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| 1 | Strategies to tackle the challenges of external beam radiotherapy for liver tumors显示文摘Primary and metastatic liver cancer is an increasingly common and difficult to control disease entity.Radiation offers a non-invasive treatment alternative for these patients who often have few options and a poor prognosis.However,the anatomy and aggressiveness of liver cancer poses significant challenges such as accurate localization at simulation and treatment,management of motion and appropriate selection of dose regimen.This article aims to review the options available and provide information for the practical implementation and/or improvement of liver cancer radiation programs within the context of stereotactic body radiotherapy and image-guided radiotherapy guidelines.Specific patient inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented given the significant toxicity found in certain sub-populations treated with radiation.Indeed,certain sub-populations,such as those with tumor thrombosis or those with larger lesions treated with transarterial chemoembolization,have been shown to have significant improvements in outcome with the addition of radiation and merit special consideration.Implementing a liver radiation programrequires three primary challenges to be addressed:(1) immobilization and motion management;(2) localization;and(3) dose regimen and constraint selection.Strategies to deal with motion include simple internal target volume(ITV) expansions,non-gated ITV reduction strategies,breath hold methods,and surrogate marker methods to enable gating or tracking.Localization of the tumor and organs-at-risk are addressed using contrast infusion techniques to take advantage of different normal liver and cancer vascular anatomy,imaging modalities,and margin management.Finally,a dose response has been demonstrated and dose regimens appear to be converging.A more uniform approach to treatment in terms of technique,dose selection and patient selection will allow us to study liver radiation in larger and,hopefully,multicenter randomized studies. | Michael I Lock Jonathan Klein Hans T Chung Joseph M Herman Edward Y Kim William Small Nina A Mayr Simon S Lo | 2017 | World Journal of Hepatology2017，9，14： | 2 |
| 2 | Laser-induced thermal desorption as an in situ surface probe during plasma processing显示文摘 | Herman I P Donnelly V M Guinn K V | 1994 | Phys Rev Lett1994，72，17： | 1 |
| 3 | Dendritic cells:a journey from laboratory to clinic显示文摘 | Cerundolo V Hermans I F Salio M | 2004 | Nature Immunology2004，5，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Graph visualization and navigation in information visualization:a survey显示文摘 | HERMAN I MELANCON G MARSHALL M S | 2000 | IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics2000，6，1： | 1 |
| 5 | Mechanisms of normal and tumor-derived angiogenesis 显示文摘 | PAPETTI M HERMAN I M | 2002 | Am J Physiol Cell Physiol2002，282，5： | 1 |
| 6 | Mechanisms of normal and tumor derived angiogenesis显示文摘 | Papetti M Herman I M | 2002 | Am J Physiol cell Physiol2002，282，： | 1 |
| 7 | Utilizing an electronic portal imaging device to monitor light and radiation field congruence显示文摘 | Prisciandaro J I Herman M G Kruse J | 2003 | J Appl Clin MEDPhys2003，4，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Graph visualization and navigation in information visualization, a survey 显示文摘 | Herman I Melancon G Marshall M S | 2000 | IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics2000，6，1： | 1 |
| 9 | Conceptual model for stress and strain development during welding with trailing heat sink显示文摘 | Van der Aa E M Hermans M J M Richardson I M | 2006 | Science and Technology of Welding and Joining2006，11，4： | 1 |
| 10 | My- oinositol trends in HMRS brain spectrum of patients with hepatic encephalopathy 显示文摘 | Herman - Sucharska I Grzybek M Grochowska A | 2010 | Przegl Lek2010，67，4： | 1 |
| 11 | Graph Visualization and Navi- gation in Information Visualization : A Survey 显示文摘 | Herman I Melanon G Marshall M S | 2000 | IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics2000，6，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Genistein,the dietary - derivedangiogenesis inhibitor, prevents LDL oxidation and protects endothelialcells from damage by atherogenic LDL显示文摘 | Kapiotis S Herman M Held I | 1997 | Arterioscler Thromb VaseBiol1997，17，11： | 1 |
| 13 | Probabilistic analysis of local ice pressure显示文摘 | Jordaan I J Maes M A Brown P W Hermans I P | 1993 | Journal of Offshore Me- chanics and Arctic Engineering ASME1993，115，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Actin isoforms显示文摘 | Herman I M | 1993 | Current Opinion in Cell Biology1993，5，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Grain refinement due to grain detachment in electromagnetically stilted AA7020 welds 显示文摘 | Mousavi M G Hermans M J M Richardson I M | 2003 | Science and Technology of Welding and Joining2003，8，4： | 1 |
| 16 | Mechanisms of normal and tumor-derived angiogenesis显示文摘 | Papetti M Herman I M | 2002 | Am J Physiol Cell Physiol2002，282，5： | 1 |
| 17 | Graph visualization and navigation in information visualization: a survey 显示文摘 | Herman I Melancon G Marshall M S | 2000 | IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics2000，6，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Grain refine-ment due to grain detachment in electromagnetically stirred AA7020welds 显示文摘 | Mousavi M G Hermans M JM Richardson I M | 2003 | Science and Technology of Welding and Joining2003，8，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Challenging protein purification from anammox bacteria 显示文摘 | Cirpus I E Y Geerts W Hermans J H M | 2006 | International Journal of Biological Macromolecules2006，39，13： | 1 |
| 20 | Dendritic cells:a journey from laboratory to clinic显示文摘 | Cerundolo V Hermans I F Salio M | 2004 | Nat Immunol2004，5，： | 1 |
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