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| 1 | Liver fat content determined by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy显示文摘Hepatic steatosis as the most prevalent liver disorder can either be related to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In both conditions, hepatocytes excessively accumulate fatcontaining vacuoles within their cytoplasm, which is the key histological feature. In contrast to ALD, NAFLD is commonly associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance. To determine increased liver fat content, liver biopsy is currently considered the gold standard. Besides the invasive technique, various other non-invasive techniques have been developed, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based methods. Among these techniques, ultrasound and CT provide only qualitative information about hepatic steatosis, whereas MRS-or MRI-based methods are able to determine even small amounts of fat accurately. These non-invasive magnetic resonance techniques have already proven their great potential, especially in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies regarding various metabolic conditions and medical treatment regimens. In this review, the most common, non-invasive MRS/MRI techniques for assessment of intrahepatic lipid content are described with their inherent advantages and limitations. | Fabian Springer Jürgen Machann Claus D Claussen Fritz Schick Nina F Schwenzer | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，13： | 19 |
| 2 | Antisense inhibition of the GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase reduces the ascorbate content in transgenic plants leading to developmental changes during senescens显示文摘 | KELLER R SPRINGER F RENZ A | 1999 | Plant J1999，19，： | 1 |
| 3 | Gender and nasal shape: Measures for rhinoplasty显示文摘 | Springer IN Zernial O Nrlke F | 2008 | Plast Reconstr Surg2008，121，2： | 1 |
| 4 | Removal of SiO 2 nanoparticles from industry wastewaters and subsurface waters by ultrafiltration: investigation of process efficiency,deposit properties and fouling mechanism显示文摘 | SPRINGER F LABORIE S GUIGUI C | 2013 | Separation and Purification Technology2013，108，4： | 1 |
| 5 | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell model 显示文摘 | Springer F E Zawodzinski T A Gottesfeld S | 1991 | J Electrochem Soc1991，138，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Properties of highly purified fucan 显示文摘 | Bernardi G Springer G F | 1962 | J Biol Chem1962，28，： | 1 |
| 7 | T and Tn general carcinoma autoantigens显示文摘 | Springer G F | 1984 | Science1984，224，： | 1 |
| 8 | Origin of interstitial fibroblasts in an accelerated model of angiotensin induced renal fibrosis显示文摘 | Faulkner JL Szcykalski LM Springer F | 2005 | Am J Pathol2005，167，11： | 1 |
| 9 | Non-invasive assessment and quantification of liver steatosis by ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance显示文摘 | Schwenzer NF Springer F Schraml C | 2009 | J Hepatol2009，51，： | 1 |
| 10 | Laparoendoscopic single site versus conventional laparoscopic radical nephrecto my {or renal cellcancer in patients with increased comorbidi- ties and previous abdominal surgery: preliminary results of a single-centre retrospective study显示文摘 | Springer C Inerrera A Kawan F | 2013 | World J Urol2013，31，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Non-invasive assessment andquantification of liver steatosis by ultrasound,computed tomo- graphy andmagnetic resonance显示文摘 | Schwenzer NF Springer F Schraml C | 2009 | J Hepatlo2009，51，3： | 1 |
| 12 | Patient mount an autoimmune response to their bladder cancer-associated T antigen显示文摘 | Ignatoff J M Springer G F Blum M D | 1983 | Naturwissenschaften1983，70，1： | 1 |
| 13 | The kine- matic rotating hinge prosthesis for complex knee arthro- plasty显示文摘 | Springer B D Hanssen A D Sim F H | 2001 | Clin Orthop Relat Res2001，，392： | 1 |
| 14 | Diamondoid and biomarker characterization of oils from the Llanos Orientales Basin, Colombia 显示文摘 | SPRINGER M V GARCIA D E GON(ALVES F T T | 2010 | Organic Geochemistry2010，41，9： | 1 |
| 15 | Detection of lung-and breast carcinoma by quantitating serum anti-T IgM levels with a sensitive solid phase immunoassay显示文摘 | Springer G F Desai P R | 1982 | Naturwissenschaften1982，69，7： | 1 |
| 16 | Delayed-type skin hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen as diagnostics test for human breast adenocarcinoma显示文摘 | Springer G F Desai P R Murthy M S | 1979 | J Molecular Med1979，57，18： | 1 |
| 17 | Analysis of oncolog ical outcomes and renal function after laparoendoscopic single- site partial nephrectomy= a multi-institutional outcome analy-sis显示文摘 | Springer C Greco F Autorino R | 2013 | BJU Int2013，，： | 1 |
| 18 | Depression of Thomsen-Friedenreich (anti-T) antibody in humans with breast carcinoma显示文摘 | Springer G F Desai P R | 1976 | Naturwissenschaften1976，62，6： | 1 |
| 19 | Estima- tion of Phase Center Corrections for GLONASS-M Satellite Antennas显示文摘 | Dilssner F Springer T Flohrer C Dow J | 2010 | Journal of Geodesy2010，84，8： | 1 |
| 20 | Immunoreactive T and Tn epitopes in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and immunotherapy 显示文摘 | Springer G F | 1997 | J Mol Med (Berl)1997，75，： | 1 |
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