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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking显示文摘 | Swanson M Zhu B TewfikA | 1998 | Signal Processing1998，66，3： | 2 |
| 3 | The clinical utility of flexible bronchoscopy in the evaluation of chronic cough显示文摘 | Barnes T W Afessa B Swanson K L | 2004 | Chest2004，126，1： | 2 |
| 4 | , Efficient isolation of microspores and the production of mtcrospore-de-rlved embryos from Brawca napus显示文摘 | Swanson E B Coumans M P Wu S C | 1987 | Plant Cell Rep1987，6，： | 1 |
| 5 | Infantile hemangiomas: an emerging health issue linked to an increased rate of low birth weight infants 显示文摘 | DROLET B A SWANSON E A FRIEDEN I J | 2008 | J Pediatr2008，153，5： | 1 |
| 6 | Low plasma D - dimer concentration predicts the absence of traumatic brain injury in children显示文摘 | SWANSON C A BURNS J C PETERSON B M | 2010 | J Trauma2010，65，5： | 1 |
| 7 | Apoptotic cell death in patients with sepsis,shock,and multiple organ dysfunction显示文摘 | SWANSON P E FREEMAN B D | 1999 | Crit Care Med1999，27，7： | 1 |
| 8 | Adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms-alpha1 and -beta1 improves contractile function in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy显示文摘 | Belke DD Gloss B Swanson EA | 2007 | Endocrinology2007，148，6： | 1 |
| 9 | Nutritional genomics: Implications for companion animals显示文摘 | Kelly S Swanson Lawrence B | 2003 | J Nutr2003，，： | 1 |
| 10 | Information Systems Innovation among Organizations显示文摘 | Swanson E B | 1994 | Management Science1994，40，9： | 1 |
| 11 | Microbialinactivation of foods by pulsed electric fields显示文摘 | Castro A J Barbosa-Canovas G V Swanson B G | 1993 | J Food Proc Preserv1993，17，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Characteristics of application software maintenance显示文摘 | LIENTZ B P SWANSON E B TOMPKINS G E | 1978 | Communications of the ACM1978，21，6： | 1 |
| 13 | Application of air-mercury and oil-air capillary pressure data in the study of pore structure and fluid distribution显示文摘 | Pickell J J Swanson B F Hickman W B | 1966 | SPE Journal1966，6，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Multiresolut in Scene- Based Video Watermarking UsingPerceptual Models 显示文摘 | Swanson M Zhu B Tewfik A H | 1998 | IEEE1998，，： | 1 |
| 15 | Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on spores of Geoba- cillus stearothermophilus suspended in soymilk显示文摘 | Estrada-Gir6n Y Guerrero-Beltran J A Swanson B G | 2007 | J Food Process Pres2007，31，5： | 1 |
| 16 | Engineering aspects of pulsed electric field pasteurization 显示文摘 | Zhang Q Barbosa-Canovas G V Swanson B G | 1995 | Journal of Food Engineering1995，25，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Peanut skins-fortified peanut butters:effect of processing on the phenolic content,fiber content and antioxidant activity显示文摘 | MA Y KERR W L SWANSON R B | 2014 | Food Chemistry2014，145，： | 1 |
| 18 | Engineering aspects of pulsed electric field pasteurization显示文摘 | Zhang Qing-hua Barbosa-canovas G Swanson B G | 1995 | Journal of Food Engineering1995，25，2： | 1 |
| 19 | When seeing isn't believing显示文摘 | Zhu B B Swanson M D Tewfik A H | 2004 | IEEE Signal Process Mag2004，3，： | 1 |
| 20 | When seeing isn't believing显示文摘 | Zhu B B Swanson M D Tewfik A H | 2004 | IEEE Signal Processing Magazine2004，21，2： | 1 |
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