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| 1 | The numbers of fungi: is the descriptive curve flattening?显示文摘The recent realistic estimate of fungal numbers which used various algorithms was between 2.2 and 3.8 million.There are nearly 100,000 accepted species of Fungi and fungus-like taxa,which is between 2.6 and 4.5%of the estimated species.Several forums such as Botanica Marina series,Fungal Diversity notes,Fungal Biodiversity Profiles,Fungal Systematics and Evolution-New and Interesting Fungi,Mycosphere notes and Fungal Planet have enhanced the introduction of new taxa and nearly 2000 species have been introduced in these publications in the last decade.The need to define a fungal species more accurately has been recognized,but there is much research needed before this can be better clarified.We address the evidence that is needed to estimate the numbers of fungi and address the various advances that have been made towards its understanding.Some genera are barely known,whereas some plant pathogens comprise numerous species complexes and numbers are steadily increasing.In this paper,we examine ten genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal description and introduce new species in each genus.The genera are the ascomycetes Colletotrichum and Pestalotiopsis(with many species or complexes),Atrocalyx,Dothiora,Lignosphaeria,Okeanomyces,Rhamphoriopsis,Thozetella,Thyrostroma(rela-tively poorly studied genera)and the basidiomycete genus Lepiota.We provide examples where knowledge is incomplete or lacking and suggest areas needing further research.These include(1)the need to establish what is a species,(2)the need to establish how host-specific fungi are,not in highly disturbed urban areas,but in pristine or relatively undisturbed forests,and(3)the need to establish if species in different continents,islands,countries or regions are different,or if the same fungi occur worldwide?Finally,we conclude whether we are anywhere near to flattening the curve in new species description. | Kevin D.Hyde Rajesh Jeewon Yi-Jyun Chen Chitrabhanu S.Bhunjun Mark S.Calabon Hong-Bo Jiang Chuan-Gen Lin Chada Norphanphoun Phongeun Sysouphanthong Dhandevi Pem Saowaluck Tibpromma Qian Zhang Mingkwan Doilom Ruvishika S.Jayawardena Jian-Kui Liu Sajeewa S.N.Maharachchikumbura Chayanard Phukhamsakda Rungtiwa Phookamsak Abdullah M.Al-Sadi Naritsada Thongklang Yong Wang Yusufjon Gafforov E.B.Gareth Jones Saisamorn Lumyong | 2020 | Fungal Diversity2020，，4： | 3 |
| 2 | Direct prediction of bioethanol yield in sugar beet pulp using Near Infrared Spectroscopy显示文摘 | C. Maga?a N. Nú?ez-Sánchez V.M. Fernández-Cabanás P. García A. Serrano D. Pérez-Marín J.M. Pemán E. Alcalde | 2011 | Bioresource Technology2011，，20： | 1 |
| 3 | Variation in protection by BCG:implications of and for heterologous immunity显示文摘 | Fine PEM | 1995 | Lancet1995，346，： | 1 |
| 4 | Variation in protection by BCG: implications of and for heterologous immunity显示文摘 | Fine PEM | 1995 | Lancet1995，346，8986： | 1 |
| 5 | Homogeneous cata-lysis of the hydrogenation of olefini compounds by ruthenium(Ⅱ)chloride显示文摘 | Hal J Pem F Harrod B | 1966 | J Am Chem Soe1966，88，： | 1 |
| 6 | Replication of an incomplete alfalfa mosaic virus genome in plants transfromed with viral replicase genes 显示文摘 | Taschner PEM Van der Kuyl AC Neeleman L | 1991 | 181 :445~4501991，181，： | 1 |
| 7 | Variation in protection by BCG:implications of and for heterologous immunity显示文摘 | Fine PEM | 1995 | Lancet1995，346，： | 1 |
| 8 | The BCG study :lessons from the past and implication for the future显示文摘 | Fine PEM | 1989 | Rev Infection Diseases1989，11，： | 1 |
| 9 | Acquired resistance to dasatinib in lung cancer cell lines conferred by DDR2 gatekeeper mutation and NF1 loss显示文摘 | Beaucham PEM Woods BA Dulak AM | 2014 | Mol Cancer Ther2014，13，2： | 1 |
| 10 | Predicting global numbers of teleomorphic ascomycetes显示文摘Sexual reproduction is the basic way to form high genetic diversity and it is beneficial in evolution and speciation of fungi.The global diversity of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota has not been estimated.This paper estimates the species number for sexual ascomycetes based on five different estimation approaches,viz.by numbers of described fungi,by fungus:substrate ratio,by ecological distribution,by meta-DNA barcoding or culture-independent studies and by previous estimates of species in Ascomycota.The assumptions were made with the currently most accepted,“2.2–3.8 million”species estimate and results of previous studies concluding that 90%of the described ascomycetes reproduce sexually.The Catalogue of Life,Species Fungorum and published research were used for data procurement.The average value of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota from all methods is 1.86 million,ranging from 1.37 to 2.56 million.However,only around 83,000 teleomorphic species have been described in Ascomycota and deposited in data repositories.The ratio between described teleomorphic ascomycetes to predicted teleomorphic ascomycetes is 1:22.Therefore,where are the undiscovered teleomorphic ascomycetes?The undescribed species are no doubt to be found in biodiversity hot spots,poorly-studied areas and species complexes.Other poorly studied niches include extremophiles,lichenicolous fungi,human pathogens,marine fungi,and fungicolous fungi.Undescribed species are present in unexamined collections in specimen repositories or incompletely described earlier spe-cies.Nomenclatural issues,such as the use of separate names for teleomorph and anamorphs,synonyms,conspecific names,illegitimate and invalid names also affect the number of described species.Interspecies introgression results in new species,while species numbers are reduced by extinctions. | Indunil C.Senanayake Dhandevi Pem Achala R.Rathnayaka Subodini N.Wijesinghe Saowaluck Tibpromma Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe Rungtiwa Phookamsak Nuwan D.Kularathnage Deecksha Gomdola Dulanjalee Harishchandra Lakmali S.Dissanayake Mei-mei Xiang Anusha H.Ekanayaka Eric H.C.McKenzie Kevin D.Hyde Hao-xing Zhang Ning Xie | 2022 | Fungal Diversity2022，，3： | 1 |
| 11 | Variation in protection by BCG: implications of and for heterologous immunity显示文摘 | Fine PEM | 1995 | Lancet1995，346，： | 1 |
| 12 | Tissue engineered neocartilage using plasma derived polymer substrates and chondrocytes 显示文摘 | Sims CD Butler PEM Cao YL | 1998 | Plast Reconstr Surg1998，101，6： | 1 |
| 13 | The BCG study lessons form the past and implication for the future 显示文摘 | Fine PEM | 1989 | Rev Infection Diseases1989，11，： | 1 |
| 14 | Variation in protection by BCG: implications of and for heterologous immunity显示文摘 | Fine PEM | 1995 | Lancet1995，346，8986： | 1 |
| 15 | Demineralized bone matrix graft :a scientific and clinical case study assessment 显示文摘 | Pietrzak WS Pems SV Keyes T | 2005 | J Foot Ankle Surg2005，44，5： | 1 |
| 16 | Variation in protection by BCG: implications of and for heterologous immunity显示文摘 | Fine PEM | 1995 | Lancet1995，346，： | 1 |
| 17 | Devclopment of a Biosensor for Environmental MonitoringBased on Microalgae hn- mobilized in Silica Hydrogels 显示文摘 | Yannis Ferro Mercedes Pem|hni Matias Jobbagy | 2012 | Sensors2012，12，16： | 1 |
| 18 | Variation in protection by BCG:implications of and for heterologous immunity显示文摘 | Fine PEM | 1995 | Lancet1995，346，9069： | 1 |
| 19 | Identification of patho-genic yeast species by polymerase chain reaction ampli-fication of the RPS0gene intron fragment显示文摘 | Gar JM Val E Pem J | 2010 | AppliedMicrobiology2010，108，6： | 1 |
| 20 | A 1-year prospective study of burns in an Irish paediatric burns unit显示文摘 | Cronin KJ Butler PEM Mchugh M | 1996 | Bums1996，22，3： | 1 |
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