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| 1 | 电动牙刷与手动牙刷对口腔卫生的效果比较显示文摘目的对电动牙刷和手动牙刷在去除菌斑、维护牙龈健康、对色素和牙结石的作用、可靠性、不良作用和成本等进行比较.方法计算机检索Cochrane口腔健康协作组临床试验资料库(截至2004年6月17日)、Cochran临床对照试验中心资料库(Cochrane图书馆2004第2期)、MEDLINE(1966~2004)、EMBASE(1980~2004第2周)和CINAHL(1982~2004第2周),并与制造商联系以获取更多资料.根据下列标准纳入随机对照试验:随机分配研究对象;参加者为手运动无障碍的普通人群;干预措施为无监督的手动或电动牙刷刷牙,至少4周;主要结局指标为试验期间菌斑和牙龈炎的变化.由6个作者独立评价并纳入研究资料.用随机效应模型进行Meta分析,用标准化均数差(SMD)及其95%CI测量效果.检查可能的异质性来源,并针对研究质量和发表偏倚进行敏感性分析.为便于讨论,将SMD转换为百分率.结果对包含3 855例研究对象的42个试验进行系统评价,结果显示,旋转振动型电动牙刷去除菌斑和减低牙龈炎的效果在短期内明显优于手动牙刷,并在3个月以上的研究中显示降低了牙龈炎指数.在1~3个月的研究中,菌斑SMD为-0.43 [95%CI (-0.72, 0.14)],牙龈炎SMD为-0.62 [95%CI (-0.90, 0.34)],Quigley Hein菌斑指数降低11%,Loe and Silness龈炎指数降低6%.在3个月以上的研究中,菌斑指数SMD为-1.29 [95%CI (-2.67, 0.08)], 龈炎指数为-0.51 [95%CI (-1.76, 0.25)],Ainamo Bay探诊出血指数降低17%.短期研究之间有异质性,敏感性分析显示当选择高质量的研究时结果是肯定的,没有证据表明有发表偏倚.采取其他设计的电动牙刷并不比手动牙刷更优.对成本、可靠性和不良作用的报道不一致,已报道的不良作用都是局限的、暂时的.结论旋转振动型电动牙刷去除牙菌斑、减少牙龈炎的效果优于手动牙刷.遵守方法学指南和更标准化的设计有益于将来的研究和Meta分析. | Robinson PG Deacon SA Deery C Heanue M Walmsley AD Worthington HV Glenny AM Shaw WC 陈娥 史宗道 | 2005 | 中国循证医学杂志2005，5，11： | 8 |
| 2 | Efficacy and safety of tenofovir in chronic hepatitis B: Australian real world experience显示文摘AIM To evaluate the long-term treatment outcomes of tenofovir therapy in patients in a real world Australian tertiary care setting.METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes among treatment-na?ve and treatment-experienced patients receiving a minimum 3 mo tenofovir therapy through St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Australia. We included patients receiving tenofovir [tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF)] monotherapy, as well as patients treated with TDF in combination with a second antiviral agent. Patients were excluded if they demonstrated human immune-deficiency virus/hepatitis C virus/hepatitis delta virus coinfection or were less than 18 years of age. We considered virological and biochemicalresponse, as well as safety outcomes. Virological response was determined by measurement of hepatitis B virus(HBV) DNA using sensitive assays; biochemical response was determined via serum liver function tests; histological response was determined from liver biopsy and fibroscan; safety analysis focused on glomerular renal function and bone mineral density. The primary efficacy endpoint was complete virological suppression over time, defined by HBV DNA < 20 IU/m L. Secondary efficacy endpoints included rates of biochemical response, and HB e antigen(HBe Ag)/HB surface antigen loss and seroconversion over time.RESULTS Ninety-two patients were identified who fulfilled the enrolment criteria. Median follow-up was 26 mo(range 3-114). Mean age was 46(24-78) years, 64(70%) were male and 77(84%) were of Asian origin. 55(60%) patients were treatment-na?ve and 62 patients(67%) were HBe Ag-negative. Complete virological suppression was achieved by 45/65(71%) patients at 12 mo, 37/46(80%) at 24 mo and 25/28(89%) at 36 mo. Partial virological response(HBV DNA 20-2000 IU/m L) was achieved by 89/92(96.7%) of patients. Multivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between virological suppression at end of follow-up and baseline HBV DNA level(OR = 0.897, 95%CI: 0.833-0.967, P = 0.0046) and HBe Ag positive status(OR = 0.373, 95%CI: 0.183-0.762, P = 0.0069). There was no difference in response comparing treatment-na?ve and treatment-experienced patients. Three episodes of virological breakthrough occurred in the setting of noncompliance. Tenofovir therapy was well tolerated.CONCLUSION Tenofovir is an efficacious, safe and well-tolerated treatment in an Australian real-world tertiary care setting. Our data are similar to the reported experience from registration trials. | Grace C Lovett Tin Nguyen David M Iser Jacinta A Holmes Robert Chen Barbara Demediuk Gideon Shaw Sally J Bell Paul V Desmond Alexander J Thompson | 2017 | World Journal of Hepatology2017，9，1： | 7 |
| 3 | Controversies in fluid therapy: Type, dose and toxicity显示文摘Fluid therapy is perhaps the most common intervention received by acutely ill hospitalized patients; however, a number of critical questions on the efficacy and safety of the type and dose remain. In this review, recent insights derived from randomized trials in terms of fluid type, dose and toxicity are discussed. We contend that the prescription of fluid therapy is context-specific and that any fluid can be harmful if administered inappropriately. When contrasting ‘‘crystalloid vs colloid'', differences in efficacy are modest but differences in safety are significant. Differences in chloride load and strong ion difference across solutions appear to be clinically important. Phases of fluid therapy in acutely ill patients are recognized, including acute resuscitation, maintaining homeostasis, and recovery phases. Quantitative toxicity(fluid overload) is associated with adverse outcomes and can be mitigated when fluid therapy basedon functional hemodynamic parameters that predict volume responsiveness and minimization of non-essential fluid. Qualitative toxicity(fluid type), in particular for iatrogenic acute kidney injury and metabolic acidosis, remain a concern for synthetic colloids and isotonic saline, respectively. Physiologically balanced crystalloids may be the ‘‘default'' fluid for acutely ill patients and the role for colloids, in particular hydroxyethyl starch, is increasingly unclear. We contend the prescription of fluid therapy is analogous to the prescription of any drug used in critically ill patients. | Robert C McDermid Karthik Raghunathan Adam Romanovsky Andrew D Shaw Sean M Bagshaw | 2014 | World Journal of Critical Care Medicine2014，3，1： | 5 |
| 4 | Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer’s pathological cascade显示文摘 | Clifford R Jack David S Knopman William J Jagust Leslie M Shaw Paul S Aisen Michael W Weiner Ronald C Petersen John Q Trojanowski | 2010 | Lancet Neurology2010，，1： | 4 |
| 5 | 医疗评估的准则显示文摘无论全英的政府机构、医院院长或医院各个科室均认为医疗评估必须予以贯彻,然而对全国或地区来说,对评估的定义和含意未必有统一见解。本文旨在寻找衡量医院评估的设计和有效性.有七项准则可资利用,它述及医务人员和管理人员职责,医疗组织,评估范围,主要特征,所需资源,记录保存和评价。 | C D Shaw 富绍祯 | 1990 | 国外医学(医院管理分册)1990，7，3： | 3 |
| 6 | Activation characteristics of candidate structural materials for a near-term Indian fusion reactor and the impact of their impurities on design considerations显示文摘Activation analyses play a vital role in nuclear reactor design.Activation analyses,along with nuclear analyses,provide important information for nuclear safety and maintenance strategies.Activation analyses also help in the selection of materials for a nuclear reactor,by providing the radioactivity and dose rate levels after irradiation.This information is important to help define maintenance activity for different parts of the reactor,and to plan decommissioning and radioactive waste disposal strategies.The study of activation analyses of candidate structural materials for near-term fusion reactors or ITER is equally essential,due to the presence of a highenergy neutron environment which makes decisive demands on material selection.This study comprises two parts; in the first part the activation characteristics,in a fusion radiation environment,of several elements which are widely present in structural materials,are studied.It reveals that the presence of a few specific elements in a material can diminish its feasibility for use in the nuclear environment.The second part of the study concentrates on activation analyses of candidate structural materials for near-term fusion reactors and their comparison in fusion radiation conditions.The structural materials selected for this study,i.e.India-specific Reduced Activation Ferritic-Martensitic steel(IN-RAFMS),P91-grade steel,stainless steel 316 LN ITER-grade(SS-316 LN-IG),stainless steel 316 L and stainless steel 304,are candidates for use in ITER either in vessel components or test blanket systems.Tungsten is also included in this study because of its use for ITER plasma-facing components.The study is carried out using the reference parameters of the ITER fusion reactor.The activation characteristics of the materials are assessed considering the irradiation at an ITER equatorial port.The presence of elements like Nb,Mo,Co and Ta in a structural material enhance the activity level as well as the dose level,which has an impact on design considerations.IN-RAFMS was shown to be a more effective low-activation material than SS-316 LN-IG. | H L SWAMI C DANANI A K SHAW | 2018 | Plasma Science and Technology2018，20，6： | 2 |
| 7 | Molecular authentication of Panax species显示文摘 | Ngan F Shaw I C But P P H | 1999 | phytochemistry1999，50，5： | 1 |
| 8 | Frequent loss of heterozygosity for Rb, TP53, and chromosome arm 3p,but not NME1 in squamous cell carcinomas of the supraglottic larynx显示文摘 | SCHOLNICK S B SUN P C SHAW M E | 1994 | Cancer1994，73，： | 1 |
| 9 | Cloning of trichosanthin cDNA and its expression in Escherichia Ecoli显示文摘 | | 1991 | Gene1991，97，： | 1 |
| 10 | Body image as a leisure con straint :Examining the experience of aerobic exercise classes for young women显示文摘 | FREDERICK C SHAW S M | 1995 | leisure Sci1995，17，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Recent advances in trichosanthin,a ri- bosome - inactivating protein with multiple pharmacological properties 显示文摘 | Shaw P C Lee K M Wong K B | 2005 | Toxicon2005，45，： | 1 |
| 12 | Hyperphosphorylated neurofilament NF-H is a serum biomarker of axonal injury显示文摘 | Shaw G Yang C Ellis R | 2005 | Biochem Biophys Res Commun2005，336，4： | 1 |
| 13 | Nonlinear Normal modes, Invariance and modal dynamics approximations of nonlinear systems 显示文摘 | Nicolas B Pierre C Shaw S W | 1995 | Nonlinear Dynamics1995，8，： | 1 |
| 14 | Synthesis of fatty acid esters by recombinant staphylococcus epdermidis lipases in aqueous environment 显示文摘 | CHANG R C CHOU S J SHAW J F | 2001 | J Agric Food Chem2001，49，5： | 1 |
| 15 | Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinase and their tissue derived inhibitors in cutaneous wound repair显示文摘 | SOO C SHAW WW ZHANG X | 2000 | Plast Reconstr Surg2000，105，： | 1 |
| 16 | Edible coatings for individual frozen meat portions显示文摘 | Shaw C P Secrist J L | 1977 | U S Army Natick Research & Development Command Food Engineering Laboratory Natick MA1977，，： | 1 |
| 17 | Natural variation in balsam fir folia components of dietary importance to spruce budworm显示文摘 | SHAW G G LITTLE C H A | 1974 | Can J For Res1974，7，： | 1 |
| 18 | Innovative Approaches to Water Allocation : The Potential for Water Markets 显示文摘 | Howe C W Schurmeier D R Shaw W D | 1986 | Water Re- sources Research1986，22，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Microarray based comparative genomic hybridisation ( array - CGH) detects submicro- scopic chromosomal deletions and duplications in patients with learn- ing disability/mental retardation and dysmorphic features 显示文摘 | Shaw -Smith C Redon R Rickman L | 2004 | J Med Genet2004，41，4： | 1 |
| 20 | Female genital cosmetic surgery显示文摘 | Shaw D Lefebvre G Bouchard C | 2013 | J Obstet Gynaecol Can2013，35，12： | 1 |
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