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| 1 | Treatment of meniscal tears: An evidence based approach显示文摘Treatment options for meniscal tears fall into three broad categories;non-operative,meniscectomy or meniscal repair.Selecting the most appropriate treatment for a given patient involves both patient factors(e.g.,age,co-morbidities and compliance)and tear characteristics(e.g.,location of tear/age/reducibility of tear).There is evidence suggesting that degenerative tears in older patients without mechanical symptoms can be effectively treated non-operatively with a structured physical therapy programme as a first line.Even if these patients later require meniscectomy they will still achieve similar functional outcomes than if they had initially been treated surgically.Partial meniscectomy is suitable for symptomatic tears not amenable to repair,and can still preserve meniscal function especially when the peripheral meniscal rim is intact.Meniscal repair shows 80%success at 2 years and is more suitable in younger patients with reducible tears that are peripheral(e.g.,nearer the capsular attachment)and horizontal or longitudinal in nature.However,careful patient selection and repair technique is required with good compliance to post-operative rehabilitation,which often consists of bracing and non-weight bearing for 4-6 wk. | Simon C Mordecai Nawfal Al-Hadithy Howard E Ware Chinmay M Gupte | 2014 | World Journal of Orthopedics2014，5，3： | 18 |
| 2 | Dual destructive and protective roles of adaptive immunity in neurodegenerative disorders显示文摘Inappropriate T cell responses in the central nervous system(CNS)affect the pathogenesis of a broad range of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders that include,but are not limited to,multiple sclerosis,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.On the one hand immune responses can exacerbate neurotoxic responses;while on the other hand,they can lead to neuroprotective outcomes.The temporal and spatial mechanisms by which these immune responses occur and are regulated in the setting of active disease have gained significant recent attention.Spatially,immune responses that affect neurodegeneration may occur within or outside the CNS.Migration of antigen-specific CD4+T cells from the periphery to the CNS and consequent immune cell interactions with resident glial cells affect neuroinflammation and neuronal survival.The destructive or protective mechanisms of these interactions are linked to the relative numerical and functional dominance of effector or regulatory T cells.Temporally,immune responses at disease onset or during progression may exhibit a differential balance of immune responses in the periphery and within the CNS.Immune responses with predominate T cell subtypes may differentially manifest migratory,regulatory and effector functions when triggered by endogenous misfolded and aggregated proteins and cell-specific stimuli.The final result is altered glial and neuronal behaviors that influence the disease course.Thus,discovery of neurodestructive and neuroprotective immune mechanisms will permit potential new therapeutic pathways that affect neuronal survival and slow disease progression. | Kristi M Anderson Katherine E Olson Katherine A Estes Ken Flanagan Howard E Gendelman R Lee Mosley | 2014 | Translational Neurodegeneration2014，3，1： | 8 |
| 3 | The Changing Cold Regions Network:Observation,diagnosis and prediction of environmental change in the Saskatchewan and Mackenzie River Basins,Canada显示文摘Climate change is causing rapid and severe changes to many Earth systems and processes,with widespread cryospheric,ecological,and hydrological impacts globally,and especially in high northern latitudes.This is of major societal concern and there is an urgent need for improved understanding and predictive tools for environmental management.The Changing Cold Regions Network(CCRN)is a Canadian research consortium with a focus to integrate existing and new experimental data with modelling and remote sensing products to understand,diagnose,and predict changing land,water,and climate,and their interactions and feedbacks over the geographic domain of the Mackenzie and Saskatchewan River Basins in Canada.The network operates a set of 14 unique and focused Water,Ecosystem,Cryosphere and Climate(WECC)observatories within this region,which provide opportunities to observe and understand processes and their interaction,as well as develop and test numerical simulation models,and provide validation data for remote sensing products.This paper describes this network and its observational,experimental,and modelling programme.An overview of many of the recent Earth system changes observed across the study region is provided,and some local insights from WECC observatories that may partly explain regional patterns and trends are described.Several of the model products being developed are discussed,and linkages with the local to international user community are reviewed—In particular,the use of WECC data towards model and remote sensing product calibration and validation is highlighted.Some future activities and prospects for the network are also presented at the end of the paper. | Chris M DEBEER Howard S WHEATER William L QUINTON Sean K CAREY Ronald E STEWART Murray D MACKAY Philip MARSH | 2015 | Science China Earth Sciences2015，58，1： | 5 |
| 4 | Wound healing dressings and drug delivery systems: A review显示文摘 | Joshua S B Kerr H M Howard N E S | 2008 | J Pharma- ceutical Sci2008，97，8： | 1 |
| 5 | Direct observation of behaviour of Au nanoclusters on TiO2(110) at elevated temperatures显示文摘 | MITCHELL C E J HOWARD A CARGEN M EGDLL R G | 2001 | Surface Science2001，490，： | 1 |
| 6 | Initial CT findings in 753 patients with severe head injury A report from the NIH Traumatic Coma Data Bank 显示文摘 | Howard M Eisenberg M Howard E | 1990 | Journal of Neurasurgery1990，11，73： | 1 |
| 7 | Clubroot of crueiferous crops : New perspectives on an old disease显示文摘 | Howard R J Strelkov S E Harding M W | 2010 | Can J Plant Pathol2010，32，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Extrahepatic biliary atresia: a first-trimester event? Clues from light microscopy and immunohistochemistry显示文摘 | TAN C E DRIVER M HOWARD E R | 1994 | J Pediatr Surg1994，29，6： | 1 |
| 9 | Prognostic significance ofvisit-to-visit variability,maximum systolic blood pressure,and episodichypertension显示文摘 | othwell P M Howard S C Dolan E | 2010 | Lancet2010，375，9718： | 1 |
| 10 | Regional characterization of land cover using multiple sources of data 显示文摘 | Volgamann J E Sohl T Howard S M | 1998 | Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing1998，64，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Collaborative Planning and Management of the San Andres Archipelago's Coastal and Marine Resources: A Short Communication on the Evolution of the Seaflower Marine Protected Area显示文摘 | Mow J M Taylor E Howard M | 2007 | Ocean & coastal management2007，，3： | 1 |
| 12 | Tracheal antimicrobial peptide,a cysteine-rich peptide from mammalian tracheal mucosa:Peptide isolation and cloning of a cDNA显示文摘 | Diamond G Zasloff M Howard E | 1991 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1991，88，： | 1 |
| 13 | Fumonisin B1 carcinoge- nicity in a two-year feeding study using F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice 显示文摘 | Howard P C Eppley R M Stack M E | 2001 | Environmental Health Perspectives2001，109，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Product compositions and formation kinetics in rapid pyrolysis of pulverized coal-implications for combustion显示文摘 | SUUBERG E M PETERS W A HOWARD J B | 1980 | Fuels1980，59，6： | 1 |
| 15 | DNA sequences required for anaerobic expression of the maize alcohol dehydrogenas Ⅰ gene显示文摘 | Walker J C Howard E A Freeling M | 1987 | Proc Nat Acad Sci USA1987，84，： | 1 |
| 16 | Corn as a production system for human and animal vaccines显示文摘 | Streatfield S J Lane J R Brooks C A Barker D K Poage M L Mayor J M Lamphear B J Drees C F Jilka J M Hood E E and Howard J A | 2003 | Vaccine2003，21，： | 1 |
| 17 | Regional characterization of land cover using multiple sources of data 显示文摘 | Volgamann J E Sohl T Howard S M | 1998 | Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing1998，64，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Effect of Stage 0 Sporulation Mutations on Subtilisin Expression显示文摘 | Ferrari E Howard S M H Hoch J A | 1986 | J Bacteriol1986，166，： | 1 |
| 19 | Prognostic significance of visit-to-visit variability, maximum systolic blood pressure, and episodic hyper- tensio显示文摘 | ROTHWELL P M HOWARD S C DOLAN E | 2010 | Lancet2010，375，： | 1 |
| 20 | Nitrogen fertilization of Notill cotton on loss-derived sills显示文摘 | Gwathmey C O Essington M E | 2001 | Agron J2001，93，： | 1 |
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