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| 1 | Selenium and the Thioredoxin and Glutaredoxin Systems显示文摘Thioredoxin (Trx) is a small ubiquitous dithiol protein which together with the FADcontaining enzyme thioredoxin reductase (TR) and NADPH (the Trx system) is a hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase essential for DNA synthesis and a general protein disulfide reductase involved in redox regulation. Selenite, selenodiglutathione (GS-Se-SG) and selenocystine are efficiently reduced by thioredoxins and also directly by NADPH and mammalian TR but not by the E. coli enzyme. Incubation of selenite or GS-Se-SG with the Trx system or with mammalian TR results in a rapid formation of selenide, which by redox cycling with oxygen may cause a large non-stoichiometric oxidation of NADPH. Selenocystine is efficiently reduced into two molecules of the selenol amino acid selenocysteine by mammalian TR with a Km-value (6μmol·L-1 ) and a high turnover number (kcat, 3200 min-1) almost identical to the natural substrate Trx-S2. TR also directly reduces lipid hydroperoxides and this peroxidase reaction is strongly stimulated by the presence of catalytic amounts of free selenocysteine. Glutaredoxin (Grx) which catalyzes GSH dependent disulfide reduction also via a redox-active disulfide and Trx are both efficient electron donors to the hut-nan plasrna glutathione peroxidase providing a mechanism by which human plasma glutathione peroxidase may reduce hydroperoxides in an environment almost free from glutathione. Selenate is reduced by Grx and Trx in the presence of GSH. The DNA-binding of the transcription factor AP-1 is strongly inhibited by GS-Se-SG and selenite. Furtherrnore, selenide formed by TR-mediated reduction of selenite and GS-Se-SG inhibits lipoxygenase and changes the electron spin resonance spectrum of the active site iron. Mammalian TR with two subunits of 57 kDa has recently been cloned and shown to be homologous to glutathione reductase. The rat enzyme contains a selenocysteine residue in a unique Cterminal position and a conserved SEClS sequence directing insertion of the selenocysteine. The discovery of selenocysteine in mammalian TR may explain the broad substrate specificity of the enzyme and the requirement of seleflium for cell | MIKAEL BJORNSTEDT SUSHIL KUMAR LINDA BJ■RKHEM GIANNIS SPYROU AND ARNE HOLMGREN(The Medical Nobel Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Bioscience, | 1997 | Biomedical and Environmental Sciences1997，10，2： | 4 |
| 2 | Neuroendocrine Tumor Markers显示文摘 | Steven W.J. Lamberts Leo J. Hofland Frank R.E. Nobels | 2001 | Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology2001，，4： | 3 |
| 3 | Waterborne polyurethane显示文摘 | Nobel K L | 1997 | Progress in OrganicCoatings1997，32，14： | 1 |
| 4 | Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions显示文摘 | Bresman H Birkinshaw J Nobel R | 1999 | Journal of International Business Studies1999，30，3： | 1 |
| 5 | Cactias crops 显示文摘 | Mizrahi Y Nerd A Nobel P S | 1997 | Hort Rev1997，，18： | 1 |
| 6 | Cacti as crops 显示文摘 | Mizrahi Y Nerd A Nobel PS | 1997 | Hort Rev1997，18，： | 1 |
| 7 | Hypothetical model for monitoring microbial growth by using capacitance measurements - a minireview 显示文摘 | Nobel P A | 1999 | J Microbiological Methods1999，37，： | 1 |
| 8 | Exogenous abscisic acid mimics cold acclimation for cacti differing in freezing Tolerance 显示文摘 | Loik M E Nobel P S | 1993 | Plant Physiol1993，，103： | 1 |
| 9 | Myocardial bridging and milking effect of the left anterior descending coronany artery: normal variant or obstruction显示文摘 | Nobel J Bourass MG Peticlerc K | 1976 | Am J Cardial1976，37，： | 1 |
| 10 | 显示文摘 | GENIES E M NOBEL P | 1993 | Synth Met1993，57，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Cacti as crops显示文摘 | Mizrahi Y Nerd A Nobel P S | 1997 | Horticultural Reviews1997，18，： | 1 |
| 12 | Dynamic tight glycemic control during and after cardiac surgery is effective, feasible, and safe显示文摘 | Patrick Lecomte Luc Foubert Frank Nobels | 2008 | Anesth Analg2008，107，1： | 1 |
| 13 | The role of intracellular oxidants in apoptosis 显示文摘 | Slater A F G Stefan C Nobel I | 1995 | Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) -Molecular Basis of Disease1995，1271，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Gold medal from cellular trash显示文摘 | Vogel G Nobel P | 2004 | Science2004，306，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Daily changes in stemthickness and related gas exchange patterns for thehemiepiphytic cactus Hylocereus undatus 显示文摘 | GRAHAM E A NOBEL P S | 2005 | Inter-national Journal of Plant Sciences2005，1320，： | 1 |
| 16 | Changes in hydraulic conductivity and anatomy caused by drying and rewatering roots of Agave dessert显示文摘 | North GB Nobel PS | 1991 | American J of Bot1991，78，： | 1 |
| 17 | Myocardial bridging and milking effect of left anterior descending coronary artery:normal variant or obstruction?显示文摘 | Nobel J Bourassa MG Petitclerc R | 1976 | Am J Cardio11976，37，： | 1 |
| 18 | Root-soil contact for the desert succulent Agave deserti in wet and drying soil显示文摘 | NORTH G B NOBEL P S | 1997 | New Phytologist1997，135，： | 1 |
| 19 | Echocardiographic findings during stress- induced ST-segment elevation in lead aVR in ostial left main, left anterior de- scending stenosis 显示文摘 | Lorch D Siddique M Nobel J | 2012 | J Am Coil Cardiol2012，3，： | 1 |
| 20 | Experimental limb lengthening by epiphyseal distraction 显示文摘 | Sledge CB Nobel J | 1978 | Clin Orthop1978，，136： | 1 |
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