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| 1 | Fermentation characteristics of resistant starch, arabinoxylan, andβ-glucan and their effects on the gut microbial ecology of pigs:A review显示文摘Dietary fibers(DF)contain an abundant amount of energy,although the mammalian genome does not encode most of the enzymes required to degrade them.However,a mutual dependence is developed between the host and symbiotic microbes,which has the potential to extract the energy present in these DF.Dietary fibers escape digestion in the foregut and are fermented in the hindgut,producing shortchain fatty acids(SCFA)that after the microbial ecology in the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)of pigs.Most of the carbohydrates are fermented in the proximal part,allowing protein fermentation in the distal part,resulting in colonic diseases.The structures of resistant starch(RS),arabinoxylan(AX),and β-glucan(βG)are complex;hence,makes their way into the hindgut where these are fermented and provide energy substrates for the colonic epithelial cells.Different microbes have different preferences of binding to different substrates.The RS,AX and βG act as a unique substrate for the microbes and modify the relative composition of the gut microbial community.The granule dimension and surface area of each substrate are different,which influences the penetration capacity of microbes.Arabinose and xylan are 2 different hemicelluloses,but arabinose is substituted on the xylan backbone and occurs in the form of AX.Fermentation of xylan produces butyrate primarily in the small intestine,whereas arabinose produces butyrate in the large intestine.Types of RS and forms of βG also exert beneficial effects by producing different metabolites and modulating the intestinal microbiota.Therefore,it is important to have information of different types of RS,AX and(3 G and their roles in microbial modulation to get the optimum benefits of fiber fermentation in the gut.This review provides relevant information on the similarities and differences that exist in the way RS,AX,and βG are fermented,and their positive and negative effects on SCFA production and gut microbial ecology of pigs.These insights will help nutritionists to develop dietary strategies that can modulate specific SCFA production and promote beneficial microbiota in the GIT of swine. | Utsav P.Tiwari Amit K.Singh Rajesh Jha | 2019 | Animal Nutrition2019，，3： | 11 |
| 2 | Nutrient profile and digestibility of tubers and agro-industrial coproducts determined using an in vitro model of swine显示文摘Exploring and evaluating alternative feed ingredients to be used in swine diet is essential due to highly variable cost and limited availability of conventional feed ingredients. Tubers and agro-industrial coproducts could provide the basis for producing affordable swine feed. However, information on the nutritional value of these potential alternative feedstuffs is necessary while considering their use in swine feeding program. Four tubers(purple sweet potato [PSP], okinawan sweet potato, taro and cassava) and 3 coproducts(okara, wheat millrun [WMR] and barley brewers grain [BBG]) were analyzed for their proximate nutrients, starch, fibers and gross energy(GE) content. Two independent in vitro studies were carried out for tubers and coproducts to determine their nutrients digestibility using a 3-step enzymatic assay(which mimics the digestion occurring in the gastrointestinal tract of swine) with 9 replicates of each sample digested in 3 batches equally. All replicate samples were used to determine in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDDM) while 2 replicates from each batch were used to determine in vitro GE digestibility(IVDGE). Among tubers, CP content was the highest in taro(8.8%) and the lowest in cassava(3.7%), while CP content among coproducts was the highest in okara(22.7%) and the lowest in WMR(11.8%). Ether extract content among tubers ranged from 1.1% to 2.8%. The GE content among tubers, ranged from 4,134 to 4,334 kcal/kg whereas among coproducts it ranged from 4,270 to 4,794 kcal/kg. Among tubers, IVDDM for PSP was significantly higher(86.8%, P < 0.001) than taro(70.3%). Among coproducts, IVDDM of okara(74.1%) was significantly higher(P < 0.05) than BBG(61.3%). In conclusion,both tubers and coproducts can be used as a partial substitute of conventional energy feedstuffs in swine diets as these are rich in GE and other nutrients and are fairly digestible. | Utsav P.Tiwari Rajesh Jha | 2016 | Animal Nutrition2016，，4： | 5 |
| 3 | Tree species composition and diversity in montane forests of Garhwal Himalaya in relation to environmental and soil properties显示文摘The montane forests of Garhwal Himalaya were investigated for tree species composition and diversity in relation to environmental and edaphic variables.A stratified random sampling approach was adopted to collect the field data from each forest.A total of 39 tree species belonging to 31 genera and 23 families were recorded from the sampling area(6 forest stands ×10 plots in each).Lauraceae with 5 species was the largest family while Quercus(4 species) emerged as the largest genus.Species-area curve(asymptote) predicted more species than the observed number of species.Cluster analysis has shown that the two Abies pindrow dominant forest stands had the highest similarity in tree species composition.The tree stem density ranged from 540-1170 ha-1,basal area 23.01-55.94 m^2 ha-1,ShannonWiener diversity index 1.69-2.49,evenness index0.42-0.74,beta diversity 0.40-0.82 and similarity index 0.17-0.54 in the six studied forests.Two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN) identified four distinct tree communities in the study area with Daphniphyllum himalayense,Abies pindrow,Quercus oblongata,and Pinus roxburghii as indicator species of corresponding communities.Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) ascertained the TWINSPAN results and revealed the relation of tree species with environmental and edaphic variables.The phytosociological attributes of tree species varied from one forest stand to another;however,the tree species richness,density,and diversity peaked at intermediate elevation on the north aspect.Findings reveal that tree composition and diversity in the montane forests of Garhwal Himalaya are influenced by both environmental(elevation and slope aspect)and soil variables(texture,water holding capacity,moisture content,available N,exchangeable P,and pH).This study will help in understanding the forest distribution across the western Himalaya,guiding the conservationists and policymakers in carrying out conservation-related management activities,designing the long-term monitoring studies and assessing the effects of ongoing and future climate change and disturbances. | Dinesh Singh RAWAT P.TIWARI Sudipta Kumar DAS J.K.TIWARI | 2020 | Journal of Mountain Science2020，17，12： | 2 |
| 4 | Starchy and fibrous feedstuffs differ in their in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics and differently modulate gut microbiota of swine显示文摘Background:Alternative feedstuffs may contribute to reducing feed costs of pig production.But these feedstuffs are typically rich in fiber and resistant starch(RS).Dietary fibers and RS are fermented in the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)and modulate the microbial community.Certain microbes in the GIT can promote host health,depending on the type of fermentation substrates available.In this study,six alternative feedstuffs(three starchy:Okinawan sweet potato,OSP;yam,and taro,and three fibrous:wheat millrun,WMR;barley brewers grain,BBG;and macadamia nut cake,MNC)were evaluated for their in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics and their effects on pig’s hindgut microbial profile.After 2 steps of enzymatic digestion assay,residues were fermented using fresh pig feces as microbial inoculum,and gas production was recorded periodically for 72 h and modeled for fermentation kinetics.After fermentation,the residual liquid phase was analyzed for short-chain fatty acid(SCFA),and the solid phase was used to determine the nutrient’s digestibility and microbial community.Results:In vitro ileal digestibility of dry matter and gross energy was higher in starchy than fibrous feedstuffs.Total gas and SCFA production were significantly higher(P<0.001)in starchy feedstuffs than fibrous feedstuffs.Both acetate and propionate production was significantly higher(P<0.001)in all starchy feedstuffs than BBG and MNC;WMR was in between.Overall alpha diversity was not significantly different within and between starchy and fibrous feedstuffs.Beta diversity(measured using bray Curtis dissimilarity distance)of starchy feedstuffs was significantly different(P<0.005)than fibrous feedstuffs.Conclusion:Starchy feedstuffs acted as a substrate to similar types of microbes,whereas fibrous feedstuffs resulted in a more diverse microbial population.Such alternative feedstuffs may exert comparable beneficial effects,thus may be included in swine diets to improve gut health. | Utsav P.Tiwari Rabindra K.Mandal Kabi Raj Neupane Birendra Mishra Rajesh Jha | 2022 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology2022，13，5： | 1 |
| 5 | Properties of a thermostable extracellular lipase from Bacillus megaterium AKG‐1显示文摘 | AnuragSekhon NeetuDahiya Ram P.Tiwari Gurinder S.Hoondal | 2005 | J Basic Microbiol2005，，2： | 1 |
| 6 | 膳食纤维与单胃动物肠道健康显示文摘动物的生长性能、生产性能、饲料效率以及整体健康水平,在很大程度上都依赖于肠道健康。由于不使用抗生素生长促进剂(AGP)引起了饲料法规以及动物生产系统的变化,因此有必要确定一种新颖有效的优化肠道健康的策略。在饲用抗生素的替代品中,膳食纤维(DF)在单胃动物日粮中的应用已经取得了一定的成功。替代饲料原料及副产品通常富含纤维,可用于动物日粮中,以降低饲料成本和优化肠道健康。膳食纤维是天然存在的化合物,具有多种成分,存在于所有植物性饲料中。膳食纤维促进肠道细菌的生长,在小肠和大肠远端发酵成短链脂肪酸,对免疫系统发挥有益作用。给母畜添加膳食纤维是一种新的策略,对后代动物的微生物和免疫发育具有有益的调节作用。膳食纤维改善肠道健康的一个机制是维持肠道厌氧环境,从而防止兼性厌氧病原体的繁殖。在对猪和家禽进行的研究表明,基于膳食纤维的不同类型、不同组成和理化性质,其发酵特性及对肠道健康的有益影响差异很大。因此,了解不同类型的膳食纤维及其在优化肠道健康方面的作用非常重要。本篇综述将提供有关单胃动物营养中使用不同类型的膳食纤维及其对肠道健康的贡献方面的信息和更新,包括微生物学、发酵特性以及先天和适应性免疫反应。 | 张洪丽(译) Rajesh Jha Janelle M.Fouhse Utsav P.Tiwari | 2019 | 中国饲料添加剂2019，0，9： | 1 |
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