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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | Evidence of preservation injury to bile ducts by bile salts in the pig and its prevention by infusions of hydrophilic bile salts显示文摘 | Hertl M Harvey P R Swanson P E | 1995 | Hepatology1995，21，4： | 2 |
| 3 | , Efficient isolation of microspores and the production of mtcrospore-de-rlved embryos from Brawca napus显示文摘 | Swanson E B Coumans M P Wu S C | 1987 | Plant Cell Rep1987，6，： | 1 |
| 4 | Optical coherence tomography显示文摘 | HUANG D SWANSON E A LIN C P | 1991 | 254(5035):1178-11811991，254，5035： | 1 |
| 5 | Analysis of impact response in composite plates显示文摘 | CHRISTOFOROU A P SWANSON S R | 1991 | International Journal of Solids and Structures1991，27，2： | 1 |
| 6 | The Seasat Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer(SMMR):Radio-metric Calibration Algorithm Development and Perfo-rmance显示文摘 | SWANSON P RILEY A L | 1980 | IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering1980，5，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Apoptotic cell death in patients with sepsis,shock,and multiple organ dysfunction显示文摘 | SWANSON P E FREEMAN B D | 1999 | Crit Care Med1999，27，7： | 1 |
| 8 | Contribution plots : A missing link in multivariate quality control显示文摘 | Miller P Swanson RE Heckler CE | 1998 | Appl Math Comp Sci1998，8，4： | 1 |
| 9 | Hydrologic analysis for coastal wetland restoration 显示文摘 | Coates R Swanson M Williams P | 1989 | Environmental Management1989，，13： | 1 |
| 10 | Carcinosarcomas:current perspectives and historical review of nosological concepts显示文摘 | Wick M Swanson P E | 1993 | Sem in DiagnPathol1993，10，2： | 1 |
| 11 | The effects of interspinous implant on the kinematics of the instrumented and adjacent levels in the lumbar spine显示文摘 | Lindsey DP Swanson KE Fuchs P | 2003 | Spine2003，28，20： | 1 |
| 12 | Characteristics of application software maintenance显示文摘 | LIENTZ B P SWANSON E B TOMPKINS G E | 1978 | Communications of the ACM1978，21，6： | 1 |
| 13 | Optical coherence tomography显示文摘 | Huang D Swanson E A Lin C P | 1991 | Science1991，254，5035： | 1 |
| 14 | Subcritical crack propagation in Westerly granite: an investigation into the double torsion method显示文摘 | SWANSON P L | 1981 | Int J Rock Mech Min Sci & Geomech Abstr1981，18，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+ T lymphocytes in humans显示文摘 | TINSLEY K W SWANSON P E | 2001 | J Immunol2001，166，11： | 1 |
| 16 | Optical coherence tomography显示文摘 | Huang D Swanson E A Lin C P | 1991 | Science1991，254，11： | 1 |
| 17 | Oncological efficacy and safety of nephron- sparing surgery for selected patients with locally ad- vanced renal cell carcinoma显示文摘 | Margulis V Tamboli P Jaeobsohn K M Swanson D A Wood C G | 2007 | BJU Int2007，100，： | 1 |
| 18 | Prognostic value of an RNA expression signature derived from ee cycle proliferation genes in patients with prostate cancer: a retrospective study显示文摘 | Cuzick J Swanson G P Fisher G Brothman A R Berney D M Reid J E | 2011 | Lancet Oncol2011，12，： | 1 |
| 19 | Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems 显示文摘 | Harmon ME Anderson NH Franklin JF Cline SP Swanson JF Aumen NG Solins P Sedell JR Gregpry SV Lienkaemper GW Lattin J D Cromack K Cummins KW | 1986 | Adv Ecol Res1986，15，： | 1 |
| 20 | Cell death显示文摘 | Hotchkiss R S Strasser A McDunn J E Swanson P E | 2009 | N Engl J Med2009，361，16： | 1 |
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