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| 1 | SEDIMENT RETENTION AND WATER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT IN DISTURBED WATERSHEDS`显示文摘Globally, water quality and quantity issues are alarming. Water quality problems generally result from past and present large-scale land uses. Continuing deterioration of water quality and use/reuse issues place the responsibility on agriculture for water quality improvement. Research on agricultural management practices in the United States shows that production agriculture can use measures that improve water quality.Instream suspended sediments and bedload are, by volume, the largest category of pollutant, sediments also carry many compounds that adhere to them in transport. Thus, reducing sediments must play a major role in improving water quality. Innovative management practices can reduce sediments and nutrients by 70 percent or more. If broadly applied, agricultural management and stream stabilization practices can significantly reduce non-point source contamination and have the extra benefit of improving terrestrial and aquatic habitat. | C. M. Cooper(Supervisory Ecologist, USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford, Mississippi, USA.)F. D. Shields, Jr(Research Hydraulic Engineer, USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford, Mississippi, USA.)S. Testa, Ⅲ (Biologist Ⅲ, USDA | 2000 | International Journal of Sediment Research2000，15，1： | 6 |
| 2 | WINTER RUNOFF AND EROSION ON NORTHWESTERN USA CROPLAND显示文摘Crop management is an important factor in preventing winter runoff and erosion on non-irrigatedcropland of the Northwestern Wheat and Range Region of the U.S. Much of the total annual runoff andsoil loss from agricultural land in the region occurs as a result of rain and snowmelt on frozen and thawingsoil. Quantifying these effects is important for hydrologic model development and calibration, and fordesigning and selecting crop managements to prevent erosion. An experimental setup with several runoffplots under a number of crop management systems was installed at the Palouse Conservation Field Stationin the fall of 1978. Data were collected from natural events on the replicated plots for l3 years. Frost,thaw, and snow depths were measured on the plots regularly. Runoff and sediment samples were obtainedfrom collection tanks on a daily or event basis. Data were analyzed and events were separaed into frozensoil, thawing soil, and non-frozen soil. Crop management had a substantial effect on infiltration and runoff,but an even more significant impact on soil erosion. | D.K. McCool(Agricultural Engineer, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, WA)C.D. Pannkuk(Soil Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, ID)K.E. Saxton(Hydrologist, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, WA | 2000 | International Journal of Sediment Research2000，15，2： | 5 |
| 3 | ERODIBILITY CRITERION FOR AUXILIARY SPILLWAYS OF DAMS显示文摘The ability to reliably design auxiliary spillways has become a pressing requirement because of the very large number of dams involved. An empirical classification index representing the erosional resistance of the overall range of particulate, jointed, and intact earth materials is presented and correlated for a number of practical cases from Arkansas and Kansas in the United States of America and from South Africa with the specific stream power of flows observed to be associated with various degrees of erosion. The United States Department of Agriculture data base and the format in which the dare were prepared for the purposes herein, are deseribed in detail. The modes of erosion that occur in spillways are defined.Guidelines are provided for evaluating the failure status of an erosion damaged spillway that enables determination of whether the incident specific stream power exceeded, equalled, or fell below the erosional resistance of various sections of the ground profile affected. The correlation function between specific stream power and erodibility index provides the required design criterion. | Hendrik A. D. Kirsten (Steffen, Robertson, and Kirsten, Ine., Box 55291 Northlands 2116, S. Africa)John S. Moore(Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA, Box 2890, Washington, DC 20013)Louis H. Kirsten(Civil & Structural Engineering Dept., Iscor Mini | 2000 | International Journal of Sediment Research2000，15，1： | 4 |
| 4 | OPTIMAL MODE OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY SHALLOW FLOWS IN UPLAND AREAS显示文摘Soil erosion and sediment movement are serious problems of upland areas of a watershed. In these areas,most of the eroded sediment is transported in overland flows; either in shallow or in concentrated flowsituations. These flows are usually associated with nonlinear waves, generally known as 'roll waves' inthe hydraulic engineering literature. Under suitable hydraulic conditions, these waves contain a significantfraction of the total kinetic energy of the flow regime. Hence, the waves act as the primary energy sourcein transporting eroded sediment in shallow flows on steep slopes. Our laborat0ry experiments undercontrolled condition suggest that modulation of the roll waves is effected by the addition of increasingamouflts of sediment in the flow. The optimal condition in the sediment transport rate is reached whenmost of the available wave energy is consumed in carrying the sediment. A related set of experiments ongravitational flows of dry granular material show that the evolving scales of sediment waves are intrinsicto the transport mechanism of the solid phase. | D. PAL S. N. PRASAD (Department of Civil Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.) M. J. M. ROMKENS(USDA ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford, MS 38655, USA.) | 2000 | International Journal of Sediment Research2000，15，2： | 3 |
| 5 | SEDIMENT YIELD AND HYDROLOGY INNORTHWESTERN RANGELANDS显示文摘Much of the rangeland of northwestern North America occupies highly variable, high-relief terrain withsteep slopes, contrasting aspects, strong elevation gradients and diverse local climates. Rangeland erosionand sediment production are major concerns in northwestern natural resource management. Seasonalvariability in precipitation, streamflow and energy available for sediment rnobilization and transport ispronounced in northwestern rangeland catchments; thus, runoff and sediment yield exhibit high spatialand temporal variability. The sediment regime of such watersheds cannot be characterized by simpleindices or short-term local measurements. A long-term experimental rangeland watershed demonstratesthe need for sustained measurement programs over a range of catchment scale and topographic position, todetermine actual patterns and rates of runoff and sediment yield. More research is needed to identify andquantify the pathways of sediment from initial detachment to temporary storage and subsequentremobilization and transport through the stream system. The role of extreme hydrologic events inaccelerated landscape erosion, remobilization of stored sediment, and interaction with dynamic channel-forming processes in rangeland streams remains inadequately defined. It is necessary to better determinelandscapes and channels susceptible to treatment to reduce stream sedimentation, and to populate andparameterize simulation models for rangeland catchmenhstream systems. Such information is requiredto address emerging issues of riparian zone and water quality management in northwestern rangelands. | Charles W. Slaughter(Research Leader, Northwest Watershed Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 800 ParkBoulevard, Suite 105 Boise, Idaho 83712 USA)Frederick B. Pierson(Research Hydrologist, Northwest Watershed Research Center, USDA Agricul | 2000 | International Journal of Sediment Research2000，15，2： | 2 |
| 6 | United States Standards for Grade of Orange Juice显示文摘 | USDA | 1983 | Ef-fective date January1983，，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Risk Assessment of the impact of Lethality Standards on Salmonellosis from Ready-to-Eat Meat and Poultry Products显示文摘 | USDA D R C I O C K H Ottawa | 2005 | 2005，，： | 1 |
| 8 | Influence of Blending Canola, Palm, Soybean, and Sunflower Oil Methyl Esters on Fuel Properties of Biodiesel显示文摘 | MOSER B R USDA A | 2008 | Energy & fuels2008，22，6： | 1 |
| 9 | Hepatic injury and gluconeogenesis after subcutaneous injection of monochloroacetic acid in rats显示文摘 | Toshina Y Dote T Usda K | 2004 | Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine2004，9，： | 1 |
| 10 | Indole-3-acetic acid induces microencephaly in rat fetuses显示文摘 | FURUKAWA S ABE M USDA K | 2004 | Toxicol Pathol2004，32，： | 1 |
| 11 | Interrill soil erosion as affected by tillage and residue cover 显示文摘 | BRADFORD J M HUANG C H USDA A | 1994 | Soil Tillage Res1994，31，： | 1 |
| 12 | Petition 93-258-01 for determination of nonregulated status for glyphosate tolerant soybean line 40-3-2: environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact 显示文摘 | USDA | 1994 | Federal Register1994，59，26： | 1 |
| 13 | School food safety program based on hazard analysiS and critical control point principles 显示文摘 | Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) USDA | 2009 | Final Rule Fed Regist2009，74，66： | 1 |
| 14 | Agricultural bioterrorism act of 2002 显示文摘 | USDA | 2002 | Fedl Regist2002，67，52： | 1 |
| 15 | Avian influenza in Italy December 1999(OIE information report),Colorado; Cent Epidemiol Ani Health显示文摘 | | 1999 | 118:537~ 5381999，118，： | 1 |
| 16 | Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in certain raw beef products显示文摘 | USDA/FSIS | | 0，，182： | 1 |
| 17 | Molecular mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy and its therapeutic intervention显示文摘 | Yamagishi S Fukami K Usda S | 2007 | Curr Drug Targets2007，8，8： | 1 |
| 18 | Performance of electrolyte composed of spiro-type quaternary ammonium salt and electric double-layer capacitor using it 显示文摘 | Chiba K Usda T Yamamoto H | 2007 | Electrochemistry2007，75，8： | 1 |
| 19 | ARS, RT-PCR Met hod for Detecion Cowpea Mottle Carmovirus in Vigna Germ Plasm显示文摘 | Gillasple A G Mitc hell S E USDA | 1999 | Plant Disease1999，83，7： | 1 |
| 20 | Agricultural bioterrorism act of 2002 显示文摘 | USDA | 2002 | Fedl Regist2002，67，52： | 1 |
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