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| 1 | Methods, units and quality requirements for the analysis of haemoglobin A_(1c) in diabetes mellitus显示文摘The formation of glycohemoglobin, especially the hemoglobin A1c(Hb_(A1c)) fraction, occurs when glucose becomes coupled with the amino acid valine in the β-chain of Hb; this reaction is dependent on the plasma concentration of glucose. Since the early 1970 s it has been known that diabetics display higher values of Hb_(A1c) because they have elevated blood glucose concentrations. Thus Hb_(A1c) has acquired a very important role in the treatment and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. After the introduction of the first quantitative measurement of Hb_(A1c), numerous methods for glycohemoglobin have been introduced with different assay principles: From a simple minicolumn technique to the very accurate automated highpressure chromatography and lastly to many automated immunochemical or enzymatic assays. In early days, the results of the quality control reports for Hb_(A1c) varied extensively between laboratories, therefore in United States and Canada working groups(WG) of the Diabetes Controls and Complications Trial(DCCT) were set up to standardize the Hb_(A1c) assays against the DCCT/National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program reference method based on liquid chromatography. In the 1990 s, the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine(IFCC) appointed a new WG to plan a reference preparation and method for the Hb_(A1c) measurement. When the reference procedureswere established, in 2004 IFCC recommended that all manufacturers for equipment used in Hb_(A1c) assays should calibrate their methods to their proposals. This led to an improvement in the coefficient of variation(CV%) associated with the assay. In this review, we describe the glycation of Hb, methods, standardization of the Hb_(A1c) assays, analytical problems, problems with the units in which Hb_(A1c) values are expressed, reference values, quality control aspects, target requirements for Hb_(A1c), and the relationship of the plasma glucose values to Hb_(A1c) concentrations. We also note that the acceptance of the mmol/mol system for Hb_(A1c) as recommended by IFCC, i.e., the new unit and reference ranges, are becoming only slowly accepted outside of Europe where it seems that expressing Hb_(A1c) values either only in per cent units or with parallel reporting of percent and mmol/mol will continue. We believe that these issues should be resolved in the future and that it would avoid confusion if mmol/mol unit for Hb_(A1c) were to gain worldwide acceptance. | Ilkka Penttil? Karri Penttil? P?ivi Holm Harri Laitinen P?ivi Ranta Jukka T?rr?nen Rainer Rauramaa | 2016 | World Journal of Methodology2016，6，2： | 3 |
| 2 | Chlamydia pneunoniae infection in IL-10 knock out mice:accelerated clearance but severe pulmonary inflammatory response显示文摘 | Penttil(a)1 T Haveri A Tammiruusu A | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 3 | Transcriptional regulation of plant cell wall degradation by filamentous fungi显示文摘 | Aro N Pakula T Penttil?M | | 0，，04： | 1 |
| 4 | Production of Chlamydia pneumoniae Proteins in Bacillus subtilis and Their Use in Characterizing Immune Responses in the Experimental Infection Model显示文摘 | Airaksinen U Penttil T Wahlstr m E | 2003 | Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology2003，10，3： | 1 |
| 5 | Decomposition of Scots pine fine woody debris in boreal conditions: Implications for estimating carbon pools and fluxes显示文摘 | V~ivi ovh P Penttil~i T Laiho R | 2009 | Forest Ecology and Management2009，257，2： | 1 |
| 6 | Production of Chlamydia pneumoniae proteins in Bacillus subtilis and their use in characterizing immune responses in the experimental infection model显示文摘 | Airaksinen U Penttil T Wahlstr m E | 2003 | Clin and Diagn Lab Immun2003，10，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Immunity to Chlamydia pneumoniae induced by vaccination with DNA vectors expressing a cytoplasmic protein (Hsp60) or outer membrane proteins(MOMPand Omp2)显示文摘 | Penttil T Vuola JM Puurula V | 2001 | Vaccine2001，19，： | 1 |
| 8 | Time domain, geometrical and frequency domain analysis of cardiac vagal outflow: effects of various respiratory patterns显示文摘 | Penttil~ J Helminen A Jartti T | 2001 | Clin Physioh2001，21，： | 1 |
| 9 | Initial Stability of Femoral Neck Osteosynthesis with Absorbable Self-reinforced Poly-L-Iactide(SR-PLLA) and Metallic Screws: a Comparative Study on 21 Adavers显示文摘 | Pohjonen T Penttil Akkanen P | 1998 | J Biomed Mater Res1998，39，： | 1 |
| 10 | Arteriovenous malfor- mation of the brain: imaging by postmortem angiography 显示文摘 | Karhunen PJ Penttil A Erkinjuntti T | 1990 | Forensic science international1990，，48： | 1 |
| 11 | Initial stability of femoral neck osteosynthesis with absorbable self-reinforced poly-L-lactide(SRPLLA)and metallic screws:a comparative study on 21 adavers显示文摘 | Vasenius J Pohjonen T Penttil A | 1998 | J Biomed Mater Res1998，39，： | 1 |
| 12 | Initial Stability of Femoral Neck Osteosynthesis with Absorbable Self-reinforced Poly-L-Iactide (SR-PLLA) and Metallic Screws: a Comparative Study on 21 A- darers 显示文摘 | Vasenins J Pohjonen T Penttil Akkanen P | 1998 | J Biomed Mater Res1998，39，： | 1 |
| 13 | Natural devel opment of stand structure in peatland scots pine following drainage : results based on long-term monitoring of permanent sample plots显示文摘 | SARKKOLA S HOKK H PENTTIL) T | 2004 | Silva Fennica2004，38，4： | 1 |
| 14 | Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in IL 10 knock out mice: accelerated clearance but severe pulmonary inflammatory response 显示文摘 | Penttil T Haveri A Tammiruusu A | 2008 | Microb Pathog2008，45，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Transcriptional regulation of plant cell wall degradation by filamentous fungi显示文摘 | Aro N Pakula T Penttil M | | 0，，04： | 1 |
| 16 | Initial stability of femoral neck osteosynthesis with absorbable self-reinforced poly - L - lactide (SR - PLLA )and metallic screws: a comparative study on 21 cadavers显示文摘 | VASENIUS J POHJONEN T PENTTIL A at al | 1998 | J Biomed Mater Res1998，39，： | 1 |
| 17 | Tree stand volume as a scalar for methane fluxes in forestry-drained peatlands in Finland显示文摘 | Minkkinen K Penttil?T Laine J | | 0，，2： | 1 |
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