的调节分子。胆固醇体内平衡的调节对睾丸后精子的成熟至关重要,胆固醇水平失衡会影响到睾丸后调控事件。代谢性脂质紊乱(血脂异常症)会影响男性的生育能力,但大多数这方面的研究是从内分泌/睾丸的角度进行探讨的,而这篇综述将关注像高胆固醇血症这样的特定血脂异常症在哺乳动物精子的睾丸后成熟过程中的有害影响。 | Marjorie Whitfield Xavier PoUet-Villard Rachel Levy Joel R Drevet Fabrice Saez | 2015 | Asian Journal of Andrology2015，17，5： | 8 |
| 19 | Transanal endoscopic surgery in rectal cancer显示文摘Total mesorectal excision(TME) is the standard treatment for rectal cancer, but complications are frequent and rates of morbidity, mortality and genitourinary alterations are high. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery(TEM) allows preservation of the anal sphincters and, via its vision system through a rectoscope, allows access to rectal tumors located as far as 20 cm from the anal verge. The capacity of local surgery to cure rectal cancer depends on the risk of lymph node invasion. This means that correct preoperative staging of the rectal tumor is necessary. Currently, local surgery is indicated for rectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas invading the submucosa, but not beyond(T1). Here we describe the standard technique for TEM, the different types of equipment used, and the technical limitations of this approach. TEM to remove rectal adenoma should be performed in the same way as if the lesion were an adenocarcinoma, due to the high percentageof infiltrating adenocarcinomas in these lesions. In spite of the generally good results with T1, some authors have published surprisingly high recurrence rates; this is due to the existence of two types of lesions, tumors with good and poor prognosis, divided according to histological and surgical factors. The standard treatment for rectal adenocarcinoma T2N0M0 is TME without adjuvant therapy. In this type of adenocarcinoma, local surgery obtains the best results when complete pathological response has been achieved with previous chemoradiotherapy. The results with chemoradiotherapy and TEM are encouraging, but the scientific evidence remains limited at present. | Xavier Serra-Aracil Laura Mora-Lopez Manel Alcantara-Moral Aleidis Caro-Tarrago Carlos Javier Gomez-Diaz Salvador Navarro-Soto | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，33： | 8 |
| 20 | How to assess the efficacy or failure of targeted therapy:deciding when to stop sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma显示文摘Sorafenib is thus far the only systemic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) based on the results of two randomized controlled trials performed in Western and in Eastern countries, despite a poor response rate(from 2% to 3.3%) following conventional evaluation criteria. It is now recognized that the criteria(European Association of the Study of the Liver criteria, modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors) based on contrast enhanced techniques(computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging) aimed to assess the evolution of the viable part of the tumor(hypervascularized on arterial phase) are of major interest to determine the efficacy of sorafenib and of most antiangiogenic drugs in patients with HCC. The role of alphafetoprotein serum levels remains unclear. In 2016, in accordance with the SHARP and the Asia-Pacific trials, sorafenib must be stopped when tolerance is poor despite dose adaptation or in cases of radiological and symptomatic progression. This approach will be different in cases of available second-line therapy trials. Some recent data(in renal cell carcinoma) revealed that despite progression in patients who received sorafenib, this drug can still decrease tumor progression compared to drug cessation. Then, before deciding to continue sorafenib post-progression or shift to another drug, knowing other parameters of post-progression survival(Child-Pugh class, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer, alphafetoprotein, post-progression patterns in particular, the development of extrahepatic metastases and of portal vein thrombosis) will be of major importance. | Jean-Luc Raoul Xavier Adhoute Marine Gilabert Julien Edeline | 2016 | World Journal of Hepatology2016，8，35： | 8 |
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