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| 1 | 评估大气细颗粒物暴露引起的全球疾病负担的一个综合风险函数显示文摘[背景]评估由于环境空气中细颗粒物(PM2.5)长期暴露引起的疾病负担,需要了解相对风险度(RR)函数的图形和幅度。然而,在世界上很多观察到高PM2.5环境浓度的地方,都缺乏足够的直接证据确定死亡RR函数的图形。[目的]建立可用于全球PM2.5暴露范围内成人死因的RR函数:缺血性心脏病(IHD)、脑血管疾病(脑卒中)、慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)和肺癌(LC)。建立急性下呼吸道感染(ALRI)发病的RR函数,用于估算〈5岁的儿童中死亡率和健康生活损失年数。[方法]通过整合现有的来自于环境空气污染(AAP)、二手烟草烟雾、家用固体烹饪用燃料和主动吸烟(AS)等研究的RR信息,拟合综合暴露-反应(IER)模型。采用颗粒物质的吸入剂量,通过转化AS暴露来估计全年PM2.5的暴露当量。在估算全球环境PM2.5浓度的基础上,得出各国的人群归因分数(PAFs)。[结果]与以往负担评估中使用的其他7种模型相比,IER模型是一种优越的RR预测方法。在不同国家中,归因于AAP暴露的PAF百分数各不相同,分别为:IHD,2~41;脑卒中,1~43;COPD,〈1~21;LC,〈1~25;ALRI,〈1~38。[结论]我们建立了一种以细颗粒物为基础的RR模型,它通过整合来自不同类型的燃烧所产生颗粒物排放的RR信息,涵盖全球范围的暴露。当获得新的RR信息时,可以对这个模型进行更新。 | Richard T.Burnett C.Arden Pope III Majid Ezzati Casey Olives Stephen S.Lim Sumi Mehta Hwashin H.Shin Gitanjali Singh Bryan Hubbell Michael Brauer H.Ross Anderson Kirk R.Smith John R.Balmes Nigel G.Bruce Haidong Kan Francine Laden Annette Prüss-Ustün Michelle C.Turner Susan M.Gapstur W.Ryan Diver Aaron Cohen 何蓉 张伊人 金泰廙 | 2014 | 环境与职业医学2014，31，11： | 80 |
| 2 | Demographic trade-offs determine species abundance and diversity显示文摘Aims Much recent theory has focused on the role of neutral processes in assembling communities,but the basic assumption that all species are demographically identical has found little empirical support.Here,we show that the framework of the current neutral theory can easily be generalized to incorporate species differences so long as fitness equivalence among individuals is maintained through trade-offs between birth and death.Methods Our theory development is based on a careful reformulation of the Moran model of metacommunity dynamics in terms of a non-linear one-step stochastic process,which is described by a master equation.Important Findings We demonstrate how fitness equalization through demographic trade-offs can generate significant macroecological diversity patterns,leading to a very different interpretation of the relation between Fisher’s a and Hubbell’s fundamental biodiversity number.Our model shows that equal fitness(not equal demographics)significantly promotes species diversity through strong selective sieving of community membership against high-mortality species,resulting in a positive association between species abundance and per capita death rate.An important implication of demographic trade-off is that it can partly explain the excessively high speciation rates predicted by the neutral theory of the stronger symmetry.Fitness equalization through demographic trade-offs generalizes neutral theory by considering heterospecific demographic difference,thus representing a significant step toward integrating the neutral and niche paradigms of biodiversity. | Da-Yong Zhang Bo-Yu Zhang Kui Lin Xinhua Jiang Yi Tao Stephen Hubbell Fangliang He Annette Ostling | 2012 | Journal of Plant Ecology2012，5，1： | 4 |
| 3 | Demographic trends and climate over 35 years in the Barro Colorado 50 ha plot显示文摘Background:The first three censuses of the 50-ha plot at Barro Colorado Island spanned an unusually harsh dry season during the 1983 El Nino.By the early 1990 s,we had documented increases in tree mortality,tree growth,and large population fluctuations of many species during the 1982-1985 census interval.At the time,we asserted that increasing drought frequency would greatly affect the forest.With the benefit of five more censuses at Barro Colorado from 1995-2015,we can now put the 1980 conditions in a longer perspective and test the hypothesis that increasing droughtiness has continued to change the forest.Methods:A 50-ha forest plot on Barro Colorado Island was censused eight times,in 1982 and every five years since1985.All free-standing woody stems were measured,mapped,and identified In each census.Results:1) The period 1982-1992 included several extreme dry seasons,not just 1983,but since then there have been few such droughts.2) Dbh growth declined from a peak in the early 1980 s to its lowest in the early 1990 s.From 1995-2015 it increased slightly,but not returning to the initial peak.Nearly every species and all dbh categories followed the same pattern.3) The elevated stand-wide mortality rate of large trees during the 1982-1985 drought has not returned,and most individual species showed the same pattern of elevated mortality in the 1980 s followed by low and fairly stable mortality after 1990.4) Sapling mortality declined after 1985,but rose again in the late-90 s,so the 1980 s drought period no longer looks unusual.Mortality of individual species' saplings fluctuated erratically,including cases where mortality during the drought was lower than after.5) Population sizes of individual species fluctuated in all possible directions.Some species declined precipitously during the drought,then recovered,but others did not recover.Other species increased in abundance during the drought.Conclusions:Droughts of the 1980 s elevated tree growth and mortality at Barro Colorado,but since 1990,demographic rates have remained lower,paralleling a moderate climate with few severe droughts after 1990.Moisture-demanding species suffered during the drought,but many have since recovered.We do not know how often such drought periods recur.Moreover,many species' abundances fluctuated over 35 years with no known cause. | Richard Condit Rolando Pérez Suzanne Lao Salomón Aguilar Stephen P. Hubbell | 2017 | Forest Ecosystems2017，4，4： | 2 |
| 4 | Sclerosing hemangioma (histiocytoma,xanthoma) of the lung显示文摘 | HUBBELL DS | 1956 | Cancer1956，9，1： | 1 |
| 5 | RNA interference targeting hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha reduces post-operative adhesions in rats显示文摘 | Segura T Sehmokel H Hubbell JA | 2007 | J Surg Res2007，141，2： | 1 |
| 6 | Accessing genetic information with high-density DNA arrays显示文摘 | Chee M Yang R Hubbell E | 1996 | Science1996，274，5287： | 1 |
| 7 | Chemical modification of polymer surfaces to improve biocompatibility显示文摘 | Hubbell J A | 1994 | Trends Polymer Sci1994，14，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Synthesis of polymer network scaffolds from L-Lactide and poly( ethylene glycol) and their interaction with cells显示文摘 | Dong Keun Han Jeffrey A Hubbell | 1997 | Macromolecules1997，30，： | 1 |
| 9 | Patterns of woody plant species abundance and diversity in the seedling layer of a tropical forest 显示文摘 | Comita LS Aguilar S Pérez R Lao S Hubbell SP | 2007 | J Veg Sci2007，2，18： | 1 |
| 10 | Accessing genetic information with high-density DNA srrays显示文摘 | Yang R Hubbell E | 1996 | Science1996，274，： | 1 |
| 11 | Synthetic biomaterials as instructive extraceiluiar microenvironments for morphogenesis in tissue engineering 显示文摘 | Lutolf MP Hubbell JA | 2005 | Nat Biotechnol2005，23，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Selerosing hemangioma( histiocytoma, xantho-ma) of the lung显示文摘 | Liebow AA Hubbell DS | 1956 | Cancer1956，9，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Otorrhea after insertion of silver oxideimpregnated silastietympanostomy tubes显示文摘 | Gourin CG Hubbell RN | 1999 | Arch Otolaryn gol Head Neck Surg1999，125，： | 1 |
| 14 | Neutral theory and the evolution of eco- logical equivalence 显示文摘 | HUBBELL S P | 2006 | Ecology2006，87，： | 1 |
| 15 | Sclerosing hemangioma (histiocytoma, xanthoma) of the lung 显示文摘 | Liebow A A Hubbell D S | 1956 | Cancer1956，9，1： | 1 |
| 16 | 1999 Accessing genetic information with databases显示文摘 | Chee M Yang R Hubbel | 2001 | Trends Mol Med2001，7，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Light-Gap Disturbances, Recruitment Limitation, and Tree Diversity in a Neotrepical Forest显示文摘 | Hubbell S P Foster R B O' Brien S T | 1999 | Science1999，283，： | 1 |
| 18 | Sclerosing be mangioma(histiocytome,xanthoma) of the lung显示文摘 | Lieboe A Hubbell DS | 1956 | Cancer1956，9，： | 1 |
| 19 | Conjugate addition reactions combined with free-radical cross-linking for the design of materials for tissue engineering显示文摘 | Elbert DL Hubbell JA | 2001 | Biomacromolecules2001，2，： | 1 |
| 20 | Seed size, growth rate and gap microsite conditions as determinants of recruitment success for pioneer species显示文摘 | DALLING J W HUBBELL S P | 2002 | Journal of Eeology2002，90，3： | 1 |
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