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| 1 | Electroconvulsive therapy in catatonic patients: Efficacy and predictors of response显示文摘Recent evidence favors the view of catatonia as an autonomous syndrome, frequently associated with mood disorders, but also observed in neurological, neurodevelop-mental, physical and toxic conditions. From our systematic literature review, electroconvulsive therapy(ECT) results effective in all forms of catatonia, even after pharmacotherapy with benzodiazepines has failed. Response rate ranges from 80% to 100% and results superior to those of any other therapy in psychiatry. ECT should be considered first-line treatment in patients with malignant catatonia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, delirious mania or severe catatonic excitement, and in general in all catatonic patients that are refractory or partially responsive to benzodiazepines. Early intervention with ECT is encouraged to avoid undue deterioration of the patient's medical condition. Little is known about the long-term treatment outcomes following administration of ECT for catatonia. The presence of a concomitant chronic neurologic disease or extrapyramidal deficit seems to be related to ECT non-response. On the contrary, the presence of acute, severe and psychotic mood disorder is associated with good response. Severe psychotic features in responders may be related with a prominent GABAergic mediated deficit in orbitofrontal cortex, whereas non-responders may be characterized by a prevalent dopaminergic mediated extrapyramidal deficit. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that ECT is more effective in 'top-down' variant of catatonia, in which the psychomotor syndrome may be sustained by a dysregulation of the orbitofrontal cortex, than in 'bottom-up' variant, in which an extrapyramidal dysregulation may be prevalent. Future research should focus on ECT response in different subtype of catatonia and on efficacy of maintenance ECT in long-term prevention of recurrent catatonia. Further research on mechanism of action of ECT in catatonia may also contribute to the development of other brain stimulation techniques. | Federica Luchini Pierpaolo Medda Michela Giorgi Mariani Mauro Mauri Cristina Toni Giulio Perugi | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，2： | 5 |
| 2 | Effects of epidural and system- ie maternal analgesia in term infants: the NoPiL study 显示文摘 | Dani C Perugi S Fontanelli G | 2010 | Front Biosci (Elite Ed)2010，2，： | 1 |
| 3 | Open-label evaluation of venlafax- ine sustained release in outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder with comorbid major depression or dysthymia: effectiveness, tolera- bility and predictors of response显示文摘 | Perugi G Frare F Toni C | 2002 | Neuropsychobiology2002，46，3： | 1 |
| 4 | Clinical subtypes of bipolar mixed states : Validating a broader European definition in 143 cases 显示文摘 | Perugi G Akiskal HS Mieheli C | 1997 | J Affect Disorder1997，43，2： | 1 |
| 5 | Agitated 'unipolar' depression re-conceptualized as a depressive mixed state:implications for the antidepressant suicide controversy显示文摘 | Akiskal HS Benazzi F Perugi G | | 0，，03： | 1 |
| 6 | Clinical subtypes of bipolar mixed states:validating a broader European definition in 143 cases显示文摘 | Akiskal HS Micheli C | 1997 | J Affect Disorder1997，43，： | 1 |
| 7 | Gender-related differences in body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia)显示文摘 | Perugi G Akiskal HS Giannotti D | 1997 | J Nerv Ment Dis1997，185，9： | 1 |
| 8 | Adjunctive dopamine agonists in treatment-resistant bipolar 11 depression : an open case series 显示文摘 | Perugi G Toni C Ruffolo G | 2001 | Pharmacopsychiatry2001，34，： | 1 |
| 9 | Agitated 'unipolar' depression re-conceptualized as a depressive mixed state: implications for the antidepressant-suicide controversy 显示文摘 | Akiskal HS Benazzi F Perugi G | 2005 | J Affect Disord2005，85，3： | 1 |
| 10 | Effectiveness of adjunctive gabapentin in resistant bipolar disorder:is it due to anxious-alcohol abuse comorbidity?显示文摘 | Perugi G Toni C Frare F | 2002 | J Clin psychopharmacol2002，22，： | 1 |
| 11 | Fluconazole prophylaxis prevents invasive fungal infection in high- risk, very low birth weight infants 显示文摘 | Bertini G Perugi S Dani C Filippi L Pratesi S Rubahelli FF | 2005 | Pediatrics2005，147，2： | 1 |
| 12 | The clinical impact of bipolar and unipolar affective comorbidity on obsessive - compulsive disorder 显示文摘 | Perugi G Akiskal HS Pfanner C | 1997 | J Affect Disord1997，46，： | 1 |
| 13 | Obsessive-compulsive-bipolar comorbidity:a systematic exploration of clinical features and treatment outcome 显示文摘 | Perugi G Toni C Frare F | 2002 | J Clin Psychiatry2002，63，： | 1 |
| 14 | Obsessive-compulsive- bipolar comorbidity: a systematic exploration of clinical features and treatment outcome 显示文摘 | Perugi G Toni C Frare F | 2002 | J Clin Psychiatry2002，63，12： | 1 |
| 15 | Adult ADHD clinical aspects and therapeutic implications显示文摘 | Ceraudo G Vannucchi G Perugi G | 2012 | Riv Psichiatr2012，47，6： | 1 |
| 16 | Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder:a neglected comorbidity显示文摘 | Masi G Toni C Perugi G | 2001 | Can J Psychiatry2001，46，： | 1 |
| 17 | Obsessive-compulsive bipolar comorbidity: focus on children and adolescents 显示文摘 | Gabriele Masi Giulio Perugi Cristina Toni | 2004 | J Affect Disord2004，78，： | 1 |
| 18 | Antiepileptic drugs:indications other than epilepsy显示文摘 | Spina E Perugi G | 2004 | Epileptic Disorders2004，6，6： | 1 |
| 19 | Impairment ofwork and leisure in depressed outpatients : a preliminarycommunication显示文摘 | De Lisio G Maremmani I Perugi G | 1986 | J AffectDisord1986，，10： | 1 |
| 20 | Effects of epidural and systemic maternal analgesia in term infants : the nopiL study显示文摘 | Dani C Perugi S Fontanels G | 2010 | Front Biosci2010，2，12： | 1 |
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