| 1 | 应用变性梯度凝胶电泳和16SrDNA序列分析对山羊瘤胃细菌多样性的研究显示文摘以取自3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的土种山羊的瘤胃内容物为材料,经过DNA抽提和PCR扩增,扩增产物利用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE,一种DNA指纹技术)分析瘤胃细菌在两种日粮条件下的多样性.同时利用基因序列分析技术,分析了16个在DGGE胶上有匹配带的克隆的16S rDNA序列,并与现有的数据库进行了比较.结果表明,饲喂基础日粮时3头山羊瘤胃内容物的DGGE图谱有一定的相似性(43%~55%);饲料中添加大豆黄酮一定程度上影响了瘤胃细菌的组成,DGGE 谱带变化程度分别为 1 号 36% 、2 号 46% 、3 号 30%。基因序列分析表明,DGGE图谱中优势条带的16S rDNA基因序列中有5个基因序列与基因数据库登录的相关序列的相似性大于97%,8个基因序列的相似性在90%~96%,余下的低于90%。相似性大于97%的5个克隆中,只有1个被鉴定为Prevotella sp .,其余 4 个都属于未被鉴定的瘤胃细菌。 | 姚文 朱伟云 韩正康 Antoon D L Akkermans Barbara Williams Seerp Tamminga | 2004 | 中国农业科学2004，37，9： | 53 |
| 2 | Nitrogen in global animal production and management options for improving nitrogen use efficiency显示文摘Animal production systems convert plant protein into animal protein. Depending on animal species, ration and management, between 5% and 45 % of the nitrogen (N) in plant protein is converted to and deposited in animal protein. The other 55%-95% is excreted via urine and feces, and can be used as nutrient source for plant (= often animal feed) production. The estimated global amount of N voided by animals ranges between 80 and 130 Tg N per year, and is as large as or larger than the global annual N fertilizer consumption. Cattle (60%), sheep (12%) and pigs (6%) have the largest share in animal manure N production.The conversion of plant N into animal N is on average more efficient in poultry and pork production than in dairy production, which is higher than in beef and sheep production. However, differences within a type of animal production system can be as large as differences between types of animal production systems, due to large effects of the genetic potential of animals, animal feed and management. The management of animals and animal feed, together with the genetic potential of the animals, are key factors to a high efficiency of conversion of plant protein into animal protein.The efficiency of the conversion of N from animal manure, following application to land, into plant protein ranges between 0 and 60%, while the estimated global mean is about 15%. The other 40%- 100% is lost to the wider environment via NH3 volatilization, denitrification, leaching and run-off in pastures or during storage and/or following application of the animal manure to land. On a global scale, only 40%-50% of the amount of N voided is collected in barns, stables and paddocks, and only half of this amount is recycled to crop land. The N losses from animal manure collected in barns, stables and paddocks depend on the animal manure management system. Relative large losses occur in confined animal feeding operations, as these often lack the land base to utilize the N from animal manure effectively.Losses will be relatively low when all manure are collected rapidly in water-tight and covered basins, and when they are subsequently applied to the land in proper amounts and at the proper time, and using the proper method (low-emission techniques).There is opportunity for improving the N conversion in animal production systems by improving the genetic production potential of the herd, the composition of the animal feed, and the management of the animal manure. Coupling of crop and animal production systems, at least at a regional scale, is one way to high N use efficiency in the whole system. Clustering of confined animal production systems with other intensive agricultural production systems on the basis of concepts from industrial ecology with manure processing is another possible way to improve Nuse efficiency. | Oene Oenema Seerp Tamminga | 2005 | Science China(Life Sciences)2005，48，z2： | 18 |
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