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| 1 | Early infant male circumcision:Systematic review,risk-benefit analysis,and progress in policy显示文摘AIM To determine whether recent evidence-based United States polices on male circumcision(MC) apply to comparable Anglophone countries,Australia and New Zealand.METHODS Articles in 2005 through 2015 were retrieved from PubM ed using the keyword 'circumcision' together with 36 relevant subtopics.A further PubM ed search was performed for articles published in 2016.Searches of the EMBASE and Cochrane databases did not yield additional citable articles.Articles were assessed for quality and those rated 2+ and above according to the Scottish Intercollegiate Grading System were studied further.The most relevant andrepresentative of the topic were included.Bibliographies were examined to retrieve further key references.Randomized controlled trials,recent high quality systematic reviews or meta-analyses(level 1++ or 1+ evidence) were prioritized for inclusion.A risk-benefit analysis of articles rated for quality was performed.For efficiency and reliability,recent randomized controlled trials,metaanalyses,high quality systematic reviews and large welldesigned studies were used if available.Internet searches were conducted for other relevant information,including policies and Australian data on claims under Medicare for MC.RESULTS Evidence-based policy statements by the American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) support infant and later age male circumcision(MC) as a desirable public health measure.Our systematic review of relevant literature over the past decade yielded 140 journal articles that met our inclusion criteria.Together,these showed that early infant MC confers immediate and lifelong benefits by protecting against urinary tract infections having potential adverse long-term renal effects,phimosis that causes difficult and painful erections and 'ballooning' during urination,inflammatory skin conditions,inferior penile hygiene,candidiasis,various sexually transmissible infections in both sexes,genital ulcers,and penile,prostate and cervical cancer.Our risk-benefit analysis showed that benefits exceeded procedural risks,which are predominantly minor,by up to 200 to 1.We estimated that more than 1 in 2 uncircumcised males will experience an adverse foreskin-related medical condition over their lifetime.Wide-ranging evidence from surveys,physiological measurements,and the anatomical location of penile sensory receptors responsible for sexual sensation strongly and consistently suggested that MC has no detrimental effect on sexual function,sensitivity or pleasure.United States studies showed that early infant MC is cost saving.The evidence supporting early infant MC has further strengthened since the positive AAP and CDC reviews.CONCLUSION Affirmative MC policies are needed in Australia and New Zealand.Routine provision of accurate,unbiased education,and access in public hospitals,will maximize health and financial benefits. | Brian J Morris Sean E Kennedy Alex D Wodak Adrian Mindel David Golovsky Leslie Schrieber Eugenie R Lumbers David J Handelsman John B Ziegler | 2017 | World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics2017，6，1： | 2 |
| 2 | HIV and Injecting Drug Users: From Epidemiology to Public Health 显示文摘 | Wodak A Moss A | 1990 | AIDS1990，4，： | 1 |
| 3 | Mediation between discourse and society: assessing cognitive approaches in CDA显示文摘 | Wodak R | 2006 | Discourse Studies2006，8，1： | 1 |
| 4 | NMR sequential assignments and solution structure of chlorotoxin, a small scorpion toxin that blocks chloride channels 显示文摘 | Lippens G Najib J Wodak S J | 1995 | Biochemistry1995，34，1： | 1 |
| 5 | HIV Infection among Injectiong Drug users in Asia:An Evolving Public Health Crisis显示文摘 | Wodak A Crofts N Fisher R | 1993 | AIDS Care1993，5，： | 1 |
| 6 | Pragmatics and critical discourse analysisiAcross-disciplinary inquiry 显示文摘 | Wodak R | 2007 | Pragmatics and Cognition2007，15，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Pragmatics and critical discourse analysis显示文摘 | Wodak R | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 8 | NMR sequential assignments and solution structure of chlorotoxin, a small scorpion toxin that blocks chloride channels 显示文摘 | Lippens G Najib J Wodak S J | 1995 | Biochemistry1995，34，： | 1 |
| 9 | HIV and injecting drug users: from epidemiology to pubilc health显示文摘 | Wodak A Moss A | 1990 | AIDS1990，，： | 1 |
| 10 | Measuring harm reduction: the effects of needle and syringe exchange programs and metha- done maintenance on the eeolugy of HIV 显示文摘 | Drucker E Lurie P Wodak A | 1998 | AIDS1998，12，21： | 1 |
| 11 | Mediation between discourse and society: Assessing cognitive approaches in CDA 显示文摘 | Wodak R | 2006 | Discourse Studies2006，，1： | 1 |
| 12 | A Context‐sensitive Approach to Analysing Talk in Strategy Meetings显示文摘 | Ian Clarke Winston Kwon Ruth Wodak | 2011 | Brit J Manage2011，，4： | 1 |
| 13 | Critical discourse analysis at the end af the 20th Century显示文摘 | Wodak R | 1999 | Research on Language and Social Interaction1999，，12： | 1 |
| 14 | Pilot randomized controlled study of dexamphetamine substitution for amphetamine dependence显示文摘 | Shearer J Wodak A Mattick RP | 2001 | Addiction2001，96，9： | 1 |
| 15 | Measuring harm reduction: the effects of needs and syringe'exchange programmes and methadone maintenance on the impact of HIV显示文摘 | E Drucker P Lurie A Wodak | 1998 | Journal of AIDS1998，12，： | 1 |
| 16 | HIV Infection among Injecting Drug users in Asia: An Evolving Public Health Crisis显示文摘 | Wodak A Crofts N Fisher R | 1993 | AIDS Care1993，5，： | 1 |
| 17 | HIV and injecting drug users: from epidemiology to public health显示文摘 | Wodak A Moss A | 1990 | AIDS1990，，： | 1 |
| 18 | Mediation between discourse and society: assessing cognitive approaches in CDA 显示文摘 | Wodak R | 2006 | Discourse Studies2006，8，1： | 1 |
| 19 | Pilot randomized controlled study of dexamphetamine substitution for amphetamine dependence显示文摘 | Shearer J Wodak A Mattick RP Van Beek I Lewis J Hall W | 2001 | Addiction2001，96，9： | 1 |
| 20 | Mediation between discourse and society: Assessing cognitive approaches in CDA 显示文摘 | Wodak R | 2006 | Discourse Studies2006，，8： | 1 |
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