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| 1 | 雄黄的毒性研究显示文摘目的:研究雄黄的毒性特点,提出雄黄的相对安全用药剂量和用药时间建议,为雄黄的临床安全用药提供科学依据。方法:小鼠单次灌胃给药,测定LD50。采用SD大鼠随机分为对照组和雄黄5,10,20,80,160 mg.kg-1.d-1(相当于药典剂量高限的1/2,1,2,8,16倍)剂量组,各剂量组均每日灌胃给药1次,连续3个月,于给药后1,2,3个月和停药1个月,测定尿液定性、血常规以及血清生化指标,并观察肝、肾、心、脑等主要脏器的组织形态学变化,确定无明显不良作用水平(NOA-EL)。以世界卫生组织认为的人群内对化合物的敏感性差异倍数(10)乘以药理学上按照体表面积折算大鼠与人剂量的倍数(约为6)作为安全系数(60),结合NOAEL估计不同用药周期内的相对安全剂量。参照我国相关的技术指导原则规定的1个月动物长期毒性试验支持临床试验用药周期2周的方法,估计雄黄相对安全的用药时间。结果:在雄黄中As2S2质量分数为90%,可溶性砷为1.696 mg.g-1情况下,给小鼠单次灌胃给药的LD50为20.5 g.kg-1(等于摄入可溶性砷34.8 mg.kg-1),相当于人日用量约12 812倍。而给大鼠反复灌胃给药时,雄黄超过一定剂量用药达到2个月或以上时,可造成肾脏和肝脏病理损害,其中肾脏显示更为敏感。大鼠灌胃雄黄1,2,3个月的无明显毒性剂量(NOAEL)分别为160,20,10 mg.kg-1.d-1(累积摄入可溶性砷8.14,2.04,1.53 mg.kg-1)。估计临床使用雄黄的相对安全剂量范围为10~160 mg(依用药时间不同)。结论:反复使用雄黄时,建议在可溶性砷≤1.7 mg.g-1的条件下,雄黄用药1~2周时,剂量不超过160 mg;用药2~4周时,剂量不超过20 mg;如果降低剂量至10 mg或以下,则在用药6周内相对安全。 | 梁爱华 李春英 王金华 薛宝云 李化 杨滨 王京宇 解清 Odd Georg Nilsen | 2011 | 中国中药杂志2011，36，14： | 34 |
| 2 | 雄黄砷的蓄积性研究显示文摘目的:研究大鼠长期给予雄黄后砷在血液、肝脏、肾脏和脑组织中的蓄积性,以探讨雄黄的毒性机制,为临床安全用药提供科学依据。方法:①将禁食16 h后的雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(4只)和雄黄0.16 g.kg-1组(28只)。雄黄组灌胃给药1次,于给药后0.5,1,2,4,8,16,36 h时间点各取4只大鼠,取全血、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、肺和脑组织,测定砷含量。②将SD大鼠随机分为对照组和雄黄0.16,0.08,0.02 g.kg-1剂量组,每组10只(雌雄各5只)。各剂量组每日灌胃给药1次,共给药3个月。于末次给药后16 h取血、肝、肾、脑,测定砷含量。结果:单次给予雄黄0.16 g.kg-1后,一定量的砷能吸收进入体内,分布于血液和心、肝、肺、肾、脑等主要脏器,达峰时砷含量从高至低依次为血液>肾>肺>肝>心>脑。血液中砷水平远高于其他脏器中砷水平,这一分布特点可能为雄黄治疗白血病的基础。雄黄反复给药3个月后,血液、肝脏、肾脏和脑组织均有一定程度的砷蓄积。在相同的雄黄剂量组,肾脏的砷蓄积倍数最高,其次是肝脏。然而在砷含量方面,血液中的砷含量远高于其他脏器的砷含量,砷含量由高至低的顺序为血液>肾脏>肝脏>脑。雄黄长期用药时可造成肝、肾组织轻度病理变化,可能与肝、肾组织的砷蓄积相关。但未见血液与肝肾毒性相关的生化指标变化,说明肝脏与肾脏毒性较轻。结论:雄黄的可溶性砷可吸收入体内,广泛分布于主要脏器中。长期用药后,砷可在血液、肾脏、肝脏、脑组织蓄积,其中肾脏、肝脏砷蓄积与肝、肾毒性有关。血液是砷分布水平最高的部位,可能是雄黄治疗白血病的基础。 | 李春英 梁爱华 王金华 薛宝云 李化 杨滨 王京宇 解清 Odd Georg Nilsen 张伯礼 | 2011 | 中国中药杂志2011，36，14： | 28 |
| 3 | Contrast-enhanced and targeted ultrasound显示文摘Ultrasonic imaging is becoming the most popular medical imaging modality,owing to the low price per examination and its safety.However,blood is a poor scatterer of ultrasound waves at clinical diagnostic transmit frequencies.For perfusion imaging,markers have been designed to enhance the contrast in B-mode imaging.These so-called ultrasound contrast agents consist of microscopically small gas bubbles encapsulated in biodegradable shells.In this review,the physical principles of ultrasound contrast agent microbubble behavior and their adjustment for drug delivery including sonoporation are described.Furthermore,an outline of clinical imaging applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound is given.It is a challenging task to quantify and predict which bubble phenomenon occurs under which acoustic condition,and how these phenomena may be utilized in ultrasonic imaging.Aided by high-speed photography,our improved understanding of encapsulated microbubble behavior will lead to more sophisticated detection and delivery techniques.More sophisticated methods use quantitative approaches to measure the amount and the time course of bolus or reperfusion curves,and have shown great promise in revealing effective tumor responses to anti-angiogenic drugs in humans before tumor shrinkage occurs.These are beginning to be accepted into clinical practice.In the long term,targeted microbubbles for molecular imaging and eventually for directed anti-tumor therapy are expected to be tested. | Michiel Postema Odd Helge Gilja | 2011 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2011，17，1： | 22 |
| 4 | 3种中药成分对大鼠CYP3A4酶代谢的影响显示文摘目的:探讨3种中药成分(延胡索乙素、甲基莲心碱、三七总皂苷)对CYP3A4酶代谢活性的影响,以了解中药与CYP3A4酶底物联合用药时可能产生的相互作用。方法:采用超高速离心法制备大鼠肝脏微粒体,建立体外肝脏微粒体混合酶代谢体系。以睾丸酮作为底物探针,用HPLC建立检测CYP3A4酶代谢活性的方法,分别考察体外代谢体系的最适宜底物浓度、代谢时间、pH、孵育温度以及磷酸盐浓度。在确定的条件下,将3种中药成分稀释成不同浓度,分别与睾丸酮共同孵育于肝微粒体代谢体系中,测定在有或无中药成分存在下代谢产物6β-羟基睾丸酮的产生量,以评估中药成分对CYP3A4酶代谢的影响。结果:在肝微粒体孵育体系中,睾丸酮代谢为6β-羟基睾丸酮最适宜的体外代谢条件为底物浓度200μmol.L-1,代谢时间3.5 h,pH 7.0,孵育温度37℃,磷酸盐终浓度0.1 mol.L-1。延胡索乙素和三七总皂苷均对CYP3A4酶的抑制作用较弱,IC50>100μmol.L-1,甲基莲心碱有一定的抑制作用,IC50为(47.5±2.3)μmol.L-1。结论:延胡索乙素和三七总皂苷对CYP3A4酶代谢无明显影响,提示这2种中药成分与CYP3A4酶底物之间的相互作用较低,甲基莲心碱有可能会产生微弱的药物相互作用。 | 沈国林 梁爱华 赵雍 曹春雨 刘婷 李春英 Odd Georg Nilsen | 2009 | 中国中药杂志2009，34，13： | 13 |
| 5 | Gastric accommodation assessed by ultrasonography显示文摘胃的住所为在机能性消化不良的病理生理学的理解是重要的并且为在另外的混乱的症状产生也是相关的。术语胃的住所有至少三个不同意思:住所过程,调节反射,和住所反应。胃的住所过程是描述胃的分隔空间的尺寸怎么响应饭变化的复杂现象。电子 barostat 在估计胃的住所被认为标准答案。成像方法,包括的 MRI, SPECT,和 ultrasonography 可以也被使用,特别地在压力应答的病人,例如机能性消化不良病人,因为一个非侵略、不太导致压力的方法是赞成的。Ultrasonography 满足它不由自己弄歪的这些标准在压力应答的个人的生理的反应。 | Odd Helge Gilja Johan Lunding Trygve Hausken Hans Gregersen | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，18： | 12 |
| 6 | Ultrasonography in diagnosing chronic pancreatitis: New aspects显示文摘The course and outcome is poor for most patients with pancreatic diseases.Advances in pancreatic imaging are important in the detection of pancreatic diseases at early stages.Ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool has made,virtually speaking a technical revolution in medical imaging in the new millennium.It has not only become the preferred method for first line imaging,but also,increasingly to clarify the interpretation of other imaging modalities to obtain efficient clinical decision.We review ultrasonography modalities,focusing on advanced pancreatic imaging and its potential to substantially improve diagnosis of pancreatic diseases at earlier stages.In the first section,we describe scanning techniques and examination protocols.Their consequences for image quality and the ability to obtain complete and detailed visualization of the pancreas are discussed.In the second section we outline ultrasonographic characteristics of pancreatic diseases with emphasis on chronic pancreatitis.Finally,new developments in ultrasonography of the pancreas such as contrast enhanced ultrasound and elastography are enlightened. | Georg Dimcevski Friedemann G Erchinger Roald Havre Odd Helge Gilja | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，42： | 12 |
| 7 | Is irritable bowel syndrome an organic disorder?显示文摘Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a common gastrointestinal disorder that is generally considered to be functional because there appears to be no associated anatomical defect.Stress and psychological factors are thought to play an important role in IBS.The gut neuroendocrine system(NES),which regulates all functions of the gastrointestinal tract,consists of endocrine cells that are scattered among the epithelial cells of the mucosa,and the enteric nervous system.Although it is capable of operating independently from the centra nervous system(CNS),the gut NES is connected to and modulated by the CNS.This review presents evidence for the presence of an anatomical defect in IBS patients,namely in the gastrointestinal endocrine cells.These cells have specialized microvilli that project into the lumen and function as sensors for the luminal content and respond to luminal stimuli by releasing hormones into the lamina propria,which starts a chain reaction that progresses throughout the entire NES.The changes in the gastrointestinal endocrine cells observed in IBS patients are highly consistent with the other abnormalities reported in IBS patients,such as visceral hypersensitivity,dysmotility,and abnormal secretion. | Magdy El-Salhy Doris Gundersen Odd Helge Gilja Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk Trygve Hausken | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，2： | 11 |
| 8 | Endocrine cells in the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach in patients with irritable bowel syndrome显示文摘AIM: To study the different endocrine cell types in the oxyntic mucosa of patients with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).METHODS: Seventy-six patients with IBS were included in the study(62 females and 14 males; mean age 32 years, range 18-55 years), of which 40 also fulfilled the Rome Ⅲ criteria for functional dyspepsia(FDP). Of the entire IBS cohort, 26 had diarrhea as the predominant symptom(IBS-D), 21 had a mixture of diarrhea and constipation(IBS-M), and 29 had constipation as the predominant symptom(IBS-C). Fortythree age and sex-matched healthy volunteers withoutany gastrointestinal complaints served as controls. The patients were asked to complete the Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire. Both the patients and controls underwent a standard gastroscopy, during which three biopsy samples were taken from the corpus. Sections from these biopsy samples were immunostained using the avidin-biotin complex(ABC) method, for ghrelin, serotonin, somatostatin and histamine. The densities of these cell types and immunoreactivity intensities were quantified using computerized image analysis with Olympus cellSens imaging software(version 1.7).RESULTS: The densities of the ghrelin cells in the control, IBS-total, IBS-D, IBS-M and IBS-C groups were 389(320, 771), 359(130, 966), 966(529, 1154), 358(120, 966) and 126(0, 262) cells/mm2, respectively. There was a significant difference between the tested groups(P < 0.0001). Dunn's multiple comparison test showed that the ghrelin cell density was significantly higher in IBS-D and lower in IBS-C than in the controls(P = 0.03 and 0.0008, respectively). The ghrelin cell density in patients with both IBS and FDP was 489(130, 966), and in those with IBS only 490(130, 956). There was no statistical significant difference between these 2 groups of patients(P = 0.9). The immunoreactivity intensity did not differ between any of the groups(P = 0.6). The diarrhea score of the Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire was significantly positively correlated with ghrelin cell density(r = 0.65; P < 0.0001) and significantly inversely correlated with that of constipation(r = 90.69; P < 0.0001). The densities of the serotonin cells were 63(51, 82), 51(25, 115), 120(69, 128), 74(46, 123) and 40(0, 46) cells/mm2 in the control, IBS-total, IBS-D, IBS-M and IBS-C groups, respectively. A statistically significant difference was found between the tested groups(P < 0.0001). Posttest revealed that serotonin cell density was significantly higher in IBS-D and lower in IBS-C than in controls(P = 0.02 and 0.004, respectively), but did not differ in the IBS-total and IBS-M groups from that in controls(P = 0.5 and 0.4, respectively). The serotonin cell densityin patients with both IBS and FDP was 62(25, 115)and in those with IBS only 65(25, 123). There was no statistically significant difference between these2 groups of patients(P = 1). The immunoreactivity intensity of serotonin did not differ significantly between any of the groups(P = 0.0.9). The serotonin cell density was significantly positively correlated with the diarrhea score of the Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire(r = 0.56; P < 0.0001) and significantly inversely correlated with that of constipation(r = 0.51;P < 0.0001). The densities of the somatostatin cells were 97(72, 126), 72(0, 206), 29(0, 80), 46(0, 103)and 206(194, 314) cells/mm2 in the control, IBS-total,IBS-D, IBS-M and IBS-C groups, respectively(Figures7 and 8). There was a statistically significant difference between the controls and the IBS subgroups(P <0.0001). The density of somatostatin cells was significantly lower in the IBS-D and IBS-M groups but higher in IBS-C patients than in the controls(P < 0.01, P =0.02, and P = 0.0008, respectively). The somatostatin cell density in patients with both IBS and FDP was 86(0-194), and in those with IBS only 110(0-206). There was no statistically significant difference between these 2 groups of patients(P = 0.6). There was no significant difference in somatostatin immunoreactivity intensity between the controls. The diarrhea score of the Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire was inversely correlated with somatostatin cell density(r =0.38; P = 0.0007) and was positively correlated with that of constipation(r = 0.64; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: The finding of abnormal endocrine cells in the oxyntic mucosa shows that the endocrine cell disturbances in IBS are not restricted to the intestine. Furthermore, it appears that ghrelin, serotonin and somatostatin in the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach may play an important role in the changing stool habits in IBS through their effects on intestinal motility. | Magdy El-Salhy Odd Helge Gilja Doris Gundersen Trygve Hausken | 2014 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2014，6，5： | 11 |
| 9 | 清开灵注射液的抗血栓作用及其机制研究显示文摘目的:探讨清开灵注射液(QKL)的抗血栓作用及其机制。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、QKL 2.5,5.0,10.0 mL.kg-1组。QKL各剂量组均ip给药,每天1次×4 d。除正常对照组外,其余各组均于末次给予QKL前16 hip角叉菜胶(Ca)5 mg/只(0.5 mL)。于末次给予QKL后30 min,除了正常对照组iv生理盐水1 mL.kg-1外,其余各组均iv给予内毒素(LPS)50μg.kg-1(1 mL.kg-1),以注射LPS时作为造模0 h。于造模后2 h取血测定血浆TNF-α,IL-6含量和白细胞黏附分子CD11b/CD18表达;4,24 h测定外周血白细胞和血小板数量和测量尾部血栓长度(cm);120 h测定血小板聚集率。结果:清开灵注射液可明显抑制血栓形成,缩短尾部血栓长度;明显抑制体内炎性因子TNF-α和IL-6产生,降低白细胞黏附分子CD11b/CD18的表达水平;减轻由于血栓形成而导致的血小板消耗;降低血小板聚集率。结论:清开灵注射液的抗血栓作用与其抑制白细胞的激活和黏附,降低炎症反应和炎性因子产生,抑制血小板聚集等有关,这些作用机制与其清热解毒功效一致。 | 曹春雨 梁爱华 赵雍 刘婷 李春英 易艳 王金华 薛宝云 陈明伟 Odd G Nilsen | 2009 | 中国中药杂志2009，34，12： | 9 |
| 10 | Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine peptides/amines in inflammatory bowel disease显示文摘Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is a chronic recurrent condition whose etiology is unknown,and it includes ulcerative colitis,Crohn's disease,and microscopic colitis. These three diseases differ in clinical manifestations,courses,and prognoses. IBD reduces the patients' quality of life and is an economic burden to both the patients and society. Interactions between the gastrointestinal(GI) neuroendocrine peptides/amines(NEPA) and the immune system are believed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of IBD. Moreover,the interaction between GI NEPA and intestinal microbiota appears to play also a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of IBD. This review summarizes the available data on GI NEPA in IBD,and speculates on their possible role in the pathophysiology and the potential use of this information when developing treatments. GI NEPA serotonin,the neuropeptide Y family,and substance P are proinflammatory,while the chromogranin/secretogranin family,vasoactive intestinal peptide,somatostatin,and ghrelin are antiinflammatory. Several innate and adaptive immune cells express these NEPA and/or have receptors to them. The GI NEPA are affected in patients with IBD and in animal models of human IBD. The GI NEPA are potentially useful for the diagnosis and follow-up of the activity of IBD,and are candidate targets for treatments of this disease. | Magdy El-Salhy Tefera Solomon Trygve Hausken Odd Helge Gilja Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk | 2017 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2017，23，28： | 8 |
| 11 | 通过贻贝养殖改善海水水质:瑞典社会的可盈利性方案显示文摘沿海水域的富营养化是一个在全球范围内需要付出巨大社会代价的严重的环境问题。在斯卡格拉克海峡东部,富营养化的降低计划通过氮输入量的减少逐步实现,但目前还不清楚如何去减少氮的输入量。其中一个可能的方法是养殖紫贻贝等滤食性生物,这种贻贝能够在生产海产品、饲料和农业肥料的同时也能够除去氮,从而将营养盐由海洋再循环到了陆地上。在瑞典西海岸的古尔马峡湾,我们对贻贝养殖可能对氮循环产生的影响进行了模拟。结果显示,该峡湾口地区氮的净输送量(溶解氮和颗粒状氮的总和)下降了20%。现有的商业贻贝养殖场已经免费提供了这种服务,但它对社会带来的利益将会远远大于这些。我们建议,不应该向贻贝饲养人支付劳动报酬,而应引入营养交换体制以提高沿海水域的状况。在这样的背景下提出了一个通过养殖贻贝来替代在吕瑟希尔社区的污水处理厂中消减氮含量的选择方案。生体毒素的聚积已被确定为瑞典的商业贻贝养殖进一步扩大方面的最大障碍,但这一问题似乎可以通过新技术和管理战略得以解决。在现有和可能的规定和支付费用的基础上,我们提出了一些可能会实现双赢的解决方案。 | Odd Lindahl Rob Hart Bodil Hernroth Sven Kollberg Lars-Ove Loo Lars Olrog Ann-Sofi Rehnstam-Holm Jonny Svensson Susanne Svensson Ulf Syversen 许天虎 | 2005 | AMBIO-人类环境杂志2005，34，2： | 7 |
| 12 | How to perform gastrointestinal ultrasound: anatomy and normal findings显示文摘Gastrointestinal ultrasound is a practical, safe, cheap and reproducible diagnostic tool in inflammatorybowel disease gaining global prominence amongst clinicians. Understanding the embryological processes of the intestinal tract assists in the interpretation of abnormal sonographic findings. In general terms, the examination principally comprises interrogation of the colon, mesentery and small intestine using both lowfrequency and high-frequency probes. Interpretation of findings on GIUS includes assessment of bowel wall thickness, symmetry of this thickness, evidence of transmural changes, assessment of vascularity using Doppler imaging and assessment of other specific features including lymph nodes, mesentery and luminal motility. In addition to B-mode imaging, transperineal ultrasonography, elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography are useful adjuncts. This supplement expands upon these features in more depth. | Nathan S S Atkinson Robert V Bryant Yi Dong Christian Maaser Torsten Kucharzik Giovanni Maconi Anil K Asthana Michael Blaivas Adrian Goudie Odd Helge Gilja Dieter Nuernberg Dagmar Schreiber-Dietrich Christoph F Dietrich | 2017 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2017，23，38： | 5 |
| 13 | Endocrine cells in the ileum of patients with irritable bowel syndrome显示文摘AIM:To study the ileal endocrine cell types in irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)patients.METHODS:Ninety-eight patients with IBS(77 females and 21 males;mean age 35 years,range 18-66 years)were included,of which 35 patients had diarrhea(IBS-D),31 patients had a mixture of both diarrhea and constipation(IBS-M),and 32 patients had constipation(IBS-C)as the predominant symptoms.The controls were 38 subjects(26 females and 12 males;mean age 40 years,range 18-65 years)who had submitted to colonoscopy for the following reasons:gastrointestinal bleeding,where the source of bleeding was identified as hemorrhoids(n=24)or angiodysplasia(n=3),and health worries resulting from a relative being diagnosed with colon carcinoma(n=11).The patients were asked to complete the:Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire.Ileal biopsy specimens from all subjects were immunostained using the avidinbiotin-complex method for serotonin,peptide YY(PYY),pancreatic polypeptide(PP),enteroglucagon,and somatostatin cells.The cell densities were quantified by computerized image analysis,using Olympus cellSens imaging software.RESULTS:The gender and age distributions did not differ significantly between the patients and the controls(P=0.27 and P=0.18,respectively).The total score of Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire was21±0.8,and the three underlying dimensions:pain,diarrhea,and constipation were 7.2±0.4,6.6±0.4,and 7.2±0.4,respectively.The density of serotonin cells in the ileum was 40.6±3.6 cells/mm2in the controls,and 11.5±1.2,10.7±5.6,10.0±1.9,and13.9±1.4 cells/mm2in the all IBS patients(IBS-total),IBS-D,IBS-M,and IBS-C patients,respectively.The density in the controls differed significantly from those in the IBS-total,IBS-D,IBS-M,and IBS-C groups(P<0.0001,P=0.0001,P=0.0001,and P<0.0001,respectively).There was a significant inverse correlation between the serotonin cell density and the pain dimension of Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire(r=-0.6,P=0.0002).The density of PYY cells was 26.7±1.6 cells/mm2in the controls,and 33.1±1.4,27.5±1.4,34.1±2.5,and 41.7±3.1 cells/mm2in the IBStotal,IBS-D,IBS-M,and IBS-C patients,respectively.This density differed significantly between patients with IBS-total and IBS-C and the controls(P=0.03 and<0.0001,respectively),but not between controls and,IBS-D,and IBS-M patients(P=0.8,and P=0.1,respectively).The density of PYY cells correlated significantly with the degree of constipation as recorded by the Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire(r=0.6,P=0.0002).There were few PP-,enteroglucagon-,and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in the biopsy material examined,which made it impossible to reliably quantify these cells.CONCLUSION:The decrease of ileal serotonin cells is associated with the visceral hypersensitivity seen in all IBS subtypes.The increased density of PYY cells in IBS-C might contribute to the constipation experienced by these patients. | Magdy El-Salhy Odd Helge Gilja Doris Gundersen Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk Trygve Hausken | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，9： | 5 |
| 14 | 中国的酸化问题——一项基于重庆—广州森林监测点研究结果的评估显示文摘中国经济的快速增长一直伴随着污染的加剧。本文在现场观测和文献研究的基础上讨论了酸性降水及其先兆的范围和影响。目前酸性降水的主要原因是二氧化硫的排放,但氮氧化物的排放也在增加。中国污染最严重地区的硫化合物沉降比东欧和中欧经受严重污染的地区要高。中国南部很多地区的土壤和土壤水看来已经被酸化。这些地区的污染已经影响了森林和其他植物的生命力,特别是在位于和靠近城市地区的地方。地表水的酸化似乎在近期不会成为主要的区域性问题,但一些地区的河流,目前虽仅接受少量的酸沉降,却对酸化显得较敏感。 | Hans M. Seip Per Aagaard Valter Angell Odd Eilertsen ThorjφrnLarssen Espen Lydersen Jan Mulder Ivar P. Muniz Arne Semb 汤大钢 Rolf D. Vogt 肖劲松 赵大为 孔国辉 岳欣 | 1999 | AMBIO-人类环境杂志1999，28，6： | 5 |
| 15 | 应用全胚胎培养方法研究野百合碱对小鼠胚胎发育的影响显示文摘目的:探讨野百合碱的胚胎发育毒性。方法:采用小鼠全胚胎培养模型,将8.5 d小鼠胚胎在含有野百合碱的即刻离心血清中培养48 h(野百合碱的终浓度分别为100,50,25,12.5 mg.L-1),观察野百合碱对胚胎生长发育(卵黄囊直径、颅臀长、头长、体节数)和组织器官形态分化(卵黄囊循环、尿囊、翻转、心、脑、尾神经管、视听嗅系统、腮弓、颌突、肢芽)的影响。结果:随野百合碱浓度的增加,胚胎的生长发育和组织器官形态分化受到的影响越来越严重,其中以视听系统、颌突、肢芽等项的影响最为明显。结论:野百合碱对体外培养的小鼠胚胎有明显的毒性作用,提示妊娠期暴露于该化合物对胎儿具有潜在的毒性。 | 韩佳寅 梁爱华 易艳 高双荣 Odd Georg Nilsen | 2011 | 中国中药杂志2011，36，4： | 4 |
| 16 | Long term recurrence,pain and patient satisfaction after ventral hernia mesh repair显示文摘AIM: To compare long term outcomes of laparoscopic and open ventral hernia mesh repair with respect to recurrence, pain and satisfaction.METHODS: We conducted a single-centre follow-up study of 194 consecutive patients after laparoscopic and open ventral hernia mesh repair between March 2000 and June 2010. Of these, 27 patients(13.9%) died and 12(6.2%) failed to attend their follow-up appointment. One hundred and fifty-three(78.9%) patients attended for follow-up and two patients(1.0%) were interviewed by telephone. Of those who attended the follow-up appointment, 82(52.9%) patients had received laparoscopic ventral hernia mesh repair(LVHR) while 73(47.1%) patients had undergone open ventral hernia mesh repair(OVHR), including 11 conversions. The follow-up study included analyses of medical records, clinical interviews, examination of hernia recurrence and assessment of pain using a 100 mm visual analogue scale(VAS) ruler anchored by word descriptors. Overall patient satisfaction was also determined. Patients with signs of recurrence were examined by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scan.RESULTS: Median time from hernia mesh repair to follow-up was 48 and 52 mo after LVHR and OVHR respectively. Overall recurrence rates were 17.1% after LVHR and 23.3% after OVHR. Recurrence after LVHR was associated with higher body mass index. Smoking was associated with recurrence after OVHR. Chronic pain(VAS > 30 mm) was reported by 23.5% in the laparoscopic cohort and by 27.8% in the open surgery cohort. Recurrence and late complications were predictors of chronic pain after LVHR. Smoking was associated with chronic pain after OVHR. Sixty point five percent were satisfied with the outcome after LVHR and 49.3% after OVHR. Predictors for satisfaction were absence of chronic pain and recurrence. Old age and short time to follow-up also predicted satisfaction after LVHR.CONCLUSION: LVHR and OVHR give similar long term results for recurrence, pain and overall satisfaction. Chronic pain is frequent and is therefore important for explaining dissatisfaction. | Odd Langbach Ida Bukholm Jurate Saltyte Benth Ola Rφkke | 2015 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2015，7，12： | 4 |
| 17 | Morphology and motor function of the gastrointestinal tract examined with endosonography显示文摘Endosonography 是为学习胃肠道的形态学和运动机能的一个有用工具。管腔内 ultrasonography 是用被插入到官方补给的道的体内变换器的超声考试的普通命名。因此,内脏的墙和邻近的结构能详细被想象。这评论在肠胃病学描述 endosonography 的实用性,特别地关于机械的简历和胃肠道的运动机能的研究。象 3-D EUS, elastography 和种类率成像那样的新技术被讨论。 | Svein Odegaard Lars Birger Nesje Dag Arne Lihaug Hoff Odd Helge Gilja Hans Gregersen | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，18： | 3 |
| 18 | Does in-house availability of multidisciplinary teams increase survival in upper gastrointestinal-cancer?显示文摘AIM: To investigate the effect of the establishment of in-house multidisciplinary team (MDT) availability (iMDTa) on survival in upper gastrointestinal cancer (UGI) patients. METHODS: In 2001, a cancer centre with irradiation and chemotherapy facilities was established in the Norwegian county of West Agder with a change of iMDTa (WA/MDT-Change). 'iMDTa'-status was defined according to the availability of the necessary specialists within one institution on one campus, serving the population of one county. We compared survival rates during 2000-2008 for UGI patients living in counties with (MDT-Yes), without (MDT-No), with a mix (MDT-Mix) and WA/MDT-Change. Survival was calculated with Kaplan-Meier method. Cox model was used to uncover differences between counties with different MDT status when adjusted for age, sex and stage. RESULTS: We analyzed 395 patients from WA/MDT-Change and compared their survival to 12 135 UGIpatients from four other Norwegian regions. Median overall survival for UGI patients in WA/MDT-Change increased from 129 to 300 d from 2000-2008, P = 0.001. The regions with the highest level of iMDTa achieved the largest decrease in risk of death for UGI cancers (compared to the county with MDT-Mix: MDT-Yes 11%, P <0.05 and WA/MDT-Change 15%, P < 0.05). Analyzing the different tumour entities separately, patients living in the WA/MDT-Change county reached a statisti-cally significant reduction in the risk of death [hazard ratios (HR)] compared to patients in the county with MDT-Mix for oesophageal and gastric, but not for pan-creatic cancer. HR for the study period 2000-2004 are given first and then for the period 2005-2008: The HR for oesophageal cancers was reduced from [HR = 1.12; 95%CI: 0.75-1.68 to HR = 0.60, 95%CI: 0.38-0.95] and for gastric cancers from [HR = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.66-1.15 to HR = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.43-0.93], but not for pancreatic cancer [HR = 1.04-, 95%CI: 0.83-1.3 for 2000-2004 and HR = 1.01, 95%CI: 0.78-1.3 for 2005-2008]. UGI patients treated during the second study period in the county of WA/MDT-Change had a higher probability of receiving chemotherapy. In the first study period, only one out of 43 patients (2.4%, 95%CI: 0-6.9) received chemotherapy, compared to 18 of 42 patients diagnosed during 2005-2008 (42.9%, 95%CI: 28.0-57.8). CONCLUSION: Introduction of iMDTa led to a two-fold increase of UGI patients, whereas no increase in survival was found in the MDT-No or MDT-Mix counties. | Christian Kersten Milada Cvancarova Svein Mjland Odd Mjland | 2013 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2013，5，3： | 3 |
| 19 | Simulating the Effects of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo Volcanic Eruption Using the ARPEGE Atmosphere General Circulation Model显示文摘发生了在 1991 年 6 月 15 日在 Phillippines 跟随山 Pinatubo 的暴烈的爆发的气候变化用 ARPEGE 空气总环流大气环流模型(AGCM ) 被模仿了。模型被在长气候模拟为使用打算的同温层的喷雾器的重建的空间时间的分布强迫。有或没有在跟随爆发的 5 年的一个时期上的暴烈的喷雾器的 AGCM 模拟的四个统计整体被做了,并且计算的地与可得到的观察相比。模型能在爆发以后复制一些观察特征,例如温暖在在下列冬季期间的北半球(NH ) 上被观察的模式的冬季。这个模式被提高的 Equator-to-pole 温度梯度在由于喷雾器加热热带发展了的平流层引起。这接着导致了一加强极的旋涡,它趋于以如此的一个方法调制行星的波浪地,一个反常地积极的北极摆动模式在对流层并且在表面被生产,赞成在 NH 上的温暖的条件。在夏天期间,模型生产了在 NH 上冷却的一件更多的制服。 | Odd Helge OTTER | 2008 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2008，25，2： | 3 |
| 20 | Gastric emptying measured by ultrasonography显示文摘Anumberofdifferentmethodshavebeenusedtoestimategastricemptyinginhumans,andalhavetheiradvantagesanddisadvantages.Themethodofch... | Odd Helge Gilja, Trygve Hausken, Svein degaard and Arnold Berstad | 1999 | World Journal of Gastroenterology1999，5，2： | 3 |
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