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| 1 | COVID-19 pandemic:Pathophysiology and manifestations from the gastrointestinal tract显示文摘The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),caused by a newly identifiedβ-coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2)has emerged as a dire health problem,causing a massive crisis for global health.Primary method of transmission was firstly thought to be animal to human transmission.However,it has been observed that the virus is transmitted from human to human via respiratory droplets.Interestingly,SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid(RNA)has been isolated from patient stools,suggesting a possible gastrointestinal(GI)involvement.Most commonly reported clinical manifestations are fever,fatigue and dry cough.Interestingly,a small percentage of patients experience GI symptoms with the most common being anorexia,diarrhea,nausea and vomiting.The presence of viral RNA in stools is also common and fecal tests can be positive even after negative respiratory samples.The exact incidence of digestive symptoms is a matter of debate.The distribution of Angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 receptors in multiple organs in the body provides a possible explanation for the digestive symptoms’mechanism.Cases with solely GI symptoms have been reported in both adults and children.Viral RNA has also been detected in stool and blood samples,indicating the possibility of liver damage,which has been reported in COVID-19 patients.The presence of chronic liver disease appears to be a risk factor for severe complications and a poorer prognosis,however data from these cases is lacking.The aim of this review is firstly,to briefly update what is known about the origin and the transmission of SARS-CoV-2,but mainly to focus on the manifestations of the GI tract and their pathophysiological background,so that physicians on the one hand,not to underestimate or disregard digestive symptoms due to the small number of patients exhibiting exclusively this symptomatology and on the other,to have SARS-CoV-2 on their mind when the“gastroenteritis”type symptoms predominate. | Michail Galanopoulos Filippos Gkeros Aris Doukatas Grigorios Karianakis Christos Pontas Nikolaos Tsoukalas Nikos Viazis Christos Liatsos Gerassimos J Mantzaris | 2020 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2020,26,31: | 7 |
| 2 | Marine-current power generation by diffuser-augmented floating hydro-turbines 显示文摘 | Ponta F L Jacovkis P M | 2008 | Renewable Energy2008,33,4: | 1 |
| 3 | A vortex model for Darrieus turbine using finite element techniques显示文摘 | Ponta F L Jacovkis P M | 2001 | Renewable Energy2001,24,: | 1 |
| 4 | The hormone response element of the mouse mammary tumor virus DNA mediates the progestin and androgen induction of transcription in the proviral long terminal repeat resion显示文摘 | Cato ACB Henderson D Ponta H | 1987 | EMBO J1987,6,: | 1 |
| 5 | On the aerodynamics of variable-geometry oval-trajectory Darrieus wind turbines显示文摘 | PONTA F SEMINARA J OTERO A | 2007 | Renewable Energy2007,32,1: | 1 |
| 6 | CD44 in colon cancer显示文摘 | Pals S Ponta H | 1995 | Eur J Cancer1995,31,78: | 1 |
| 7 | CD44:from adhesionmolecules to signaling regulators显示文摘 | Ponta H Sherman L Herrlich PA | 2003 | Nat Rev Mol CellBiol2003,4,1: | 1 |
| 8 | Tumor metastasis formation:cellsurface proteins confer metastasis-promoting or-suppressing properties显示文摘 | Ponta H Sleeman J and Herrlich P | 1994 | Biochimica et Biophysica Acta1994,1198,: | 1 |
| 9 | Recent advances in the genetics of metastasis显示文摘 | Ponta H Mofmann M Herrlich P | 1994 | Eur J Corncer1994,30,: | 1 |
| 10 | Modeling concrete under severe conditions as a multiphase material 显示文摘 | DAL PONTA S MEFTAHB F SCHREFLER B A | 2011 | Nuclear Engineering and Design2011,24,3: | 1 |
| 11 | Marine-current power generation by diffuser-augmented floating hydro-turbines显示文摘 | F.L. Ponta P.M. Jacovkis | 2007 | Renewable Energy2007,,4: | 1 |
| 12 | Marine-current power generation by diffuser-augmented floating hydro-turbines 显示文摘 | Ponta F L Jacovkis P M | 2008 | Renewable Energy2008,33,4: | 1 |
| 13 | CD44:from adhesion molecules tosignallingregnlatom显示文摘 | Ponta H Sherman L Herrlieh P | 2003 | Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol2003,4,1: | 1 |
| 14 | Marine-current power generation by diffuser-augmented floating hydro-turbines 显示文摘 | Ponta F L Jacovkis P M | 2008 | Renewawble Energy2008,33,4: | 1 |
| 15 | Regulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing by the ERK MAP-kinase pathway显示文摘 | WEG-REMERS S PONTA H HERRLICH P | 2001 | EMBO J2001,20,15: | 1 |
| 16 | CD44:from adhesion molecules to signaling regulators显示文摘 | Ponta H Sherman L Herrlich PA | 2003 | Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol2003,4,1: | 1 |
| 17 | A vortex model for Darrieus turbine using finite element techniques显示文摘 | Fernando L. Ponta Pablo M. Jacovkis | 2001 | Renewable Energy2001,,1: | 1 |
| 18 | CD44: from adhesion molecules to signalling regnlators显示文摘 | Ponta H Sherman L Herrlich P | 2003 | N at Rev Mol Cell Biol2003,4,1: | 1 |
| 19 | Adhesion proteins meet recep-tors:a common theme 显示文摘 | Orian-Rousseau V Ponta H | 2008 | Advances in Cancer Research2008,101,: | 1 |
| 20 | CD44: from adhesion molecules to signalling regulators 显示文摘 | Ponta H Sherman L Herrlich PA | 2003 | Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol2003,4,1: | 1 |