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| 1 | Concept and application of ideal protein for pigs显示文摘Knowledge about the amino acid requirements and the response of pigs to the amino acid supply is essential in feed formulation.A deficient AA supply results in a reduction in performance while an oversupply is costly and leads to excessive nitrogen excretion with a potentially negative environmental impact.Amino acid requirements are determined to a large extent by the protein deposition in the body and,for lactating sows,by the protein exported in the milk.The concept of ideal protein was developed more than 50 years ago and refers to a protein with an amino acid profile that exactly meets the animal's requirement so that all amino acids are equally limiting for performance.Because Lys typically is the first-limiting amino acid,the ideal amino acid profile is often expressed relative to Lys.Although the ideal protein profile is often assumed to be constant for a given production stage,(small) changes in the ideal protein profile can occur within a production stage.This can be caused by changes in the relative contribution of the different components of amino acid requirements during the productive life on the animal(e.g.changes in the relative contribution of growth and maintenance).Amino acids requirements can be determined experimentally using dose-response studies.The design of the study,the chosen response criterion,and the statistical model affect the requirement estimate.Although considerable experimental work has been carried out to determine the requirements for Lys,Met,Thr,and Trp in growing pigs(and to a lesser extent in sows),little is known about the requirements for the other essential amino acids.Experimental dose-response studies generally focus on the requirement and less on the overall response(i.e.what are the consequences of an amino acid deficiency?).This latter aspect is,to some extent,accounted for in modelling approaches that quantify the response of the animal to the amino acid supply in a dynamic way.The paper describes the origin of ideal protein and illustrates how fundamental concepts of amino acid nutrition have been integrated in practical modeling approaches for the nutrition of growing pigs and sows. | Jaap van Milgen Jean-Yves Dourmad | 2015 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology2015，6，3： | 8 |
| 2 | 猪理想蛋白质理念及应用显示文摘了解猪对氨基酸的需求和猪对饲料中添加氨基酸的反应,对于设计饲料配方非常重要。氨基酸的需求量很大程度上是由蛋白质在体内的最大沉积决定的,对于哺乳母猪来说,还和乳汁的分泌量和乳中蛋白质的含量有关。氨基酸需要可以用剂量反应来测定,但研究方案、判断标准的选择、统计模型均会影响氨基酸需要的评估。本文从理想蛋白质入手,重点介绍了使用正确的通用方式表述动物的氨基酸需要量和饲料氨基酸的价值,以及评估氨基酸需要和理想蛋白质模型的实验室方法。 | Jaap van Milgen | 2015 | 中国饲料2015，，12： | 2 |
| 3 | Effect of solid feed on energy and protein utilization in milk-fed veal calves显示文摘 | LABUSSIERE E DUBOIS S VAN MILGEN J | 2009 | Journal of Animal Science2009，87，3： | 1 |
| 4 | Energy utilization of low-protein diets in growing pigs显示文摘 | Le Bellego L van Milgen J Dubois S | 2001 | J Anim Sci2001，79，： | 1 |
| 5 | The effect of dietary fibre on energy utilization and partitioning of heat production over pregnancy in sow 显示文摘 | Ramonet Y Van Milgen J Dourmad J Y | 2000 | Br J of Nutr2000，84，： | 1 |
| 6 | Effect of high tempera- ture on protein and lipid deposition and energy utilization in growing pigs显示文摘 | L Le Bellego J van Milgen J Noblet | 2002 | Animal Science2002，75，： | 1 |
| 7 | Energy utilization of low-protein diets in growing pigs显示文摘 | Le Bellego L van Milgen J Dubois S | 2001 | J Anim Sci2001，79，： | 1 |
| 8 | Modelling heatproduction and energy balance in group -housed growingpigs exposed to low or high ambient temperatures 显示文摘 | Quiniou N Noblet J Van Milgen J | 2001 | British Journal of Nutrition2001，85，： | 1 |
| 9 | Energy value of pig feeds:Effect of pig body weight and energy evaluation system显示文摘 | Noblet J J V Milgen | 2004 | Anim Sci2004，82，： | 1 |
| 10 | Effect of high temperature and low-protein diets on the performance of growing-finishingpigs 显示文摘 | Le Bellego L Van Milgen J Noblet J | 2002 | J Anirn Sci2002，80，： | 1 |
| 11 | Influence of dietary fiber on digestive utilization and rate of passage in growing pigs, finishing pigs, and adult sows显示文摘 | Le Goff G van Milgen J Noblet J | 2002 | Anita Sci2002，74，： | 1 |
| 12 | Energy utilization of Low-protein diets in growing pigs显示文摘 | LE BELLEGO L VAN MILGEN J DUBOIS S | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 13 | Estimation of colostrum intake in the neonatal pig显示文摘 | Devillers N Van milgen J Prunier A | 2004 | Animal Science2004，78，： | 1 |
| 14 | InraPorc:a model and decision support tool for thenutrition of growing pigs 显示文摘 | VAN MILGEN J VALANCOGNE A DUBOIS S etal | 2008 | Animal Feed Scienceand Technology2008，143，： | 1 |
| 15 | Integrative analysis of indirect calorimetry and metabolomics profiling reveals alterations in energy metabolism between fed and fasted pigs显示文摘Background: Fasting is a simple metabolic strategy that is used to estimate the maintenance energy requirement where the energy supply for basic physiological functions is provided by the mobilization of body reserves.However, the underlying metabolic components of maintenance energy expenditure are not clear. This study investigated the differences in heat production(HP), respiratory quotient(RQ) and plasma metabolites in pigs in the fed and fasted state, using the techniques of indirect calorimetry and metabolomics.Methods: Nine barrows(45.2 ± 1.7 kg BW) were fed corn-soybean based meal diets and were kept in metabolism crates for a period of 14 d. After 7 d adaptation, pigs were transferred to respiratory chambers to determine HP and RQ based on indirect calorimetry. Pigs were fed the diet at 2,400 k J ME/(kg BW0.6·d) during d 8 to 12. The last 2 d were divided into 24 h fasting and 48 h fasting treatment, respectively. Plasma samples of each pig were collected from the anterior vena cava during the last 3 d(1 d while pigs were fed and 2 d during which they were fasted).The metabolites of plasma were determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry using a metabolomics approach.Results: Indirect calorimetry analysis revealed that HP and RQ were no significant difference between 24 h fasting and 48 h fasting, which were lower than those of fed state(P < 0.01). The nitrogen concentration of urine tended to decrease with fasting(P = 0.054). Metabolomics analysis between the fed and fasted state revealed differences in15 compounds, most of which were not significantly different between 24 h fasting and 48 h fasting. Identified compounds were enriched in metabolic pathways related to linoleic acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism,sphingolipid metabolism, and pantothenate and Co A biosynthesis.Conclusion: These results suggest that the decreases in HP and RQ of growing pigs under fasting conditions were associated with the alterations of linoleic acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. The integrative analysis also revealed that growing pigs under a 24-h fasting were more appropriate than a 48-h fasting to investigate the metabolic components of maintenance energy expenditure. | Hu Liu Yifan Chen Dongxu Ming Ji Wang Zhen Li Xi Ma Junjun Wang Jaap van Milgen Fenglai Wang | 2018 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology2018，9，3： | 1 |
| 16 | Effect of High Temperature and Low-protein Diets on the Performance of Growing-finishing Pigs显示文摘 | Van Milgen Noblet J | 2002 | J Anita Sci2002，80，3： | 1 |
| 17 | Effect of high temperature on feeding behaviour and heat production in group-housed young pigs 显示文摘 | COLLIN A VAN MILGEN J DUBOIS S | 2001 | British Journal of Nutrition2001，86，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Moddling the effect of high, constant temperature on food intake in young growing pigs显示文摘 | Collin A van Milgen J le Dividieh J | 2001 | Anim Sci2001，72，： | 1 |
| 19 | Effect of high temperature and low-protein diets on the performance of growing-finishing pigs显示文摘 | Bellego L L Milgen J Noblet J | 2002 | Journal of Animal Science2002，80，： | 1 |
| 20 | Effects of reduced dietary protein level and fat addition on heat production and nitrogen and energy balance in growing pigs显示文摘 | Nobler J Le B L Van Milgen J | 2001 | Animal Research2001，50，： | 1 |
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