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| 1 | Osteoporosis in primary biliary cholangitis显示文摘Primary biliary cholangitis(PBC) is an autoimmune cholestatic liver disease with multiple debilitating complications. Osteoporosis is a common complication of PBC resulting in frequent fractures and leading to significant morbidity in this population, yet evidence for effective therapy is lacking. We sought to summarize our current understanding of the pathophysiology of osteoporosis in PBC, as well as current and emerging therapies in order to guide future research directions. A complete search with a comprehensive literature review was performed with studies from Pub Med, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane database, and the Countway Library. Osteoporosis in PBC is driven primarily by decreased bone formation, which differs from the increased bone resorption seen in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Despite this fundamental difference, current treatment recommendations are based primarily on experience with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Trials specific to PBC-related osteoporosis are small and have not consistently demonstrated a benefit in this population. As it stands, prevention of osteoporosis in PBC relies on the mitigation of risk factors such as smoking and alcohol use, as well as encouraging a healthy diet and weight-bearing exercise. The primary medical intervention for the treatment of osteoporosis in PBC remains bisphosphonates though a benefit in terms of fracture reduction has never been shown. This review outlines what is known regarding the pathogenesis of bone disease in PBC and summarizes current and emerging therapies. | Christopher J Danford Hirsh D Trivedi Konstantinos Papamichael Elliot B Tapper Alan Bonder | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，31： | 13 |
| 2 | Variation within isolates of Acremonium endophytes from perennial ryegrass显示文摘 | Christensen M J Latch G C M Tapper B A | 1991 | Mycology Research1991，95，： | 1 |
| 3 | Characteristics influencing the variability of urban CO2 fluxes in melbourne,Australia显示文摘 | COUTTS A M BERINGER J TAPPER N J | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 4 | A comparison of air particulate matter and associated polycyelic aromatic hydrocarbons in some tropical and temperate urban environments显示文摘 | Panther B C Hooper M A Tapper N J | 1999 | Atmos Environ1999，33，： | 1 |
| 5 | Surface modification of atmos- pheric plasma activated BOPP by immobilizing chitosan显示文摘 | Vartiainen J Tapper U | 2005 | Polymer Bulletin2005，54，45： | 1 |
| 6 | Estimation of PAHsdry deposition and BaP toxic equivalency factors (TE-Fs) study at urban, industry park and rural samplingsites in central Taiwan, Taichung 显示文摘 | Fang G C Chang K F Tapper N J | 2004 | Chemosphere2004，55，6： | 1 |
| 7 | Changes in gene expres- sion during progression of ovarian carcinoma显示文摘 | Tapper J Kettunen E E1-Rifai W | 2001 | Cancer Genet Cytogenet2001，128，： | 1 |
| 8 | The sensitivity of Australian fire danger to climate change显示文摘 | Williams A A J Karoly O J Tapper N | 2001 | Climatic Change2001，49，： | 1 |
| 9 | A comparison of air particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some tropical and temperate urban environments显示文摘 | Panther B C Hooper M A Tapper N J | 1999 | Atmospheric Environment1999，33，： | 1 |
| 10 | The sensitivity of Australian fire danger to climate change显示文摘 | Williams A A Karoly D J Tapper N | 2001 | Cli- matic Change2001，49，： | 1 |
| 11 | Estimation of PAHs dry deposition and BaP toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) study at urban,industry park and rural sampling sites in central Taiwan,Taichung显示文摘 | Fang G C Chang K F Tapper N J | 2004 | Chemosphere2004，55，： | 1 |
| 12 | Guidance and relative navigation for autonomous rendezvous in a circular orbit journal of guidance显示文摘 | Hari B Hablani M L Tapper and David J D | 2002 | Control and Dynamics2002，25，3： | 1 |
| 13 | A comparison of air particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some tropical and temperate urban environments显示文摘 | Panther B C Hooper M A Tapper N J | 1999 | Atmospheric Environment1999，33，： | 1 |
| 14 | Impact of increasing urban density on local climate: Spatial and temporal varia- tions in the surface energy balance in Melbourne, Austra- lia显示文摘 | Courts A M Beringer J Tapper N J | 2007 | Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology2007，46，4： | 1 |
| 15 | A comparison of air particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some tropical and temperate urban environments 显示文摘 | Panther B C Hooper M A Tapper N J | 1999 | Atmospheric Environment1999，33，2425： | 1 |
| 16 | The sensitivity of Australian fire danger to climate change显示文摘 | Williams A J Karoly D J Tapper N | 2001 | Climate Change2001，49，： | 1 |
| 17 | Savanna fires and their impact on net ecosystem productivity in North Australia 显示文摘 | BERINGER J HUTLEY L B TAPPER N J etal | 2007 | Global Change Biol2007，13，5： | 1 |
| 18 | Prevention of respiration compliecatiom after abdamin'al surgery, a randomised clinical trail 显示文摘 | Hall JC Tarala RA Tapper J | 1996 | BMJ1996，312，7024： | 1 |
| 19 | Mapping heat health risks in urban areas显示文摘 | I Loughnan M Nicholls N Tapper N J | 2012 | International Journal of Population Research2012，，： | 1 |
| 20 | Changes in gene expression during progression of ovarian carcinoma显示文摘 | Tapper J Kettunen E El Rifai W | 2001 | Cancer Genet Cytogenet2001，128，： | 1 |
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