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| 1 | Controversies in fluid therapy: Type, dose and toxicity显示文摘Fluid therapy is perhaps the most common intervention received by acutely ill hospitalized patients; however, a number of critical questions on the efficacy and safety of the type and dose remain. In this review, recent insights derived from randomized trials in terms of fluid type, dose and toxicity are discussed. We contend that the prescription of fluid therapy is context-specific and that any fluid can be harmful if administered inappropriately. When contrasting ‘‘crystalloid vs colloid'', differences in efficacy are modest but differences in safety are significant. Differences in chloride load and strong ion difference across solutions appear to be clinically important. Phases of fluid therapy in acutely ill patients are recognized, including acute resuscitation, maintaining homeostasis, and recovery phases. Quantitative toxicity(fluid overload) is associated with adverse outcomes and can be mitigated when fluid therapy basedon functional hemodynamic parameters that predict volume responsiveness and minimization of non-essential fluid. Qualitative toxicity(fluid type), in particular for iatrogenic acute kidney injury and metabolic acidosis, remain a concern for synthetic colloids and isotonic saline, respectively. Physiologically balanced crystalloids may be the ‘‘default'' fluid for acutely ill patients and the role for colloids, in particular hydroxyethyl starch, is increasingly unclear. We contend the prescription of fluid therapy is analogous to the prescription of any drug used in critically ill patients. | Robert C McDermid Karthik Raghunathan Adam Romanovsky Andrew D Shaw Sean M Bagshaw | 2014 | World Journal of Critical Care Medicine2014，3，1： | 5 |
| 2 | Estimation of soil thermal properties using in-situ temperature measurements in the active layer and permafrost显示文摘 | Nicolsky D J Romanovsky V E Panteleev G G | 2009 | Cold Regions Science and Technology2009，55，1： | 1 |
| 3 | Incorporation of a permafrost model into a large-scale ecosystem model:Evaluation of temporal and spatial scaling issues in simulating soil thermal dynamics显示文摘 | Zhuang Q Romanovsky V E McGuire A D | 2001 | J Geophys Res2001，106，33： | 1 |
| 4 | Estimation of soil thermal properties using in-situ temperature measurements in the active layer and permafrost显示文摘 | NICOLSKY D J ROMANOVSKY V E PANTELEEV G G | 2009 | Cold Regions Science and Technology2009，55，1： | 1 |
| 5 | 1 -3 resonant centers on C2 with homogeneous cubic nonlinearities显示文摘 | HU Z P ROMANOVSKI V G SHAFER D S | 2008 | Computers and Mathematics with Applications2008，56，8： | 1 |
| 6 | Comparison of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of plutonium-239 alpha particles and mobile phone GSM 900 radiation in the Allium cepa test显示文摘 | PESNYA D S ROMANOVSKY A V | 2013 | Mutat Res2013，750，12： | 1 |
| 7 | Estimation of thermal properties of saturated soils usingin-situ temperature measurements 显示文摘 | NICOLSKY D J ROMANOVSKY V E TIPENKO G S | 2007 | The CryosphereDiscuss2007，1，： | 1 |
| 8 | Application of humanistic nursing care in operation room nursing concept in显示文摘 | Dobretsov M Romanovsky D Stimers JR | 2013 | China medicine guide2013，11，29： | 1 |
| 9 | Thermal state of permafrost in Russia显示文摘 | Romanovsky V E Drozdov D S Oberman N G | 2010 | Permafrost and Periglacial Processes2010，21，2： | 1 |
| 10 | Current trends in exception handling part Ⅰ显示文摘 | PERRY D E ROMANOVSKY A TRIPATHI A | 2000 | I EEE Transactions on Software Engineering2000，26，9： | 1 |
| 11 | Current trends in exception handling part Ⅱ 显示文摘 | PERRY D E ROMANOVSKY A TRIPATHI A | 2000 | IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering2000，26，10： | 1 |
| 12 | Thermal state of permafrost in Russia显示文摘 | Romanovsky V E Drozdov D S Oberman N G | 2010 | Permafrosl and Periglacial Pro- gresses2010，21，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Exception handling in the software lifecycle显示文摘 | Lemos R D Romanovsky A | 2001 | International Journal of Computer Systems Science and Engineering2001，16，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Bladder function impairment in aquaporin-2 defective nephrogenic diabetes insipidus显示文摘 | Shalev H Romanovsky I Knoers NV Lupa S Landau D | 2004 | Nephrol Dial Transplant2004，19，3： | 1 |
| 15 | 1:-3resonant centers on C2 with homogeneous cubic nonlin-earities显示文摘 | HU Z P ROMANOVSKI V G SHAFER D S | | 0，，08： | 1 |
| 16 | Comparisan of metabolic and neuropathy profiles of rats with streptozotocin-indueed overt and moderateinsulinoPenia显示文摘 | Romanovsky D Wang J AI-Chaer E D | 2010 | Neuroseienee2010，12，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Relevance of hyperglycemia to early mechanical hyperalgesia in streptozotocin-induced diabetes 显示文摘 | ROMANOVSKY D HASTINGS S L STIMERS J R | 2004 | J Peripher Nerv Syst2004，9，2： | 1 |
| 18 | Mechanical hyperalgesia in rat models of systemic and local hyperglycemia显示文摘 | DOBRETSOV M HASTINGS S L ROMANOVSKY D | 2003 | Brain Res2003，960，12： | 1 |
| 19 | Relevance of hyperglycemia to early mechanical hyperalgesia in streptozotocin-induced diabetes 显示文摘 | Romanovsky D Hastings SL | 2004 | J Peripher Nerv Syst2004，9，： | 1 |
| 20 | Estimation of soil thermal properties using in-situ temperature measurements in the active layer and permafrost显示文摘 | Nicolsky D J Romanovsky V E Panteleev G G | 2009 | Cold Regions Science and Technology2009，55，1： | 1 |
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