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| 1 | Fat poetry:a kingdom for PPARγ显示文摘Adipose tissue is not an inert cell mass contributing only to the storage of fat, but a sophisticated ensemble of cel-lular components with highly specialized and complex functions. In addition to managing the most important energyreserve of the body, it secretes a multitude of soluble proteins called adipokines, which have beneficial or, alternatively,deleterious effects on the homeostasis of the whole body. The expression of these adipokines is an integrated responseto various signals received from many organs, which depends heavily on the integrity and physiological status of theadipose tissue. One of the main regulators of gene expression in fat is the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR_γ), which is a fatty acid- and eicosanoid-dependent nuclear receptor that plays key roles inthe development and maintenance of the adipose tissue. Furthermore, synthetic PPAR_γ agonists are therapeutic agentsused in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. This review discusses recent knowledge on the link between fat physiology and metabolic diseases, and the roles ofPPAR_γ in this interplay via the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. Finally, we assess the putative benefits oftargeting this nuclear receptor with still-to-be-identified highly selective PPAR_γ modulators. | Silvia I Anghel Walter Wahli | 2007 | Cell Research2007，17，6： | 9 |
| 2 | Titanium dioxide induced inflammation in the small intestine显示文摘AIM:To investigate the effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPTiO 2 ) and microparticles (MPTiO 2 ) on the inflammatory response in the small intestine of mice. METHODS: Bl 57/6 male mice received distilled water suspensions containing TiO 2 (100 mg/kg body weight) as NPTiO 2 (66 nm), or MPTiO 2 (260 nm) by gavage for 10 d, once a day; the control group received only distilled water. At the end of the treatment the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were extracted for assessment of cytokines, inflammatory cells and titanium content. The cytokines interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), intracellular interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in segments of jejunum and ileum (mucosa and underlying muscular tissue). CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells were evaluated in duodenum, jejunum and ileum samples fixed in 10% formalin by immuno-histochemistry. The titanium content was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. RESULTS: We found increased levels of T CD4 + cells (cells/mm 2 ) in duodenum:NP 1240 ± 139.4, MP 1070 ± 154.7 vs 458 ± 50.39 (P < 0.01); jejunum:NP 908.4 ± 130.3, MP 813.8 ± 103.8 vs 526.6 ± 61.43 (P < 0.05); and ileum:NP 818.60 ± 123.0, MP 640.1 ± 32.75 vs 466.9 ± 22.4 (P < 0.05). In comparison to the control group, the groups receiving TiO 2 showed a statistically significant increase in the levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-12, IL-4, IL-23, TNF-α, IFN-γ and TGF-β. The cytokine production was more pronounced in the ileum (mean ± SE):IL-12: NP 33.98 ± 11.76, MP 74.11 ± 25.65 vs 19.06 ± 3.92 (P < 0.05); IL-4: NP 17.36 ± 9.96, MP 22.94 ± 7.47 vs 2.19 ± 0.65 (P < 0.05); IL-23: NP 157.20 ± 75.80, MP 134.50 ± 38.31 vs 22.34 ± 5.81 (P < 0.05); TNFα: NP 3.71 ± 1.33, MP 5.44 ± 1.67 vs 0.99± 019 (P < 0.05); IFNγ: NP 15.85 ± 9.99, MP 34.08 ± 11.44 vs 2.81 ± 0.69 (P < 0.05); and TGF-β: NP 780.70 ± 318.50, MP 1409.00 ± 502.20 vs 205.50 ± 63.93 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION:Our findings indicate that TiO2 particles induce a Th1-mediated inflammatory response in the small bowel in mice. | Carolina Maciel Nogueira Walter Mendes de Azevedo Maria Lucia Zaidan Dagli Sérgio Hiroshi Toma AndréZonetti de Arruda Leite Maria Laura Lordello Iêda Nishitokukado Carmen Lúcia Ortiz-Agostinho Maria IrmaSeixas Duarte Marcelo Alves Ferreira Aytan Miranda Sipahi | 2012 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2012，18，34： | 8 |
| 3 | Using incentive compensation to create shareholder value显示文摘 | Walter I S | 1992 | Journal of Compensation and Benefits1992，7，4： | 2 |
| 4 | The pollution content of American trade显示文摘 | Walter I | 1973 | Economic Inquiry1973，1，1： | 1 |
| 5 | A siliconbased electrical source of surface plasmon polaritons显示文摘 | Walters RJ van Loon R V A Brunets I | 2009 | Nature Materials2009，，： | 1 |
| 6 | Clinical questions and uncertainty-pmlactin measurement in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder 显示文摘 | Walters J Jones I | 2008 | J Psychopharmacol2008，22，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Inhibition of nitrification by acetylene显示文摘 | Walter H M Keeney D R Fillery I R | 1979 | Soil Science Society of America Journal1979，43，1： | 1 |
| 8 | DNA methylation at promoter regions regulates the timing of gene activation in Xenopus laevis embryos 显示文摘 | STANCHEVA I MAARRI O WALTER J | 2002 | Dev Bid2002，243，： | 1 |
| 9 | Strain-specific mycobacterial lipids and the stimulation of protective immunity to tuberculosis显示文摘 | Mendelson M Walters S Smith I | 2005 | Tuberculosis2005，85，： | 1 |
| 10 | The Synthesis of Benzoin显示文摘 | Walter I Buck J | 1948 | Organic Reactions1948，，4： | 1 |
| 11 | Environmental policies in develo- ping countries显示文摘 | Walter I Ugelow J | 1979 | Ambio1979，，8： | 1 |
| 12 | The pollution content of american trade显示文摘 | Walter I | 1973 | Western Economic Journal1973，11，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormoneⅠ(LHRH-Ⅰ)and its metabolite in peripheral tissues显示文摘 | WALTERS K WEGORZEWSKA I N CHIN Y P | 2008 | Exp Biol Med(Maywood)2008，233，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Induction of abortion with aglcpristone significantly changed the expression of progesterone and estrogen receptors in canine endometrial stromal cells 显示文摘 | Kanca H Walter I Schafer-Somi S | 2008 | Theriogenology2008，70，9： | 1 |
| 15 | Narrow- band(312 nm)UVB suppresses interferon gamma and inter- leukin(IL) 12 and increases IL-4 transcripts differential regu- lation of cytokines at the singlecell level显示文摘 | WALTERS IB OZAWA M CARDINALE I | 2003 | Arch Dermatol2003，139，2： | 1 |
| 16 | Environment policies in developing countries显示文摘 | Walter I Ugelow J | 1979 | Ambio1979，8，23： | 1 |
| 17 | A Time-delay of Single Species Growth with Stage Structure显示文摘 | Walter G Alello Freedman H I | 1990 | Mathematical Bioscience1990，101，： | 1 |
| 18 | Field effect electroluminescence in silicon nanocrystals显示文摘 | WALTERS R J BOURIANOFF G I ATWATER H A | 2005 | Nat Mater2005，4，2： | 1 |
| 19 | Innervation of putative rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors by calbindin - and calretinin-im-munoreactive primary sensory neurons in the rat 显示文摘 | Duc C Brakat - Walter I Droz B | 1994 | Eur Neurosci1994，6，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Umbilical hernia repair with mesh:identifying effectors of ideal outcomes显示文摘 | Colavita P D Belyansky I Walters A L et ai | 2014 | Am J Surg2014，，： | 1 |
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